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Fruits Based Systems for Building Resilience Against Changing Climatic Scenarios.pdf

The document discusses the impact of climate change on fruit cultivation in India, particularly focusing on temperate fruits like apples, highlighting significant declines in productivity and quality due to rising temperatures and erratic weather patterns. It presents data on global and Indian fruit production, emphasizing productivity gaps and the challenges posed by climate change, including water scarcity and the need for adaptation strategies. Key findings illustrate shifts in geographical cultivation patterns and the challenges faced by farmers in maintaining fruit quality under changing environmental conditions.

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Dr M. K. Verma, Director ICAR-Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Srinagar, J&K Lead Lecture Fruits Based Systems for Building Resilience Against Changing Climatic Scenarios Brainstorming Workshop on Carbon Farming, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, 6-7th Nov., 2024
Present Scenario Total Fruit Production (PIB, 2022) World • Area : 68.05 m Ha • Production : 867.77 m MT • Productivity : 12.75 t/ha India • Area : 7.06 m Ha (10.37%) • Production : 107.51 m MT (12.38%) • Productivity : 15.22 t/ha India’s Share • 10.37% area • 12.38% production ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Global Scenario and India’s Share : Major Temperate Fruits (PIB,2022) Fruit crop Area (000’ha) % share Production (000’ha) % share Productivity (t/ha) World India World India World India Almond 2071.88 10.28 0.53 3182.90 12.05 0.44 1.54 1.17 Apple 4904.30 315.13 6.14 86142.19 2589.18 2.70 17.56 8.22 Apricot 548.73 5.62 1.02 3838.52 20.45 0.53 7.00 3.64 Blueberry 109.27 0.00 0.00 682.79 0.00 0.00 6.25 - Cherries 432.31 3.54 0.82 2547.94 10.95 0.43 5.89 3.09 Cherry Sour 215.00 0.00 0.00 1529.00 0.00 0.00 7.11 - Chest nut 612.87 0.00 0.00 2353.82 0.00 0.00 3.84 - Grapes 7157.65 163.42 1.94 79125.98 3400.54 3.69 11.05 20.81 Hazel nut 966.19 0.00 0.00 863.88 0.00 0.00 0.89 - Kiwi fruit 247.10 5.09 1.62 4022.65 15.84 0.30 16.28 3.11 Olives 10513.32 0.05 0.00 21066.06 0.10 0.01 2.00 2.00 Peach 1712.42 19.17 1.11 24453.42 121.24 0.49 14.28 6.32 Pear 1381.92 43.86 3.11 23733.77 309.10 1.29 17.17 7.05 Pistachio nuts 1167.35 0.00 0.00 1375.77 0.00 0.00 1.18 - Plum 2649.03 23.87 0.91 12608.67 86.42 0.71 4.76 3.62 Quince 82.94 0.00 0.00 688.66 0.00 0.00 8.30 - Strawberry 372.36 2.57 0.27 8337.09 11.38 0.06 22.39 4.43 Walnut 1159.48 103.55 9.75 3662.51 288.93 8.66 3.16 2.79 Total - - 10.56 - - 11.36 ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Wide Gap in the Productivity Levels…challenge? India India Global average yield (t/ha) Advanced Country (s) average yield (t/ha) Prospects (scope to increase yield by) Fruit crops Area (000 ha) Production (000' MT) % share* Yield (t/ha) Almond 10.28 12.05 0.35 1.17 1.53 4.24 (USA) 4- times Apple 315.13 2589.18 75.06 8.22 17.56 39.48 (USA) 5- times Apricot 5.62 15.95 0.51 2.83 6.99 12.76 (Italy) 6- times Cherry 3.54 10.95 0.35 3.09 5.89 9.08 (USA) 3- times Grapes* 163.42 3400.54 NA 20.81 11.05 21.28 (India) NA Kiwi fruit 5.09 15.84 0.42 3.11 16.27 35.78 (NZL) 10- times Peach 19.17 121.24 3.91 6.32 14.28 19.55 (USA) 3- times Pear 43.86 309.10 10.26 7.05 17.17 38.99 (USA) 5- times Plum 23.87 86.42 8.10 3.62 4.75 14.13 (USA) 2- times Walnut 103.55 288.93 1.05 2.93 3.15 4.32 (USA) 4- times Source: PIB, 2022 & FAO, 2022 * Not included • Apple 75% production • 97% from 4- fruits : apple, pear, peach, plum ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Climate change sends India's apple farmers up the Himalayas • Apples in the Himalayan foothills are seeing the worst effects of climate change. • Temp. rose 0.6oC (global), 1.5oC (Himalayas) & 3.4oC (winter temp.) • Due to reduction in snowfall by 36% (1980-2012), • Apple cultivation in low altitudes reduced by 77 % (Solan) 1987-2007. • Areas turning from sub-temperate to sub-tropical. Prof. Kamaljit S. Baba, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America Climate Change Impacts on Fruit Crops • How global warming, erratic rainfall, and extreme weather events are affecting agricultural productivity. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India Title: Fruits Based Systems for Building Resilience Against Changing Climatic Scenarios
