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French revolution

The French Revolution began in 1789 and overthrew the French monarchy and feudal system of government. France was facing a financial crisis due to debt from wars and spending by the king and queen. Inspired by Enlightenment ideas, the Third Estate revolted and common people took to the streets due to high bread prices. The National Assembly was formed and abolished privileges of the clergy and nobility. However, internal conflicts led to the establishment of a republic and Reign of Terror under Robespierre. The revolution transformed France from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy and later a republic while also spreading ideas of liberty, equality and popular sovereignty.

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FRENCH REVOLUTION
Kirori Mal College Delhi School of Social Work
FRENCH SOCIETY (18th Century)
❖ King of the France : Louis King XVI ❖ Dynasty - Bourbon family ❖ Ascended the throne of France in 1774 ❖ At the age of 20 he married Austrian Princess Marie Antoinette. ❖ The time that Louis XVI ascended the throne, France was going through a financial turmoil.
Financially France was drained because of the war. France, Under Louis XVI, had helped the thirteen American colonies to gain their independence from Britain. The war added more than a billion livres to a debt that had already risen to more than 2 billion livres. . Taxes were increased to meet regular expenses, such as the cost of maintaining an army, the court, running government offices or universities. And the King and the Queen used to party instead of catering to the situation!
Financial Turmoil: Livre – Unit of currency in France, discontinued in 1794
Everyone Else 18th Century French Society- OLD REGIME 1st Estate 3rd Estate Clergy – Group of persons invested with special functions in the church. Exempted from taxes. Privileged by birth. Nobility - High Ranking people and families of Court and Royal Relations. They further enjoyed feudal privileges 1st Estate Everyone else. Compromised of 90% of total population of France. Had to pay taxes.
Plight of Common People in Old Regime 1. Peasants were obliged to render services to the lord. 2. The Church extracted its share of taxes called tithes from the peasants 3. Third estate also had to pay taxes to the state. These included a direct tax, called taille, and a number of indirect taxes which were levied on articles of everyday consumption like salt or tobacco. 4. The burden of financing activities of the state through taxes was borne by the third estate alone.
The Struggle to Survive ● Increase in population led to a rapid increase for food grains. ● Production of grains could not keep pace with the demand due to which the price of bread rose rapidly. ● Due to low wages paid to the labourers the gap between the poor and the rich widened. ● Things became worse whenever drought or hail reduced the harvest.
Financial Turmoil: Subsistence Crisis An extreme situation where the basic means of livelihood/survival are endangered.
18th Century witnessed the emergence of middle class They had earned their wealth through an expanding overseas trade. Also included lawyers or administrative officials. They were educated and against the privileges by birth They believed that a person’s social position must depend on his merit. These ideas envisaging a society based on freedom and equal laws and opportunities for all, were put forward by philosophers
Spread of Ideas ● French Philosophers were so influential that the American constitution and its guarantee of individual rights was an important example for political thinkers in France. ● These ideas were discussed intensively: 1. Salons 2. Coffee-houses 3. Books and newspapers. The news that Louis XVI planned to impose further taxes to be able to meet the expenses of the state generated anger and protest against the system of privileges.
Montesquieu- The Spirit of the Laws Proposed a division of power within the government between the judiciary, the legislative, and the executive.. Ideas of Philosophers John Locke- Two Treatises of Government He rejected doctrine of the divine & absolute Right of the monarch. Rousseau- Social Contract Proposed a form of government based on a Social Contract between people & their representatives
THE OUTBREAK OF THE REVOLUTION
● Louis XVI had to increase taxes because of the financial status of France during that time. ● In France of the Old Regime the monarch did not have the power to impose taxes according to his will alone. ● Rather he had to call a meeting of the Estates General which would then pass his proposals for new taxes. ● The Estates General was a political body to which the three estates sent their representatives respectively. ● The monarch alone could decide when to call a meeting of this body. ● The last time it was done was in 1614
POLITICAL CLUBS 5 May, 1789: Louis XVI called an assembly of the Estates General First & Second Estates sent 300 representatives each & 600 representative from Third estates. The third estate was represented by its more prosperous and educated members. They demanded that voting now be conducted where each member would have one vote. Proposal rejected by the King. Members of the third estate walked out of the assembly in protest
Peasants, artisans and women were denied entry to the assembly. However, their grievances and demands were listed in some 40,000 letters which the representatives had brought with them. The representatives of the third estate viewed themselves as spokesmen for the whole French nation ● Donec risus dolor porta venenatis ● Pharetra luctus felis On 20 June they assembled in the hall of an indoor tennis court in the grounds of Versailles. They declared themselves a National Assembly 01 02 03 03 Tennis Court Oath: They won’t dispense until they draft a constitution for France to limit the powers of the monarch.
They were led by Mirabeau (a noble) & AbbÈ SieyËs (a priest). Mirabeau Abbe Sieyes Mirabeau bought out a journal & delivered powerful speeches to the crowds assembled at Versailles. AbbÈ SieyËs, wrote an influential pamphlet called ‘What is the Third Estate’?
Situation in Countryside
Often bakers exploited the situation and hoarded supplies. After spending hours in long queues at the bakery, crowds of angry women stormed into the shops. While the National Assembly was busy at Versailles drafting a constitution, the rest of France seethed with turmoil. A severe winter had meant a bad harvest; the price of bread rose.
