frame relay.pdf

Module
4
Switched Communication
Networks
Version 2 CSE IIT, Kharagpur

Lesson
5
Frame Relay

Special Instructional Objective
• On completion of this lesson, the student will be able to:
• State the limitations of X.25
• Explain the key features of Frame Relay
• Specify the Frame relay frame format
• Explain how congestion control is performed in Frame relay network
4.5.1 Introduction
Frame Relay is a high-performance WAN protocol that operates at the physical and data
link layers of the OSI reference model. Frame Relay originally was designed for use
across Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) interfaces. Today, it is used over a
variety of other network interfaces as well. Frame Relay is a simplified form of Packet
Switching, similar in principle to X.25, in which synchronous frames of data are routed to
different destinations depending on header information. The biggest difference between
Frame Relay and X.25 is that X.25 guarantees data integrity and network managed flow
control at the cost of some network delays. Frame Relay switches packets end to end
much faster, but there is no guarantee of data integrity at all.
As line speeds have increased from speeds below 64kbps to T1/E1 and beyond, the
delays inherent in the store-and-forward mechanisms of X.25 become intolerable. At the
same time, improvements in digital transmission techniques have reduced line errors to
the extent that node-to-node error correction throughout the network is no longer
necessary. The vast majority of Frame Relay traffic consists of TCP/IP or other protocols
that provide their own flow control and error correction mechanisms. Much of this traffic
is fed into the Internet, another packet switched network without any built-in error
control.
Because Frame Relay does not 'care' whether the frame it is switching is error-free or not,
a Frame Relay node can start switching traffic out onto a new line as soon as it has read
the first two bytes of addressing information at the beginning of the frame. Thus a frame
of data can travel end-to-end, passing through several switches, and still arrive at its
destination with only a few bytes' delay. These delays are small enough that network
latency under Frame Relay is not noticeably different from direct leased line connections.
As a result, the performance of a Frame Relay network is virtually identical to that of a
leased line, but because most of the network is shared, costs are lower.
Frame Relay is an example of a packet-switched technology. Packet-switched networks
enable end stations to dynamically share the network medium and the available
bandwidth. The following two techniques are used in packet-switching technology:
• Variable-length packets
• Statistical multiplexing
Variable-length packets are used for more efficient and flexible data transfers. These
packets are switched between the various segments in the network until the destination is
reached.

Statistical multiplexing techniques control network access in a packet-switched network.
The advantage of this technique is that it accommodates more flexibility and more
efficient use of bandwidth. Most of today's popular LANs, such as Ethernet and Token
Ring, are packet-switched networks.
4.5.2 Frame Relay Devices
Devices attached to a Frame Relay WAN fall into the following two general categories:
• Data terminal equipment (DTE)
• Data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE)
DTEs generally are considered to be terminating equipment for a specific network and
typically are located on the premises of a customer. In fact, they may be owned by the
customer. Examples of DTE devices are terminals, personal computers, routers, and
bridges.
DCEs are carrier-owned internetworking devices. The purpose of DCE equipment
is to provide clocking and switching services in a network, which are the devices that
actually transmit data through the WAN. In most cases, these are packet switches.
The connection between a DTE device and a DCE device consists of both a
physical layer component and a link layer component. The physical component defines
the mechanical, electrical, functional, and procedural specifications for the connection
between the devices. One of the most commonly used physical layer interface
specifications is the recommended standard (RS)-232 specification. The link layer
component defines the protocol that establishes the connection between the DTE device,
such as a router, and the DCE device, such as a switch.
4.5.3 Virtual Circuits
Frame Relay is a virtual circuit network, so it doesn’t use physical addresses to define the
DTEs connected to the network. Frame Relay provides connection-oriented data link
layer communication. This means that a defined communication exists between each pair
of devices and that these connections are associated with a connection identifier.
However, virtual circuit identifiers in Frame relay operate at the data link layer, in
contrast with X.25, where they operate at the network layer. This service is implemented
by using a Frame Relay virtual circuit, which is a logical connection created between two
data terminal equipment (DTE) devices across a Frame Relay packet-switched network
(PSN).
Virtual circuits provide a bidirectional communication path from one DTE device
to another and are uniquely identified by a data-link connection identifier (DLCI). A