Arunachal apples losing taste due to climate change • Apple produced in Arunachal Pradesh are now gradually losing their taste and even turning sour as a result of climate change. • Due to very heavily and erratic rains which dilutes the sugar content of the crop February 24, 2013 ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Regions Climate,altit ute (m, amsl) Crops grown Parts of the state covered J&K H.P. UK Region-I (Sub mountane & low hill) Subtropical 200-800 Mango, ber, guava, citrus, pear Jammu, Kathua & Plains of Udhampur Una, Bilaspur, Hamirpur & parts of Shirmor, Kangra, Solan & Chamba Parts of Pauri, Gharwal, Dehra Dun, Almora & Pithoragarh II (mid hills) Sub humid 801-1800 Pear, peach, plum, apricot, walnut, apple Hilly areas of Doda, Udhahampur, Rajouri, Punch, Ramban Parts of Kangra, Palampur, Shimla, Mandi, Solan, Kullu, Chamba Sirmaur Parts of all districts III (High hills) Temperate 1801-2200 apple, almond, cherry, Pear, peach, plum, apricot, walnut, All the districts of Kashmir valley & Ladakh Shimla & parts of Kullu,Solan, Chamba, Mandi, Kangra, Sirmaur Major parts of Pithiragarh, Uttarakashi, 7 small parts of Chamoli & Tehri Garhwal IV (very high hills) Temperate dry > 2200 Apricot, apple, necterines and prune Ladakh Kinnor, Lahaul, Spiti, Pangi &Bharmour Parts of Uttarakashi, Chamoli, Pithoragarh & Almora districts Agro -ecological regions of NW Himalayas ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Key Challenges Posed by Climate Change on Agriculture: • Rising Temperatures: Impacts on flowering, fruit setting, and ripening processes. • Water Scarcity: Increased evapotranspiration and reduced water availability affecting irrigation. • Extreme Weather Events: Effects of droughts, floods, and storms on crop yields ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Temperature and rainfall variation in J&K region (1980-2008) Temp. ( 0 c) & Rainfall (Cm) 13.01 13.58 13.12 13.91 14.46 13.32 72.6 81.7 78.4 58.5 68.2 76.3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1980-85 1986-90 1991-95 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2008 Avg.Annual Temp.(oC) Precipitation (mm cm ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Temperature changes in NWH During past 2 decades Average raise in mean temperature Kashmir province -- 1.45 oC Jammu region -- 2.32 oC ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Temperature and rainfall variation in H.P. region from 1980-2007 Rainfall , and Temp. Years 13.03 13.77 14.4 132.3 127 102.3 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1980-1985 1991-2000 2001-2007 Average Temp. Average precipitation)cm ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 Temp. (degre C) 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 Min Year Average annual temprature over 23 years in Uttarakhand hills Min Max ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Ladakh ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Ladakh ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Ladakh ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Impact of climate change in Himalayan states ❑ Variation in temperature rise is visible ❑ Change in cropping pattern/systems ❑ Early melting of glaciers ❑ Warmer and extended winters ❑ Erratic and reduced winter precipitation and snowfall ❑ Depletion of ground water and water scarcity 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 J&K UA HP 1.89 1.51 1.37 Rise in temperature by (oC) ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Glacier at Sonamarg - depleting ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
A flooded street in Rajbagh area of Srinagar. Flooding due to abrupt meltdown of snow as a result of high temperatures in Kashmir is a usual occurrence now. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
This formerly paddy land has been converted into an orchard in Khan Sahib Karewa due to water shortage. Similarly, thousands of Canals of irrigated paddy land have been converted in to dry land. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