The king ordered troops to move into Paris 1 3 On 14 July, the agitated crowd stormed and destroyed the Bastille. 2 Freedom of the press; opposing views of events could be expressed. 4 Caught in a frenzy of fear, peasants in several districts seized hoes and pitchforks and attacked chateaux. 5 Events during French Revolution: In the countryside rumours spread that the lords of the manor had hired bands of brigands to destroy the ripe crops.
Pitchfork Hoes Chateaux They looted hoarded grain and burnt down documents containing records of manorial dues (Tax paid to big landlords by small peasants). A large number of nobles fled from their homes, many of them migrating to neighbouring countries.
❖ Louis XVI finally recognized National Assembly. ❖ On 4 August 1789 decree passed abolishing the feudal system of obligations and taxes. This was known as AUGUST DECREE. ❖ Members of the clergy too were forced to give up their privileges. ❖ Tithes were abolished & lands owned by the Church were confiscated. As a result, the government acquired assets worth at least 2 billion livres.
France becomes a constitutional Monarchy
❖ 1791- Draft of Constitution got completed by National Assembly. ❖ Objective- Limit the powers of the monarch. ❖ The legislature, executive and judiciary. Separation of power. + Constitution Monarchy Constitutional Monarchy Absolute rule of king Limited Powers of King.
TWO TYPES OF CITIZENS ACTIVE CITIZENS Men above 25 years of age who paid taxes equal to at least 3 days of a labourer’s wage They had voting rights! Passive Citizens Remaining men & all women They had no Voting Rights. Suffrage : Right to Vote
The Constitution began with a Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. Rights such as the: 1. Right to life 2. Freedom of speech 3. Freedom of opinion 4. Equality before law were established as ‘natural and inalienable’ rights. It means that they belonged to each human being by birth and could not be taken away. It was the duty of the state to protect each citizen’s natural rights
FRANCE ABOLISHES MONARCHY & BECOMES A REPUBLIC
❖ ❖ Louis XVI entered into a secret negotiations with the King of Prussia. ❖ Before King could do anything the National Assembly voted in April 1792 to declare war against Prussia and Austria.
Reaction among French People Thousands of volunteers joined the army. French people saw this war as a war of the poor people against kings and aristocrats all over Europe Volunteers sang patriotic songs such as Marseillaise composed by Roget de LíIsle.
The Marseillaise is now the national anthem of France
● The revolutionary wars brought losses and economic difficulties to the people. ● While the men were away fighting at the front, women were left to cope with the tasks of earning a living and looking after their families. ● Large sections of the population were convinced that the revolution had to be carried further, as the Constitution of 1791 gave political rights only to the richer sections of society.
POLITICAL CLUBS Political clubs became an important rallying point for people who wished to discuss government policies and plan their own forms of action. Most successful club was JACOBIN CLUB.
Women too, who had been active throughout this period, formed their own clubs.
Jacobin Clubs
Their leader was Maximilien Robespierre Small shopkeepers, artisans such as shoemakers, pastry cooks, etc. STRIPED TROUSERS to set themselves apart by fashionable sections of society Members from to the less prosperous sections of society.
1792- Jacobins planned a rebellion with large number of Parisians August 10- Stormed the Palace of the Tuileries, massacred the king’s guards & held the king as hostage. Later the Assembly voted to imprison the royal family. They were known as sans-culottes : ‘those without knee breeches’ Red Cap symbolized Liberty!
Male Suffrage only! Voting Rights : To all the men of 21 years of age and above, regardless of wealth, got the right to vote. The newly elected assembly was called the Convention. 21 September 1792 Monarchy was abolished & France declared as republic. A republic is a form of government where the people elect the government including the head of the government.
Louis XVI was sentenced to death by a court on the charge of treason. On 21 January 1793 he was executed publicly at the Place de la Concorde. The queen Marie Antoinette met with the same fate shortly after.
Reign of Terror
● Period : 1793 - 1794 ● Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment. ● All those whom he saw as being ‘enemies’ of the republic were arrested, imprisoned and then tried. ● If the court found them ‘guilty’ they were guillotined.
The guillotine is a device consisting of two poles and a blade with which a person is beheaded. It was named after Dr Guillotin who invented it.
Laws placing a maximum ceiling on wages and prices 1 3 Meat and bread were rationed. Peasants were forced to sell at fixed prices fixed 2 Instead of the traditional Monsieur (Sir) and Madame (Madam), Citoyen and Citoyenne (Citizen) were used. 4 Churches were shut down and their buildings converted into barracks or offices. 5 Reign of Terror: The use of more expensive white flour was forbidden; all citizens were required to eat the pain d’égalité (equality bread)
Robespierre pursued his policies so relentlessly that even his supporters began to demand moderation. Finally, he was convicted by a court in July 1794, arrested and on the next day sent to the guillotine
A Directory Rules France
New constitution didn’t allow non-propertied men to vote.
However, the Directors often clashed with the legislative councils, who then sought to dismiss them. The political instability of the Directory paved the way for the rise of a military dictator, Napoleon Bonaparte.
Did Women have a Revolution?
Daughters of nobles or wealthier members of the third estate could study at a convent, after which their families arranged a marriage for them. Their wages were lower than those of men. Working women had also to care for their families, that is, cook, fetch water, etc. Most women of the third estate had to work for a living. These women did not have access to education or job training From the very beginning women were active participants in the events
To discuss and voice their interests women started their own political clubs and newspapers. About sixty women’s clubs came up in different French cities The Society of Revolutionary and Republican Women was the most famous of them.