number of virtual circuits can be multiplexed into a single physical circuit for
transmission across the network. This capability often can reduce the equipment and
network complexity required to connect multiple DTE devices.
A virtual circuit can pass through any number of intermediate DCE devices
(switches) located within the Frame Relay PSN. Before going into the details of DLCI let
us first have a look at the two types of Frame Relay Circuits, namely: switched virtual
circuits (SVCs) and permanent virtual circuits (PVCs).
4.5.3.1 Switched Virtual Circuits
Switched virtual circuits (SVCs) are temporary connections used in situations requiring
only sporadic data transfer between DTE devices across the Frame Relay network. A
communication session across an SVC consists of the following four operational states:
• Call setup—The virtual circuit between two Frame Relay DTE devices is
established.
• Data transfer—Data is transmitted between the DTE devices over the virtual circuit.
• Idle—The connection between DTE devices is still active, but no data is transferred.
If an SVC remains in an idle state for a defined period of time, the call can be
terminated.
• Call termination—The virtual circuit between DTE devices is terminated.
After the virtual circuit is terminated, the DTE devices must establish a new SVC if there
is additional data to be exchanged. It is expected that SVCs will be established,
maintained, and terminated using the same signaling protocols used in ISDN.
4.5.3.2 Permanent Virtual Circuits
Permanent virtual circuits (PVCs) are permanently established connections that are used
for frequent and consistent data transfers between DTE devices across the Frame Relay
network. Communication across PVC does not require the call setup and termination
states that are used with SVCs. PVCs always operate in one of the following two
operational states:
ƒ Data transfer: Data is transmitted between the DTE devices over the virtual circuit.
ƒ Idle: The connection between DTE devices is active, but no data is transferred.
Unlike SVCs, PVCs will not be terminated under any circumstances when in an
idle state. DTE devices can begin transferring data whenever they are ready because the
circuit is permanently established.
4.5.3.3 Data-Link Connection Identifier (DLCI)
Frame Relay virtual circuits are identified by data-link connection identifiers (DLCIs).
DLCI values typically are assigned by the Frame Relay service provider (for example, the

telephone company). Frame Relay DLCIs have local significance, which means that their
values are unique in the LAN, but not necessarily in the Frame Relay WAN. The local
DTEs use this DLCI to send frames to the remote DTE.
Figure 4.5.1 shows the assignments of DLCIs, 3
connections have been shown namely, between A
to D, D to E, and D to B. Point Here to be noted is
that connection in fig.(a) and in fig.(c) uses the
same DLCI, this can be done because these DLCIs
are used by local DTEs. Bothe the connectons are
valid as they define different virtual circuits
originating from different DTEs.
DLCI=15
Figure 4.5.1 DLCIs connection between different DTEs
4.5.3.4 DLCIs inside the network
DLCIs are not only used to define the virtual circuit between a DTE and a DCE, but also
to define the virtual circuit between two DCEs (switches) inside the network. A switch
assigns a DLCI to each virtual connection in an interface. This means that two different
connections belonging to two different interfaces may have the same DLCIs (as shown in
the above figure). In other words, DLCIs are unique for a particular interface.
DLCI=26
(a). Connection from A to D
(b). Connection from D to E
DLCI=26
(c). Connection from D to A

A connection between DTE A and
DTE D has been shown in this figure,
DLCI assigned inside the Frame Relay
network is also shown in the network.
DCEs inside the network use
incoming interface – DLCI
combination to decide the outgoing
interface – DLCI combination to
switch out the frame, from that DCE.
DLCI =122
Figure 4.5.2 DLCIs inside Frame relay network
Each switch in a Frame relay network has a table to route frames The table matches the
incoming interface- DLCI combination with an outgoing interface-DLCI combination.
Figure 4.5.3 shows two frames arriving at the switch on interface2, one with DLCI=11
and other with DLCI= 213.
Incoming Outgoing
Interface DLCI Interface DLCI
1 122 1 41
2 213 1 158
2 11 2 111
1 151 2 210
Figure 4.5.3 Frame Relay switch table
4.5.4 Frame Relay Layers
Frame Relay has only 2 layers, namely Physical layer and Data Link layer. And as
compared to other layer of packet switching network such as X.25, frame relay has only
1.5 layers whereas X.25 has 2 layers. Frame Relay eliminates all network layer functions
and a portion of conventional data-link layer functions.
9
77
DLCI=26
1
2
2
1
DLCI=213
DLCI= 213 DLCI= 11 DLCI=111