❑ Shift in apple cultivation towards higher altitude and cold arid areas ❑ Shift in ecological zones ❑ Marginalization of apple cultivation from mid hills due to lesser chilling availability ❑ Incidence and resurgence of insect and diseases of horticultural crops ❑ Majority of the apple orchards in UK have become senile/neglected over the year ❑ Insufficiently fulfillments of chilling hours and heat units which disturbs the bud burst and fruit set ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Senile and Neglected apple orchard in U.K. Fruit bearing peach trees in U.K. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Apple production in Ladakh (Future potential area) ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Effect on flowering ❑ Bud burst is advanced and the onset of growth occurs earlier as in apple where most of the trees sprout 2-3 weeks earlier than normal sprouting ( mid April ) ❑ Due to change in bud opening in March, they may become Susceptible to frost damage ❑ Higher average temperatures lead to early bloom and maturity, in temperate fruit Impact of rise in temperature on temperate fruit production and productivity ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India Specific Impacts on Fruit Production
Occurrence of late snowfall- causes heavy damage to almonds- coincided with full bloom ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
The picture shows blooming of flowers amidst snowfall in Srinagar in February 2007. Early blooming of fruit blossoms and flowers due to warmer temperatures during February and March in Kashmir has been damaging fruit produce as sudden late snows in February and March devastate blossoms ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Apricot in bloom-coincided with late winter snow fall ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
❑ Apples fails to attain their characteristic deep red color if night temperature are high (11.5 & 21) ❑ High temperature and moisture stress increases sunburn & cracking in apples, apricot, cherry, pomegranate etc. ❑ In adequate chilling due to enhanced green house warming prolong dormancy ❑ Low warming scenario < 1 °C is unlikely to affect vernalisation of high-chill fruit, and if warming scenario exceeds 1.5 °C it would significantly increase the risk of prolonged dormancy for both stone and pome-fruits Effect on fruit quality ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
➢ Chilling requirement is the major concern in marginal temperate areas of NWH where fruit trees With low CR have to be grown. ➢ Increase in temperature has lead to increase in sunburn of apples ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
❑ Wetter, warmer winters favours incidence of diseases like Phytophthora, Fusarium etc. ❑ Drier, warmer summers favours diseases such as Alternaria, powdery mildew, sooty bark diseases (under moisture stress) ❑ Warm and humid temperature favours apple scab ❑ Very dry summers results in increase in population of red spider mite and aphids --- more problem of attacks on apple (Orson, 1999) Effect of climate change on diseases and insects ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Powdery mildew of apple at dry and warmer summers Apple scab in warm and humid temperature ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Mite attack on apple Apple aphid in dry summer Flea beetle in warm and humid climate Woolly aphis
Frost injury in Walnut Gummosis
IFS: The Role of Fruit-Based Systems in Building Resilience: Natural Insurance Why Fruit-Based Systems? • For reducing the risks due to • biotic and abiotic stresses • Climate/weather adversities • market price fluctuations • high input costs • For meeting the • food, feed, fibre, fuel and fertilizer • market demand of diversified products • nutritional requirement of family • increased demand of soil nutrients • For increasing/improving the • income • employment • standard of living • sustainability ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Advantages of Integrated Horticulture based Farming systems Artificial balanced ecosystem with no waste Increased food supply Increased output and economic efficiency More employment and improvement in the socio-economic status Multiple use of water Cost-effective use of available water resources Wider range of products ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
How to achieve Sustainable Livelihood Possible through Integrated Farming Systems involving horticulture Increase in Income Reduction in Expenditure Increase in Employment Reduction in Risk ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Major Components of Integrated Farming Systems 1. Crops & Cropping Systems Management 2. Horticulture management 3. Livestock management 4. Fisheries management 5. Processing & Value addition 6. Others (like Apiary, mushroom, kitchen garden, biogas unit etc)