● Main Demand : Right to Vote for women as well. ● But Constitution of 1791 reduced them to passive citizens. ● They demanded the right to vote, to be elected to the Assembly and to hold political office.
But the revolutionary government introduced laws to improve the lives of women. Divorce was made legal, and could be applied for by both women and men. Marriage was made into a contract entered into freely and registered under civil law. Creation of state schools, schooling was made compulsory for all girls. Women could now train for jobs, could become artists or run small businesses.
Reign of Terror & Women ➢ New government issued laws ordering closure of women’s clubs. ➢ Political activities banned. ➢ Many prominent women were arrested. ➢ Most of them were executed.
Movement for Voting Rights & Equal Wages The fight for women's suffrage continued for 200 years. Finally in 1946 that women in France won the right to vote. Women across globe carried out international suffrage movement during 19th & 20th century.
Did Women have a Revolution?
The colonies in the Caribbean – Martinique, Guadeloupe and San Domingo – were important suppliers of commodities such as tobacco, indigo, sugar and coffee. But europeans were reluctant to work there. This started Triangular Slave Trade.
● Triangular Slave Trade ● Started in : 17th Century ● Between : Europe, Africa and America ● Objective : To meet the growing demand of labour of European Plantation owners
Then they were Sold to European plantation owners. Exploitation of slave labour made it possible to meet the growing demand in European markets Branded & shackled. Slaves were packed tightly into ships for 3 months long voyage. From the ports of Bordeaux or Nantes to the African coast.
● The National Assembly held debates upon whether the rights of man should be extended to slaves or not. But never passed any law, fearing opposition from businessmen. ● Finally the Convention freed all slaves in the French overseas possession in 1794 ● Ten years later, Napoleon reintroduced slavery. Freedom was misinterpreted as the right to enslave African Negroes in pursuit of their economic interests. Slavery was finally abolished in French colonies in 1848.
1. Negroes – A term used for the indigenous people of Africa south of the Sahara. It is a derogatory term not in common use any longer 2. Emancipation – The act of freeing
The Revolution and Everyday Life
The years following 1789 in France saw many such changes in the lives of men, women and children. The revolutionary governments took it upon themselves to pass laws that would translate the ideals of liberty and equality into everyday practice Abolition of censorship Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Newspapers, pamphlets, books and printed pictures described and discussed the events and changes taking place in France. 1. Freedom of the press meant that opposing views of events could be expressed. Each side sought to convince the others of its position through the medium of print. 2. Plays, songs and festive processions attracted large numbers of people.
In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself Emperor of France. Napoleon saw his role as a moderniser of Europe. He introduced many laws such as the protection of private property and a uniform system of weights and measures provided by the decimal system. Initially, many saw Napoleon as a liberator who would bring freedom for the people. But soon the Napoleonic armies came to be viewed everywhere as an invading force. He was finally defeated at Waterloo in 1815. CONCLUSION
The ideas of liberty and democratic rights were the most important legacy of the French Revolution. Soon the idea of French Revolution spread across the globe. Colonised peoples reworked the idea of freedom from bondage into their movements to create a sovereign nation state. Tipu Sultan and Rammohan Roy are two examples of individuals who responded to the ideas coming from revolutionary France. CONCLUSION
FRANCE ABOLISHES MONARCHY & BECOMES A REPUBLIC
❖ ❖ Louis XVI entered into a secret negotiations with the King of Prussia. ❖ Before King could do anything the National Assembly voted in April 1792 to declare war against Prussia and Austria.
Reaction among French People Thousands of volunteers joined the army. French people saw this war as a war of the poor people against kings and aristocrats all over Europe Volunteers sang patriotic songs such as Marseillaise composed by Roget de LíIsle.
The Marseillaise is now the national anthem of France
● The revolutionary wars brought losses and economic difficulties to the people. ● While the men were away fighting at the front, women were left to cope with the tasks of earning a living and looking after their families. ● Large sections of the population were convinced that the revolution had to be carried further, as the Constitution of 1791 gave political rights only to the richer sections of society.
POLITICAL CLUBS Political clubs became an important rallying point for people who wished to discuss government policies and plan their own forms of action. Most successful club was JACOBIN CLUB.
Women too, who had been active throughout this period, formed their own clubs.
Jacobin Clubs
Their leader was Maximilien Robespierre Small shopkeepers, artisans such as shoemakers, pastry cooks, etc. STRIPED TROUSERS to set themselves apart by fashionable sections of society Members from to the less prosperous sections of society.
1792- Jacobins planned a rebellion with large number of Parisians August 10- Stormed the Palace of the Tuileries, massacred the king’s guards & held the king as hostage. Later the Assembly voted to imprison the royal family. They were known as sans-culottes : ‘those without knee breeches’ Red Cap symbolized Liberty!
Male Suffrage only! Voting Rights : To all the men of 21 years of age and above, regardless of wealth, got the right to vote. The newly elected assembly was called the Convention. 21 September 1792 Monarchy was abolished & France declared as republic. A republic is a form of government where the people elect the government including the head of the government.
Louis XVI was sentenced to death by a court on the charge of treason. On 21 January 1793 he was executed publicly at the Place de la Concorde. The queen Marie Antoinette met with the same fate shortly after.
Reign of Terror
● Period : 1793 - 1794 ● Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment. ● All those whom he saw as being ‘enemies’ of the republic were arrested, imprisoned and then tried. ● If the court found them ‘guilty’ they were guillotined.