Physical Layer
No specific protocol is defined for physical layer in frame relay. Frame relay supports
any one of the protocols recognized by ANSI, and thus the choice of physical layer
protocol is up to the implementer.
Data Link Layer
At Data-link Layer Frame employs a simpler version of HDLC. Simpler version is used
because HDLC provides extensive error and flow control fields that are not needed in
frame relay.
To understand much of the functionality of Frame Relay, it is helpful to
understand the structure of the Frame Relay frame. Figure 4.5.4 depicts the basic format
of the Frame Relay frame. Flags indicate the beginning and end of the frame. Three
primary components make up the Frame Relay frame: the header and address area, the
user-data portion, and the frame check sequence (FCS). The address area, which is 2
bytes in length, is comprised of 10 bits representing the actual circuit identifier and 6 bits
of fields related to congestion management. This identifier commonly is referred to as the
data-link connection identifier (DLCI).
Figure 4.5.4 Frame Relay frame format
• Flags—Delimits the beginning and end of the frame. The value of this field is always
the same and is represented either as the hexadecimal number 7E or as the binary
number 01111110.
• Address—Contains the following information:
DLCI—The 10-bit DLCI is the essence of the Frame Relay header. This value represents
the virtual connection between the DTE device and the switch. Each virtual connection

that is multiplexed onto the physical channel will be represented by a unique DLCI. The
DLCI values have local significance only, which means that they are unique only to the
physical channel on which they reside. Therefore, devices at opposite ends of a
connection can use different DLCI values to refer to the same virtual connection. The
first 6-bits of the first byte make up part 1 of the DLCI, and second part of DLCI uses the
first 4-bits of second byte.
Extended Address (EA)—The EA is used to indicate whether the byte in which the EA
value is 1 is the last addressing field. If the value is 1, then the current byte is determined
to be the last DLCI octet. Although current Frame Relay implementations all use a two-
octet DLCI, this capability does allow longer DLCIs to be used in the future. The eighth
bit of each byte of the Address field is used to indicate the EA.
C/R—The C/R is the bit that follows the most significant DLCI byte in the Address
field. The C/R bit is not currently defined.
Congestion Control—This consists of the 3 bits that control the Frame Relay
congestion-notification mechanisms. These are the FECN, BECN, and DE bits, which are
the last 3 bits in the Address field.
Forward-explicit congestion notification (FECN) is a single-bit field that can be set to a
value of 1 by a switch to indicate to an end DTE device, such as a router, that congestion
was experienced in the direction of the frame transmission from source to destination as
shown in Fig. 4.5.5. The primary benefit of the use of the FECN and BECN fields is the
capability of higher-layer protocols to react intelligently to these congestion indicators.
Today, DECnet and OSI are the only higher-layer protocols that implement these
capabilities.
Figure 4.5.5 Forward-explicit congestion notification
Backward-explicit congestion notification (BECN) is a single-bit field that, when set to a
value of 1 by a switch, indicates that congestion was experienced in the network in the
direction opposite of the frame transmission from source to destination.
Discard eligibility (DE) is set by the DTE device, such as a router, to indicate that the
marked frame is of lesser importance relative to other frames being transmitted. Frames

that are marked as "discard eligible" should be discarded before other frames in a
congested network. This allows for a basic prioritization mechanism in Frame Relay
networks.
Figure 4.5.6 Backward-explicit congestion notification
•Data—Contains encapsulated upper-layer data. Each frame in this variable-length field
includes a user data or payload field that will vary in length up to 16,000 octets. This
field serves to transport the higher-layer protocol packet (PDU) through a Frame Relay
network.
• Frame Check Sequence—Ensures the integrity of transmitted data. This value is
computed by the source device and verified by the receiver to ensure integrity of
transmission.
4.5.5 Summary
• Frame relay operates only in data link and physical layer.
• Frame Relay allows bursty traffic.
• It allows frame size of 9000 bytes, which can accommodate all local area network
frames.
• Frame relay is less expensive then other traditional WANs.
• Frame relay provides both Permanent and switched connections.
• Frame relay allow variable-length frames, this may create varying delays for
different users. Due to variable delay it is not suitable for real-time
communication