State Number Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2 Andhra Pradesh 1 Assam 1 Bihar 3 Chhattisgarh 1 Delhi 1 Goa 2 Gujarat 4 Haryana 1 Himachal Pradesh 1 Jammu and Kashmir 1 Jharkhand 1 Karnataka 2 Kerala 7 Madhya Pradesh 1 Maharashtra 4 Meghalaya 3 Odisha 3 Punjab 1 Rajasthan 6 Sikkim 1 Tamil Nadu 3 Telangana 2 Uttar Pradesh 6 Uttarakhand 1 West Bengal 1 Total 60 Prototype IFS /IOFS models established ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
IFS: Adaptation and Mitigation Benefits • Trees in fruit-based systems act as carbon sinks, improving carbon sequestration. • Enhanced biodiversity from mixed and intercropping systems. • Improved resilience to climatic shocks due to stable root systems in perennial fruit trees ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Potential of temperate fruit crops in carbon sequestration Estimates of standing biomass (t/ha) and calculated CO2 equivalents (t/ha) for perennial crops Crops Total DW Total CO2 Main source of data for calculations (t /ha) (t/ha) Apple 36 66 Jiménez and iaz, (2004), Palmer et al.(2002) Peach 40 73 Chalmers & Van Den Ende (1975); and nectarine Jiménez and Diaz, (2003) Plums, 62 114 Kroodsma & Field, 2006 prunes Almond 100 183 Kroodsma & Field, 2006 Walnuts 75 138 Kroodsma & Field, 2006 ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Resilient Fruit Crops for Various Climates Selecting Climate-Resilient Fruit Varieties • Drought-Tolerant Species: E.g., dates, figs, pomegranates. • Heat-Resistant Species: E.g., citrus, mango. • Cold-Resilient Species: E.g., apple, pear. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Case Studies of Resilient Systems Across Different Regions • Tropical: Coconut and banana agroforestry systems. • Temperate: Apple and pear orchards with integrated cover cropping. • Arid: Pomegranate and date palm systems with efficient water management. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Components of IFS model (0.70 ha), Modipuram Meerut Module Area (ha) Details Cropping system 0.38 1. Biofortified rice-Biofortified wheat and Mustard-Green gram 2. Sweet corn-Garlic-Vegetable cowpea 3. Maize + soybean- ryegrass-fodder sorghum Multi-Layer Farming 0.18 1. Turmeric+ green/leafy vegetables (Red Amaranthus- Fenugreek- Coriander) + Cucurbits + Fruits (Papaya) Agri-horti 0.12 1. Papaya+ Field crops 2. Banana + Field crops Boundary plantation - 1. Karonda (Pink strain) 2. Guava (Allahabad Safeda) 3. Napier grass Dairy 1 B + 1C Buffalo (Murrah), Cow (Gir) Vermi- compost 50 m2 Secondary agriculture Value addition of marketable surplus Cropping System 53% Multi-layer farming 25% Agri- horti 17% Other 5% Area allocation (%) ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Agri-horti module (0.12 ha) Component Production (kg) Cost (Rs) Gross Returns (Rs) Net Returns (Rs) Papaya (100) 500 7760 15000 7240 Banana (100) 1029 4750 15435 10685 Potato 1080 1000 3700 2700 Vegetable pea 89 450 1780 1330 Total 11325 (SEY) 14260 35915 21955 ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Agri-horti module (0.12 ha) ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Boundary Plantations Components Production (kg) Cost (Rs.) Gross return (Rs.)* Net returns (Rs.) Guava 1080 2000 32400 30400 Karonda 233 2400 13980 11580 Napier grass 5688 1500 8532 7032 Total 16896 (SEY) 5900 54912 49012 * Guava Price: Rs. 30/kg; Karonda price: Rs. 60/kg; Napier grass : Rs. 1.5/kg ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
pH : 8.1±0.36 Range : 7.24 to 8.24 N (kg ha-1) : 292± 26.17 Range : 238 to 539 P ( kg ha-1) : 47.1 ± 8.64 Range : 35.27 to 57.4 K (kg ha-1) : 432.1 ± 38.54 Range : 366.2 to 715 OC(%) : 0.61 ±0.08 Range : 0.36 to 0.83 OC pH: 8.2 EC:1.0 5 N Low Medium High N N N N N pH: 8.0 EC:1.0 2 pH: 8.2 EC:0.9 8 pH: 8.2 EC:1.0 5 pH: 8.1 EC: 1.2 pH: 8.0 EC: 1. 