The guillotine is a device consisting of two poles and a blade with which a person is beheaded. It was named after Dr Guillotin who invented it.
Laws placing a maximum ceiling on wages and prices 1 3 Meat and bread were rationed. Peasants were forced to sell at fixed prices fixed 2 Instead of the traditional Monsieur (Sir) and Madame (Madam), Citoyen and Citoyenne (Citizen) were used. 4 Churches were shut down and their buildings converted into barracks or offices. 5 Reign of Terror: The use of more expensive white flour was forbidden; all citizens were required to eat the pain d’égalité (equality bread)
Robespierre pursued his policies so relentlessly that even his supporters began to demand moderation. Finally, he was convicted by a court in July 1794, arrested and on the next day sent to the guillotine
A Directory Rules France
New constitution didn’t allow non-propertied men to vote.
However, the Directors often clashed with the legislative councils, who then sought to dismiss them. The political instability of the Directory paved the way for the rise of a military dictator, Napoleon Bonaparte.
Did Women have a Revolution?
Daughters of nobles or wealthier members of the third estate could study at a convent, after which their families arranged a marriage for them. Their wages were lower than those of men. Working women had also to care for their families, that is, cook, fetch water, etc. Most women of the third estate had to work for a living. These women did not have access to education or job training From the very beginning women were active participants in the events
To discuss and voice their interests women started their own political clubs and newspapers. About sixty women’s clubs came up in different French cities The Society of Revolutionary and Republican Women was the most famous of them.
● Main Demand : Right to Vote for women as well. ● But Constitution of 1791 reduced them to passive citizens. ● They demanded the right to vote, to be elected to the Assembly and to hold political office.
But the revolutionary government introduced laws to improve the lives of women. Divorce was made legal, and could be applied for by both women and men. Marriage was made into a contract entered into freely and registered under civil law. Creation of state schools, schooling was made compulsory for all girls. Women could now train for jobs, could become artists or run small businesses.
Reign of Terror & Women ➢ New government issued laws ordering closure of women’s clubs. ➢ Political activities banned. ➢ Many prominent women were arrested. ➢ Most of them were executed.
Movement for Voting Rights & Equal Wages The fight for women's suffrage continued for 200 years. Finally in 1946 that women in France won the right to vote. Women across globe carried out international suffrage movement during 19th & 20th century.
Did Women have a Revolution?
The colonies in the Caribbean – Martinique, Guadeloupe and San Domingo – were important suppliers of commodities such as tobacco, indigo, sugar and coffee. But europeans were reluctant to work there. This started Triangular Slave Trade.
● Triangular Slave Trade ● Started in : 17th Century ● Between : Europe, Africa and America ● Objective : To meet the growing demand of labour of European Plantation owners
Then they were Sold to European plantation owners. Exploitation of slave labour made it possible to meet the growing demand in European markets Branded & shackled. Slaves were packed tightly into ships for 3 months long voyage. From the ports of Bordeaux or Nantes to the African coast.
● The National Assembly held debates upon whether the rights of man should be extended to slaves or not. But never passed any law, fearing opposition from businessmen. ● Finally the Convention freed all slaves in the French overseas possession in 1794 ● Ten years later, Napoleon reintroduced slavery. Freedom was misinterpreted as the right to enslave African Negroes in pursuit of their economic interests. Slavery was finally abolished in French colonies in 1848.
1. Negroes – A term used for the indigenous people of Africa south of the Sahara. It is a derogatory term not in common use any longer 2. Emancipation – The act of freeing
The Revolution and Everyday Life
The years following 1789 in France saw many such changes in the lives of men, women and children. The revolutionary governments took it upon themselves to pass laws that would translate the ideals of liberty and equality into everyday practice Abolition of censorship Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Newspapers, pamphlets, books and printed pictures described and discussed the events and changes taking place in France. 1. Freedom of the press meant that opposing views of events could be expressed. Each side sought to convince the others of its position through the medium of print. 2. Plays, songs and festive processions attracted large numbers of people.
In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself Emperor of France. Napoleon saw his role as a moderniser of Europe. He introduced many laws such as the protection of private property and a uniform system of weights and measures provided by the decimal system. Initially, many saw Napoleon as a liberator who would bring freedom for the people. But soon the Napoleonic armies came to be viewed everywhere as an invading force. He was finally defeated at Waterloo in 1815. CONCLUSION
The ideas of liberty and democratic rights were the most important legacy of the French Revolution. Soon the idea of French Revolution spread across the globe. Colonised peoples reworked the idea of freedom from bondage into their movements to create a sovereign nation state. Tipu Sultan and Rammohan Roy are two examples of individuals who responded to the ideas coming from revolutionary France. CONCLUSION
French revolution

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French revolution

  • 1.
  • 2.
    Kirori Mal College DelhiSchool of Social Work
  • 3.
  • 4.
    ❖ King ofthe France : Louis King XVI ❖ Dynasty - Bourbon family ❖ Ascended the throne of France in 1774 ❖ At the age of 20 he married Austrian Princess Marie Antoinette. ❖ The time that Louis XVI ascended the throne, France was going through a financial turmoil.
  • 5.
    Financially France wasdrained because of the war. France, Under Louis XVI, had helped the thirteen American colonies to gain their independence from Britain. The war added more than a billion livres to a debt that had already risen to more than 2 billion livres. . Taxes were increased to meet regular expenses, such as the cost of maintaining an army, the court, running government offices or universities. And the King and the Queen used to party instead of catering to the situation!