Fill in the blanks:
1. Frame Relay is a high-performance ______ protocol.
2. Frame Relay operates at the __________ and _____________ layers of the OSI
reference model.
3. Frame Relay requires Error Checking at the _________ layer.
4. Frame Relay is a simplified form of ______________ switching, similar in
principle to _______.
5. Frame Relay is a ___________________ network.
6. Frame Relay virtual circuits are identified by ___________.
7. ______ bit in address field in frame relay is set to one to signify the last address
bit.
8. Routing and switching in Frame Relay is performed by ________ layer.
9. ________ data are allowed on a Frame Relay Network.
10. Frame relay is not suited well for ______ due to the delay resulting from varying
sizes of Frame.
Answers fill in the blanks
1. WAN
2. Physical, data link
3. Data link
4. Circuit, X.25
5. Virtual switched
6. DLCIs.
7. Extended Address (EA)
8. Data link layer
9. Encapsulated upper layer
10. Real time traffic
Short Answer Questions:
1. Explain few devices used in Frame relay.
Ans: Devices attached to a Frame Relay WAN fall into the following two general
categories:
• Data terminal equipment (DTE) : DTEs generally are considered to be terminating
equipment for a specific network and typically are located on the premises of a
customer
• Data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE): DCEs are carrier-owned
internetworking devices. The purpose of DCE equipment is to provide clocking and
switching services in a network, which are the devices that actually transmit data
through the WAN. In most cases, these are packet switches.

2. Distinguish between permanent virtual and switched virtual connections used in
Frame relay protocol.
Ans: In permanent virtual connection, the path is fixed and data transfer occurs as with
virtual calls, but no call setup or termination is required. On the other hand, in switched
virtual connection, the path is a dynamically established virtual circuit using a call set up
and call clearing procedure. Many other circuits can share the same path.
3. What are the various states in a Switched virtual circuit connection in Frame
Relay?
Ans:
A communication session across an SVC consists of the following four operational states:
• Call setup—The virtual circuit between two Frame Relay DTE devices is
established.
• Idle—The connection between DTE devices is still active, but no data is transferred.
If an SVC remains in an idle state for a defined period of time, the call can be
terminated.
• Call termination—The virtual circuit between DTE devices is terminated.
4. Describe Permanent Virtual switched connection in Frame Relay.
Ans: Permanent virtual circuits (PVCs) are permanently established connections that are
used for frequent and consistent data transfers between DTE devices across the Frame
Relay network. Communication across PVC does not require the call setup and
termination states that are used with SVCs. PVCs always operate in one of the following
two operational states:
• Idle—The connection between DTE devices is active, but no data is transferred.
Unlike SVCs, PVCs will not be terminated under any circumstances when in an idle
state. DTE devices can begin transferring data whenever they are ready because the
circuit is permanently established.
5. Write a short Note on Data-Link Connection Identifier (DLCI).
Ans: Frame Relay virtual circuits are identified by data-link connection identifiers
(DLCIs). DLCI values typically are assigned by the Frame Relay service provider (for
example, the telephone company). Frame Relay DLCIs have local significance, which
means that their values are unique in the LAN, but not necessarily in the Frame Relay
WAN. The local DTEs use this DLCI to send frames to the remote DTE.

DLCIs are not only used to define the virtual circuit between a DTE and a DCE, but also
to define the virtual circuit between two DCEs (switches) inside the network. A switch
assigns a DLCI to each virtual connection in an interface. This means that two different
connections belonging to two different interfaces may have the same DLCIs. In other
words, DLCIs are unique for a particular interface.
6. What does extended address field in Frame Relay frame Format specifies?
Ans:
Extended Address (EA) is used to indicate whether the byte in which the EA value is 1
is the last addressing field. If the value is 1, then the current byte is determined to be the
last DLCI octet. Although current Frame Relay implementations all use a two-octet
DLCI, this capability does allow longer DLCIs to be used in the future. The eighth bit of
each byte of the Address field is used to indicate the EA.

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