5 P K P K P K P K P K P K Banana Biofortified rice-wheat and mustard-greengram Papaya Multi- layer farming OC OC OC OC OC Sweet corn-garlic-cowpea Maize+soybean-ryegrass- sorghum Soil health Potato ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Economics of IFS model Component Variable cost (Rs.) Gross return (Rs.) Net return (Rs.) B:C ratio Cropping system 33415 115049 81634 3.44 Agri-horti 13960 35915 21955 2.57 Boundary plantation 5900 54912 49012 9.31 Dairy 113526 153734 40208 1.35 Including family labour 166801 359610 192809 2.16 Excluding Family labour 85801 359610 273809 4.19 Employment generation (mandays) Male Women Total 94 176 270 Cropping system 32% Multi layer 0% Agri-horti 10% Boundary plantation 15% Dairy 43% SEY (%) Sugarcane equivalent yield: 110.9 t ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Economics of 1.5 ha farming system model Enterprises Components Area (ha) Details GR COC NR B:C Ratio Horticulture Orchards (With Inter crops) 0.4 1. Mango (Amrapalli) + intercrops (Onion-Okra-Pea) 198070 89546 108524 2.21 2. Mango( Dashehri) + intercrops (turmeric) 3. Guava + intercrop (Turmeric) 4. Kinnow + intercrops (Pea- Beans- Radish-Cauliflower) Vegetables 0.5 1. Brinjal-Potato-Beans 121180 59845 61335 2.02 2. Onion-Bottlegourd-Cauliflower 3. Okra-Potato-Brinjal 4. Radish-Beans-Pumpkin-Fengreek 5. Cariander-Bottlegourd-Lobia-Carrot Total 0.9 319250 149391 169859 2.13 Secondary Field Crops 0.4 1. Rice-Wheat 111600 53500 58100 2.09 2. Sugarcane-S. Ratoon-Wheat Complimentary Fish pond dyke- vegetable system 0.1 Fish (Rohu/Catla/Mrigal/Grass carp) + Dyke (Radish-bottlegourd-broccoli) 33420 16070 17350 2.08 Supplementary Poultry (20 birds) Layers 12470 4590 7880 2.72 1.5 Grand Total 476740 223551 253189 2.12
Economic efficiency of the Modules under study (Rs/ha/day) * Economic Efficiency = Net Returns/duration of crops ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Microbial count of soil samples under different components in model Module Sample Bacteria (CFU/mL) Fungi (CFU/mL) Actinomycetes (CFU/mL) Module 1 Fruit+ Vegetable (intercrop) 9.8×106 3.2×104 6.2×105 Module 2 Vegetables 1.31×107 3.4×104 7.1×105 Module 3 Field Crops 9.6×106 2.0×104 9.1×105 Module 4 Pond dyke system 3.5×106 8.3×103 8.7×104 ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Activity of different enzymes in soil under different modules Module Sample Dehydrogena se activity (µg TPF/g soil/h) Phosphatas e activity (µg PNP/g soil/h) Β- glucosidase activity (µg PNP/g soil/h) Urease activity (mg urea/g soil/h) Module 1 Fruit + Vegetable (intercrop) 31.75±2.8 60.09±4.0 7 20.58±2.1 9 15.2±1.21 Module 2 Vegetables 20.15±1.97 44.19±3.9 2 13.99±2.0 1 10.71±1.3 1 Module 3 Field Crops 20.99±2.02 41.75±2.3 7 14.75±1.8 9 9.69±0.89 Module 4 Pond dyke system 12.21±1.09 29.19±2.5 4 10.75±1.5 1 4.9±0.57 ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Banana based IFS (Kerala) Component Net area (ha) Gross area (ha) Percentage share of net area Crops/ cropping systems • Tubers and fodder intercrops 0.046 0.07 22.3 Horticulture • Banana + Vegetables (as intercrop) 0.1065 0.1745 51.7 Dairy (1+1) 0.01 0.01 4.9 Fishery 0.02 0.02 9.7 Boundary plantation • Guinea grass, cowpea and Glyricidia as fringe crop 0.016 0.03 7.8 Vermicompost unit 0.0075 0.0075 3.6 Total 0.206 0.312 Main Centre Karamana
Banana module in IFS (Maruteru, Andhra Pradesh) IFS Components Unit area % share in area Crop Component 2520 m2 45 i) Paddy-Paddy-Pulse 1620 m2 ii) Maize-Greengram-Sesamum 400 m2 iii) Redgram + Greengram – Sweet corn 400 m2 iv) Fodder Jowar – Berseem/Cowpea 100 m2 Dairy Unit 240 m2 4 Two Desi Cows and Cattle shed 180 m2 Vermicompost units (2 Nos) 60 m2 Fishery Unit 800 m2 14 Fish fingerlings @ 7500/ha and fishpond (1.5 – 2.0m depth) Poultry Component 40 m2 1 Poultry shed on four corners of the fishpond (15 Nos Units - 2) Horticulture Unit 1600 m2 29 i) Fruit trees like Banana, Papaya, Guava, Mango etc, including boundary plantations ii) Need based intercropping of seasonal vegetables iii) Floriculture (seasonal flowers) Threshing floor and store shed etc., 400 m2 7 TOTAL AREA (1.4 acres) 5600 m2 100
Components of IFS model Area (m2) % Crop Components: Paddy-paddy /Finger millet /Pulses 5000 50 Horticulture Components: Vegetable Unit (Cluster Bean, Tomato, Chilly, Bhendi and Ridge Guard) 1000 10 Arecanut garden (Channagiri Local) 500 05 Coconut + Arecanut + banana inter cropping 1000 10 Drum stick (PKM-1/ Bhagya) 500 05 Banana (Sole Crop) 500 05 Banana (Elakki) + Drum Stick inter cropping (PKM-1) 400 04 Fodder Block (CO-3) 300 03 Infrastructures: 1. Farm house 800 08 2. Dairy (3) + Sheep Unit (13 no’s) 3. Vermi-Compost Pit (3-Nos.)+ Compost Pit (1-No.) 4. Azolla Unit (2-Nos.) 5. Road and bunds 6. Border crop (teak -74 no’s and Glyricidia 16 no’s) Total 10000 100 Kathelgere (Karnataka) ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Components Area (ha) Share in area (%) Crop 0.4397 43.97 Horticulture (Fruits excluding orchard) 0.029 2.90 Orchard 0.14 14.0 Dairy 0.011 1.10 Fishery 0.092 9.20 Goatery 0.001 0.10 Poultry (Above fishery unit I) - - Duckery (Above fishery unit II) - - Apiary - - Kitchen Garden 0.009 0.9 Border planting 0.0685 6.85 Mushroom unit (Inside broiler house) - - Azolla tank 0.0003 0.03 Vermicompost 0.002 0.20 Liquid manure, compost, biogas unit 0.020 2.00 Miscellaneous 0.1875 18.75 Total 1.000 100.00 Banana module in IFS (Jorhat, Assam) • Banana plants : 67 • Plants at bearing stage : 30 Variety Tall Cavendish & Dwarf Cavendish (Fruit purpose) Intercrops/ other components integrated with banana Lemon, pineapple, areca nut, perennial fodders (Congo signal and Setaria), apiary, fishery