  • 6.
    Financial Turmoil: Livre –Unit of currency in France, discontinued in 1794
  • 8.
    Everyone Else 18th Century French Society- OLD REGIME 1st Estate 3rd Estate Clergy– Group of persons invested with special functions in the church. Exempted from taxes. Privileged by birth. Nobility - High Ranking people and families of Court and Royal Relations. They further enjoyed feudal privileges 1st Estate Everyone else. Compromised of 90% of total population of France. Had to pay taxes.
  • 9.
    Plight of CommonPeople in Old Regime 1. Peasants were obliged to render services to the lord. 2. The Church extracted its share of taxes called tithes from the peasants 3. Third estate also had to pay taxes to the state. These included a direct tax, called taille, and a number of indirect taxes which were levied on articles of everyday consumption like salt or tobacco. 4. The burden of financing activities of the state through taxes was borne by the third estate alone.
  • 10.
    The Struggle toSurvive ● Increase in population led to a rapid increase for food grains. ● Production of grains could not keep pace with the demand due to which the price of bread rose rapidly. ● Due to low wages paid to the labourers the gap between the poor and the rich widened. ● Things became worse whenever drought or hail reduced the harvest.
  • 11.
    Financial Turmoil: Subsistence Crisis Anextreme situation where the basic means of livelihood/survival are endangered.
  • 12.
    18th Century witnessed the emergenceof middle class They had earned their wealth through an expanding overseas trade. Also included lawyers or administrative officials. They were educated and against the privileges by birth They believed that a person’s social position must depend on his merit. These ideas envisaging a society based on freedom and equal laws and opportunities for all, were put forward by philosophers
  • 13.
    Spread of Ideas ●French Philosophers were so influential that the American constitution and its guarantee of individual rights was an important example for political thinkers in France. ● These ideas were discussed intensively: 1. Salons 2. Coffee-houses 3. Books and newspapers. The news that Louis XVI planned to impose further taxes to be able to meet the expenses of the state generated anger and protest against the system of privileges.
  • 14.
    Montesquieu- The Spiritof the Laws Proposed a division of power within the government between the judiciary, the legislative, and the executive.. Ideas of Philosophers John Locke- Two Treatises of Government He rejected doctrine of the divine & absolute Right of the monarch. Rousseau- Social Contract Proposed a form of government based on a Social Contract between people & their representatives
  • 15.
    THE OUTBREAK OFTHE REVOLUTION
  • 16.
    ● Louis XVIhad to increase taxes because of the financial status of France during that time. ● In France of the Old Regime the monarch did not have the power to impose taxes according to his will alone. ● Rather he had to call a meeting of the Estates General which would then pass his proposals for new taxes. ● The Estates General was a political body to which the three estates sent their representatives respectively. ● The monarch alone could decide when to call a meeting of this body. ● The last time it was done was in 1614
  • 17.
    POLITICAL CLUBS 5 May,1789: Louis XVI called an assembly of the Estates General First & Second Estates sent 300 representatives each & 600 representative from Third estates. The third estate was represented by its more prosperous and educated members. They demanded that voting now be conducted where each member would have one vote. Proposal rejected by the King. Members of the third estate walked out of the assembly in protest
  • 18.
    Peasants, artisans and womenwere denied entry to the assembly. However, their grievances and demands were listed in some 40,000 letters which the representatives had brought with them. The representatives of the third estate viewed themselves as spokesmen for the whole French nation ● Donec risus dolor porta venenatis ● Pharetra luctus felis On 20 June they assembled in the hall of an indoor tennis court in the grounds of Versailles. They declared themselves a National Assembly 01 02 03 03 Tennis Court Oath: They won’t dispense until they draft a constitution for France to limit the powers of the monarch.
  • 19.
    They were ledby Mirabeau (a noble) & AbbÈ SieyËs (a priest). Mirabeau Abbe Sieyes Mirabeau bought out a journal & delivered powerful speeches to the crowds assembled at Versailles. AbbÈ SieyËs, wrote an influential pamphlet called ‘What is the Third Estate’?
  • 20.
  • 21.
    Often bakers exploited thesituation and hoarded supplies. After spending hours in long queues at the bakery, crowds of angry women stormed into the shops. While the National Assembly was busy at Versailles drafting a constitution, the rest of France seethed with turmoil. A severe winter had meant a bad harvest; the price of bread rose.
  • 23.
    The king ordered troopsto move into Paris 1 3 On 14 July, the agitated crowd stormed and destroyed the Bastille. 2 Freedom of the press; opposing views of events could be expressed. 4 Caught in a frenzy of fear, peasants in several districts seized hoes and pitchforks and attacked chateaux. 5 Events during French Revolution: In the countryside rumours spread that the lords of the manor had hired bands of brigands to destroy the ripe crops.
  • 24.
    Pitchfork Hoes Chateaux They lootedhoarded grain and burnt down documents containing records of manorial dues (Tax paid to big landlords by small peasants). A large number of nobles fled from their homes, many of them migrating to neighbouring countries.
  • 25.
    ❖ Louis XVIfinally recognized National Assembly. ❖ On 4 August 1789 decree passed abolishing the feudal system of obligations and taxes. This was known as AUGUST DECREE. ❖ Members of the clergy too were forced to give up their privileges. ❖ Tithes were abolished & lands owned by the Church were confiscated. As a result, the government acquired assets worth at least 2 billion livres.
  • 26.
    France becomes aconstitutional Monarchy
  • 27.
    ❖ 1791- Draftof Constitution got completed by National Assembly. ❖ Objective- Limit the powers of the monarch. ❖ The legislature, executive and judiciary. Separation of power. + Constitution Monarchy Constitutional Monarchy Absolute rule of king Limited Powers of King.
  • 29.
    TWO TYPES OFCITIZENS ACTIVE CITIZENS Men above 25 years of age who paid taxes equal to at least 3 days of a labourer’s wage They had voting rights! Passive Citizens Remaining men & all women They had no Voting Rights. Suffrage : Right to Vote
  • 30.
    The Constitution beganwith a Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. Rights such as the: 1. Right to life 2. Freedom of speech 3. Freedom of opinion 4. Equality before law were established as ‘natural and inalienable’ rights. It means that they belonged to each human being by birth and could not be taken away. It was the duty of the state to protect each citizen’s natural rights
  • 32.
    FRANCE ABOLISHES MONARCHY& BECOMES A REPUBLIC
  • 33.
    ❖ ❖ Louis XVIentered into a secret negotiations with the King of Prussia. ❖ Before King could do anything the National Assembly voted in April 1792 to declare war against Prussia and Austria.
  • 34.
    Reaction among FrenchPeople Thousands of volunteers joined the army. French people saw this war as a war of the poor people against kings and aristocrats all over Europe Volunteers sang patriotic songs such as Marseillaise composed by Roget de LíIsle.
  • 35.
    The Marseillaise isnow the national anthem of France
  • 36.
    ● The revolutionarywars brought losses and economic difficulties to the people. ● While the men were away fighting at the front, women were left to cope with the tasks of earning a living and looking after their families. ● Large sections of the population were convinced that the revolution had to be carried further, as the Constitution of 1791 gave political rights only to the richer sections of society.
  • 37.
    POLITICAL CLUBS Political clubsbecame an important rallying point for people who wished to discuss government policies and plan their own forms of action. Most successful club was JACOBIN CLUB.
  • 38.
    Women too, whohad been active throughout this period, formed their own clubs.
  • 39.
  • 40.
    Their leader was Maximilien Robespierre Small shopkeepers, artisanssuch as shoemakers, pastry cooks, etc. STRIPED TROUSERS to set themselves apart by fashionable sections of society Members from to the less prosperous sections of society.
  • 41.
    1792- Jacobins planneda rebellion with large number of Parisians August 10- Stormed the Palace of the Tuileries, massacred the king’s guards & held the king as hostage. Later the Assembly voted to imprison the royal family. They were known as sans-culottes : ‘those without knee breeches’ Red Cap symbolized Liberty!
  • 42.
    Male Suffrage only! Voting Rights :To all the men of 21 years of age and above, regardless of wealth, got the right to vote. The newly elected assembly was called the Convention. 21 September 1792 Monarchy was abolished & France declared as republic. A republic is a form of government where the people elect the government including the head of the government.
  • 43.
    Louis XVI wassentenced to death by a court on the charge of treason. On 21 January 1793 he was executed publicly at the Place de la Concorde. The queen Marie Antoinette met with the same fate shortly after.
  • 44.
  • 45.
    ● Period :1793 - 1794 ● Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment. ● All those whom he saw as being ‘enemies’ of the republic were arrested, imprisoned and then tried. ● If the court found them ‘guilty’ they were guillotined.
  • 46.
    The guillotine isa device consisting of two poles and a blade with which a person is beheaded. It was named after Dr Guillotin who invented it.
  • 47.
    Laws placing a maximumceiling on wages and prices 1 3 Meat and bread were rationed. Peasants were forced to sell at fixed prices fixed 2 Instead of the traditional Monsieur (Sir) and Madame (Madam), Citoyen and Citoyenne (Citizen) were used. 4 Churches were shut down and their buildings converted into barracks or offices. 5 Reign of Terror: The use of more expensive white flour was forbidden; all citizens were required to eat the pain d’égalité (equality bread)
  • 48.
    Robespierre pursued hispolicies so relentlessly that even his supporters began to demand moderation. Finally, he was convicted by a court in July 1794, arrested and on the next day sent to the guillotine
  • 49.
  • 50.
    New constitution didn’tallow non-propertied men to vote.
  • 51.
    However, the Directorsoften clashed with the legislative councils, who then sought to dismiss them. The political instability of the Directory paved the way for the rise of a military dictator, Napoleon Bonaparte.
  • 52.
    Did Women havea Revolution?
  • 53.
    Daughters of noblesor wealthier members of the third estate could study at a convent, after which their families arranged a marriage for them. Their wages were lower than those of men. Working women had also to care for their families, that is, cook, fetch water, etc. Most women of the third estate had to work for a living. These women did not have access to education or job training From the very beginning women were active participants in the events
  • 54.
    To discuss andvoice their interests women started their own political clubs and newspapers. About sixty women’s clubs came up in different French cities The Society of Revolutionary and Republican Women was the most famous of them.
  • 55.
    ● Main Demand: Right to Vote for women as well. ● But Constitution of 1791 reduced them to passive citizens. ● They demanded the right to vote, to be elected to the Assembly and to hold political office.
  • 56.