Soil type BD (Mg /cm3 WHC (%) pH EC (dS/m) OC (g/kg) Av.N (kg/ha) Av. P (kg/ha) Av.K (kg/ha) MBC (µg/g) Earthworm Count/m3 Sandy loam 1.47 29 5.5 0.13 7.7 267.7 10.7 107.1 137 13 Carbon source-sink relationship of the Module involving banana (Horticulture-vegetable module) C-source (kg. CO2-eq.) C-sink (kg. CO2- eq.) Contribution of banana to the module as C source (kg. CO2-eq.) Contribution of banana to the module as C sink (kg. CO2-eq.) Source – Sink (kg. CO2-eq.) 115.8 1047.2 10.9 (9.4%) 292 (27.9%) (-) 934.4 Soil health Share of Banana module in total income Particulars Gross income Net income Total income from IFS model (Rs.) 696756 365683 Total income from Banana module (Rs.) 13946 9640 Share of Banana module to Total income (%) 2 2.64
Components Area (ha) Details of components Share in area (%) Cropping System 0.5076 C1-Marvel grass C2-Cotton-Gnut C3-Gnut-Onion-Sorghum (F) C4-Gnut-Coriander-Sesame 51 Multistoried Horti. 0.3198 H1-Guava H2- Pomagranate H3-Lemon H4-Banana H5-Papaya 34 Boundary Plantation 0.060 BP1-Drum stick BP2-Brinjal BP3-Indian bean/sponge guard/bitter garurd/Ridge gaurd 6 Fish Unit 0.0636 F1 - Rohu F2 - Cutla 2 Dairy unit 0.024 2 - Gir cows 1 NADEP compost unit 0.0004 2 - NADEP unit Cattle shed 6 Total 1.000 100 Banana module in IFS (Junagadh, Gujarat) Details of components Area (m2) Share in area (%) H1-Guava 688 m2 21.52 H2- Pomegranate 688 m2 21.52 H3-Lemon 688 m2 21.52 H4-Banana 567 m2 17.72 H5-Papaya 567 m2 17.72 Total 3198 m2 100 Horticulture component (0.3198 ha) Crop Variety No. of Plants (For tree/ shrub crops only) Net area occupied (ha) Season & year of planting Duration (Month) 1. Guava L - 49 70 0.0689 Kharif 17 - 2.Pomogrenate B. Sinduriyo 140 0.0689 Kharif 17 - 3. Lemon Kagadi 140 0.0689 Kharif 17 - 4. Banana Grand Nene 366 0.0689 Rabi-2019 12 5. Papaya Madhubindu 366 0.0689 Summer -19 11
Module Details Variety Monthan (2x2 m) Purpose Culinary purpose Duration 12-14 months Intercrops Vegetable Pea-Soybean Crop Yield (kg) Banana 380 Vegetable Pea (Intercrop) 84 Soybean (Intercrop) 42 Module Details Cropping system (0.38 ha) 1. Basmati rice - Wheat + Mustard / Chickpea - Dhaincha 2. Okra - Cauliflower - Baby corn + Cowpea 3. Sesbania (Seed) – Chickpea - Greengram Horti-pasture (0.18 ha) 1. Kinnow + Fodder crops Agri-horti (0.04 ha) Banana + Field crops Boundary plantation 1. Karonda (Pink strain) 2. Guava (Allahabad Safeda) Dairy (1 B + 1 C) Buffalo (Murrah), Cow (Gir) Vermi-compost (50 m2) Secondary agriculture Value addition of marketable surplus 0.04 ha in 0.70 ha Banana module in IFS (Modipuram, Uttar Pradesh)
Fish Cum Duck culture Pear HDP 2 Kanal Grapes Trellis 1 Kanal Stone Fruits 2 Kanal Strawberry 1 Kanal Apple HDP on M-9- root stock 1 acre (8 Kanal) 5 Kanals Field Crops 9 Kanal Field Crops 9 Kanal T F Store H T P H Path MU AU Impli She d D Gate Gate Gate Path IFS Poultry Unit V Compost Unit H Tre e Guest House H- Hut renovation for office use I– Milk Sale centre (10’X10’) C- Sick Animal Shed (10’x15’) B- Calving Pen (10’x15’) A- Cow & calf shed(18’x33’) S S- Silage (20’x10’) HTPH- Hi-Tech Poly House TF- Threshing Floor MU- Mushroom Unit AU- Apiary Unit D- Duckry Unit 540 ft 460 ft Impli. Shed- Implements Shed (17 X 10 m sq) Gate Univ. Gate BHT Roa d Roa d Road to Gujjar Kona Roa d Roa d FoA, Dair y Proposed IFS Unit Layout Plan under HADP-13 project Road 15 ft Path Paddock Calf Paddock A B C D E D- Fodder Shed (10’x20’) E- Feed Store (10’x10’) F- Gen Store (10’x10’) F G I G- Staff quarter(2 room Set) (15’X25’ ) V- Vermi-compost Beds 8 Nos (4’x12’) Grazing field Poultry Scavengin g area Prepared by-Amal