    But the revolutionary government introduced lawsto improve the lives of women. Divorce was made legal, and could be applied for by both women and men. Marriage was made into a contract entered into freely and registered under civil law. Creation of state schools, schooling was made compulsory for all girls. Women could now train for jobs, could become artists or run small businesses.
  • 57.
    Reign of Terror& Women ➢ New government issued laws ordering closure of women’s clubs. ➢ Political activities banned. ➢ Many prominent women were arrested. ➢ Most of them were executed.
  • 58.
    Movement for VotingRights & Equal Wages The fight for women's suffrage continued for 200 years. Finally in 1946 that women in France won the right to vote. Women across globe carried out international suffrage movement during 19th & 20th century.
  • 59.
    Did Women havea Revolution?
  • 60.
    The colonies inthe Caribbean – Martinique, Guadeloupe and San Domingo – were important suppliers of commodities such as tobacco, indigo, sugar and coffee. But europeans were reluctant to work there. This started Triangular Slave Trade.
  • 61.
    ● Triangular SlaveTrade ● Started in : 17th Century ● Between : Europe, Africa and America ● Objective : To meet the growing demand of labour of European Plantation owners
  • 63.
    Then they wereSold to European plantation owners. Exploitation of slave labour made it possible to meet the growing demand in European markets Branded & shackled. Slaves were packed tightly into ships for 3 months long voyage. From the ports of Bordeaux or Nantes to the African coast.
  • 64.
    ● The NationalAssembly held debates upon whether the rights of man should be extended to slaves or not. But never passed any law, fearing opposition from businessmen. ● Finally the Convention freed all slaves in the French overseas possession in 1794 ● Ten years later, Napoleon reintroduced slavery. Freedom was misinterpreted as the right to enslave African Negroes in pursuit of their economic interests. Slavery was finally abolished in French colonies in 1848.
  • 65.
    1. Negroes –A term used for the indigenous people of Africa south of the Sahara. It is a derogatory term not in common use any longer 2. Emancipation – The act of freeing
  • 66.
    The Revolution andEveryday Life
  • 67.
    The years following1789 in France saw many such changes in the lives of men, women and children. The revolutionary governments took it upon themselves to pass laws that would translate the ideals of liberty and equality into everyday practice Abolition of censorship Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
  • 68.
    Newspapers, pamphlets, booksand printed pictures described and discussed the events and changes taking place in France. 1. Freedom of the press meant that opposing views of events could be expressed. Each side sought to convince the others of its position through the medium of print. 2. Plays, songs and festive processions attracted large numbers of people.
  • 69.
    In 1804, NapoleonBonaparte crowned himself Emperor of France. Napoleon saw his role as a moderniser of Europe. He introduced many laws such as the protection of private property and a uniform system of weights and measures provided by the decimal system. Initially, many saw Napoleon as a liberator who would bring freedom for the people. But soon the Napoleonic armies came to be viewed everywhere as an invading force. He was finally defeated at Waterloo in 1815. CONCLUSION
  • 70.
    The ideas ofliberty and democratic rights were the most important legacy of the French Revolution. Soon the idea of French Revolution spread across the globe. Colonised peoples reworked the idea of freedom from bondage into their movements to create a sovereign nation state. Tipu Sultan and Rammohan Roy are two examples of individuals who responded to the ideas coming from revolutionary France. CONCLUSION
  • 72.
    FRANCE ABOLISHES MONARCHY& BECOMES A REPUBLIC
  • 73.
    ❖ ❖ Louis XVIentered into a secret negotiations with the King of Prussia. ❖ Before King could do anything the National Assembly voted in April 1792 to declare war against Prussia and Austria.
  • 74.
    Reaction among FrenchPeople Thousands of volunteers joined the army. French people saw this war as a war of the poor people against kings and aristocrats all over Europe Volunteers sang patriotic songs such as Marseillaise composed by Roget de LíIsle.
  • 75.
    The Marseillaise isnow the national anthem of France
  • 76.
    ● The revolutionarywars brought losses and economic difficulties to the people. ● While the men were away fighting at the front, women were left to cope with the tasks of earning a living and looking after their families. ● Large sections of the population were convinced that the revolution had to be carried further, as the Constitution of 1791 gave political rights only to the richer sections of society.
  • 77.
    POLITICAL CLUBS Political clubsbecame an important rallying point for people who wished to discuss government policies and plan their own forms of action. Most successful club was JACOBIN CLUB.
  • 78.
    Women too, whohad been active throughout this period, formed their own clubs.
  • 79.
  • 80.
    Their leader was Maximilien Robespierre Small shopkeepers, artisanssuch as shoemakers, pastry cooks, etc. STRIPED TROUSERS to set themselves apart by fashionable sections of society Members from to the less prosperous sections of society.
  • 81.
    1792- Jacobins planneda rebellion with large number of Parisians August 10- Stormed the Palace of the Tuileries, massacred the king’s guards & held the king as hostage. Later the Assembly voted to imprison the royal family. They were known as sans-culottes : ‘those without knee breeches’ Red Cap symbolized Liberty!
  • 82.
    Male Suffrage only! Voting Rights :To all the men of 21 years of age and above, regardless of wealth, got the right to vote. The newly elected assembly was called the Convention. 21 September 1792 Monarchy was abolished & France declared as republic. A republic is a form of government where the people elect the government including the head of the government.
  • 83.
    Louis XVI wassentenced to death by a court on the charge of treason. On 21 January 1793 he was executed publicly at the Place de la Concorde. The queen Marie Antoinette met with the same fate shortly after.
  • 84.
  • 85.
    ● Period :1793 - 1794 ● Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment. ● All those whom he saw as being ‘enemies’ of the republic were arrested, imprisoned and then tried. ● If the court found them ‘guilty’ they were guillotined.
  • 86.
    The guillotine isa device consisting of two poles and a blade with which a person is beheaded. It was named after Dr Guillotin who invented it.
  • 87.
    Laws placing a maximumceiling on wages and prices 1 3 Meat and bread were rationed. Peasants were forced to sell at fixed prices fixed 2 Instead of the traditional Monsieur (Sir) and Madame (Madam), Citoyen and Citoyenne (Citizen) were used. 4 Churches were shut down and their buildings converted into barracks or offices. 5 Reign of Terror: The use of more expensive white flour was forbidden; all citizens were required to eat the pain d’égalité (equality bread)
  • 88.
    Robespierre pursued hispolicies so relentlessly that even his supporters began to demand moderation. Finally, he was convicted by a court in July 1794, arrested and on the next day sent to the guillotine
  • 89.
  • 90.
    New constitution didn’tallow non-propertied men to vote.
  • 91.
    However, the Directorsoften clashed with the legislative councils, who then sought to dismiss them. The political instability of the Directory paved the way for the rise of a military dictator, Napoleon Bonaparte.
  • 92.
    Did Women havea Revolution?
  • 93.
    Daughters of noblesor wealthier members of the third estate could study at a convent, after which their families arranged a marriage for them. Their wages were lower than those of men. Working women had also to care for their families, that is, cook, fetch water, etc. Most women of the third estate had to work for a living. These women did not have access to education or job training From the very beginning women were active participants in the events
  • 94.
    To discuss andvoice their interests women started their own political clubs and newspapers. About sixty women’s clubs came up in different French cities The Society of Revolutionary and Republican Women was the most famous of them.
  • 95.
    ● Main Demand: Right to Vote for women as well. ● But Constitution of 1791 reduced them to passive citizens. ● They demanded the right to vote, to be elected to the Assembly and to hold political office.
  • 96.
    But the revolutionary government introduced lawsto improve the lives of women. Divorce was made legal, and could be applied for by both women and men. Marriage was made into a contract entered into freely and registered under civil law. Creation of state schools, schooling was made compulsory for all girls. Women could now train for jobs, could become artists or run small businesses.
  • 97.
    Reign of Terror& Women ➢ New government issued laws ordering closure of women’s clubs. ➢ Political activities banned. ➢ Many prominent women were arrested. ➢ Most of them were executed.
  • 98.
    Movement for VotingRights & Equal Wages The fight for women's suffrage continued for 200 years. Finally in 1946 that women in France won the right to vote. Women across globe carried out international suffrage movement during 19th & 20th century.
  • 99.
    Did Women havea Revolution?
  • 100.
    The colonies inthe Caribbean – Martinique, Guadeloupe and San Domingo – were important suppliers of commodities such as tobacco, indigo, sugar and coffee. But europeans were reluctant to work there. This started Triangular Slave Trade.
  • 101.
    ● Triangular SlaveTrade ● Started in : 17th Century ● Between : Europe, Africa and America ● Objective : To meet the growing demand of labour of European Plantation owners
  • 103.
    Then they wereSold to European plantation owners. Exploitation of slave labour made it possible to meet the growing demand in European markets Branded & shackled. Slaves were packed tightly into ships for 3 months long voyage. From the ports of Bordeaux or Nantes to the African coast.
  • 104.
    ● The NationalAssembly held debates upon whether the rights of man should be extended to slaves or not. But never passed any law, fearing opposition from businessmen. ● Finally the Convention freed all slaves in the French overseas possession in 1794 ● Ten years later, Napoleon reintroduced slavery. Freedom was misinterpreted as the right to enslave African Negroes in pursuit of their economic interests. Slavery was finally abolished in French colonies in 1848.
  • 105.
    1. Negroes –A term used for the indigenous people of Africa south of the Sahara. It is a derogatory term not in common use any longer 2. Emancipation – The act of freeing
  • 106.
    The Revolution andEveryday Life
  • 107.
    The years following1789 in France saw many such changes in the lives of men, women and children. The revolutionary governments took it upon themselves to pass laws that would translate the ideals of liberty and equality into everyday practice Abolition of censorship Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
  • 108.
    Newspapers, pamphlets, booksand printed pictures described and discussed the events and changes taking place in France. 1. Freedom of the press meant that opposing views of events could be expressed. Each side sought to convince the others of its position through the medium of print. 2. Plays, songs and festive processions attracted large numbers of people.
  • 109.
    In 1804, NapoleonBonaparte crowned himself Emperor of France. Napoleon saw his role as a moderniser of Europe. He introduced many laws such as the protection of private property and a uniform system of weights and measures provided by the decimal system. Initially, many saw Napoleon as a liberator who would bring freedom for the people. But soon the Napoleonic armies came to be viewed everywhere as an invading force. He was finally defeated at Waterloo in 1815. CONCLUSION
  • 110.
    The ideas ofliberty and democratic rights were the most important legacy of the French Revolution. Soon the idea of French Revolution spread across the globe. Colonised peoples reworked the idea of freedom from bondage into their movements to create a sovereign nation state. Tipu Sultan and Rammohan Roy are two examples of individuals who responded to the ideas coming from revolutionary France. CONCLUSION