Cropping Systems + horticulture +dairy farming system model for J &K 249033795 2570 21973 39389 20107 37989 9013 44306 106650 July, 43 August, 58 September, 50 October, 64 November, 61 December, 66 January, 70.5 February, 60 March, 64 April, 46 May, 91 Jun, 58 Net profit (Rs/ha) Employment (Man days) Cereal block Animal unit Gobar gas Vermi compost 8.2 tons (11 + 4.5 +5) Fish unit Family members Poultry Local market Oilseed & pulses Fodder block Oil = 32 lit, cake = 45 kg Pulse =100 kg, moong = 118 kg, mash = 45 kg, Oil = 28.75 Pulse = 100 kg Pulse resi = 3 qts, oil = 5 lit, cake = 37 kg Mash (dry fodder) = 1.5 qlts, moong = 38 kg 245 kg 220 kg litter rs = 1002 kg, ws = 75 kg 9695 kg 3600 lits Enterprises % profit Crops 8.35 Animal 46.9 Hort. Fruit Veg. Flori. 3.00 3.84 1.60 Poultry 14.60 Fish 10.02 Mushroom 7.00 Apiary 0.39 G. fodder 4.17 Ag. forestry 0.23 200 kg Mushroom 6 kg manure Agro. forestry 400 kg fuel wood One ha Cropping systems (0.52 ha) + horticulture (0.30 ha including vegetable as intercrop) + dairy (1 cow, 1 buffalo, 1 heifer; 0.08 ha) + fish cum poultry (0.10 ha) + mushroom + apiary + vermicompost + bio-gas + boundary plantation Production : 21.52 t REY/ha Net income : Rs 3.06 lakhs/ha Employment : 731 Man days Round the year production, profit & employment Model meets 85 % of inputs required for different enterprises within the farm besides providing all the commodities (cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, mushroom, milk, egg, and fish) required for the farm family
Sustainable Livelihood Security Index (SLSI) of various farming systems (15 districts in 12 states) Farming Systems (19 No’s) % Households Area (ha) Benchmar k After interventions % improvemen t Field crops + dairy 51.4 0.75 0.40 0.41 2.93 Field crops + dairy + goat 16.0 0.69 0.38 0.41 7.89 Field crops + dairy + poultry 9.6 0.80 0.36 0.37 2.78 Field crops + dairy + goat + poultry 6.7 0.71 0.34 0.37 8.82 Field crops alone 4.2 0.61 0.30 0.32 6.67 Field crops + dairy + horticulture 3.9 0.65 0.33 0.37 12.12 Field crop + goat 2.0 0.74 0.30 0.31 3.71 Field crop + horticulture 2.0 0.42 0.34 0.34 0.15 Field crop + dairy + goat + sheep + poultry 1.1 0.89 0.29 0.29 1.47 Field crop + dairy + goat + sheep 0.6 0.96 0.47 0.55 16.13 Dairy + goat 0.3 1.00 0.49 0.56 13.98 Field crop + dairy + fish 0.3 0.60 0.08 0.09 18.84 Field crop + dairy + goat + honeybee 0.3 0.80 0.28 0.29 3.57 Field crop + dairy + horticulture + fish 0.3 0.52 0.41 0.53 29.58 Field crop + dairy + horticulture + goat 0.3 0.46 0.26 0.35 34.62 Field crop + dairy + sheep 0.3 0.90 0.24 0.28 16.67 Field crop + horticulture + fish 0.3 0.47 0.34 0.40 17.65 Field crop + horticulture + poultry + fish 0.3 0.46 0.25 0.28 14.30 Field Crop+ Dairy + Goat+ honeybee 0.6 0.69 0.33 0.36 2.93 ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Sustainable Livelihood Security Index (SLSI) of various farming systems 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 One component (Field crop alone), 4.2 % HH, 0.61 ha Two components (FC+D, FC+G, FC+H, D+G), 55.6 % HH, 0.73 ha Three Components (FC+D+G, FC+D+H, FC+D+P, FC+D+S, FC+H+F), FC+D+F), 30.3 % HH, 0.68 ha Four components (FC+D+G+P, FC+D+G+S, FC+D+G+A, FC+D+H+F, FC+D+H+G, FC+H+P+F), 8.7 % HH, 0.64 ha Five components (FC+D+G+S+P), 1.1 % HH, 0.89 ha 0.30 0.38 0.29 0.34 0.29 0.32 0.41 0.32 0.36 0.29 Benchmark After interventions 7 % 8 % 10 % 6 % ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
• Benchmark SLSI of field crops + dairy is 0.40 which is higher than the 15 other systems. • Post interventions SLSI improvement 1.Field crops + dairy + horticulture + goat: 34 % 2.Field crops + dairy + horticulture + fish: 29 % Sustainable Livelihood Improvement with horticulture ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Agroecological Practices in Fruit-Based Systems “Soil Health Management” • Composting and organic mulching to improve soil moisture retention. • Cover cropping and legume intercropping to enhance nitrogen levels. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Sustainable Water Management in Fruit Production “Efficient Irrigation Techniques” • Drip Irrigation: Directly supplies water to roots, reducing wastage. • Rainwater Harvesting: Collects and stores rainwater for irrigation. • Deficit Irrigation: Applying water below full crop requirements to increase efficiency ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Water conservation Techniques for Almond ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Moisture conservation techniques ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Drip Irrigation in apple ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Innovative Technologies for Resilient Fruit Production ‘’Climate-Smart Agricultural Tools” • Weather Forecasting Apps: Help farmers plan irrigation and pest management. • Sensor Technologies: Soil moisture sensors for optimal water application. • Precision Agriculture: Use of drones and GPS for site-specific management. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Innovative Technologies for Resilient Fruit Production ‘’ Research on Climate-Resilient Varieties” • Breeding of drought-tolerant, salt- tolerant, and disease-resistant fruit varieties. • Examples: Salt-tolerant pomegranate varieties, drought-resistant mango varieties. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Apple hybrid Priame : CITH-Ambri-1 x Prima : Scab resistant Parentage Breeding objective (s) and target traits Ambri Improvement for : Scab resistance & colour Prima (EC-125416) 72 Ambri (CITH-Ambri-1) IC-0638853 CITH-Priame (CITH- Ambri-1 x Prima) IC0638858; R1159222291 (INGR App) Objective CITH-A-1 Prima • Aroma • Shelf life • Scab resistance • Colour • Aroma • Shelf life • Early maturity • Colour CITH- PRIAME Genes identified& validated @ aroma, shelf life & scab resistance Ambri HybridPrima
Apple hybrid Pride (PRIDE : Red Delicious x Prima): Scab resistant Parentage Breeding objective (s) and target traits Red Delicious Improvement for : Scab resistance Prima (EC-125416) 73 Red Delicious EC-451348 CITH-Pride (Red Delicious x Prima) IC00638609; INGR21071) Objective Red Delicious Prima • Fruit Shape • Scab resistance • Colour • Scab resistance • Early maturity CITH- PRIDE Genes identified& validated @ quality & scab resistance
Social and Economic Benefits of Resilient Fruit-Based Systems “Economic Resilience for Farmers” • Steady income from diverse fruit yields, even in adverse conditions. • Access to local and international markets for high-value fruits. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Case Studies / Regional Success Stories “Tropical Agroforestry Systems in Southeast Asia” • Integration of fruits like coconut, banana, and cacao for resilience against climate variability. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Coconut based IFS 76
Case Studies / Regional Success Stories “Apple Orchards in Temperate Zones” • Adaptation practices like hail nets, windbreaks, and improved irrigation in apple-producing regions. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Anti Hail Nets ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Anti hail net give complete protection against hail damage ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Anti hail nets ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Experiments with reflectors such as lime, bio-degradable paint to reflect light into the bottom of the tree canopy ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Use of Kaoilin to overcome the sunburn on apple fruits combined with overhead sprinklers ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Case Studies / Regional Success Stories “Date Palm Cultivation in Arid Regions” • Efficient water usage and soil management strategies in date palm farms of the Middle East. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Future Directions and Recommendations “Policy Support for Climate-Resilient Fruit Systems” • Subsidies for climate-smart irrigation systems. • Incentives for farmers adopting resilient crop varieties and practices. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Future Directions and Recommendations “Research and Development Needs” • More investment in breeding climate- resilient fruit varieties. • Field trials to test new technologies in different climates. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Future Directions and Recommendations “Capacity Building and Education” • Training programs on sustainable practices for farmers and extension workers. • Building resilience through community engagement and knowledge sharing. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Conclusion & Way forward Integrated Cropping and Farming System • One health (Soil-plant-livestock-human-environment-planet) • Regenerative agricultural principles • Natural insurance (Gandhian Principle) against weather/climate related risks • Biodiversity conservation and utilization • Round the year income • Sustainability • Decent self employment • Offers scope to retain rural youth • Household level food and nutritional security • 13 SDGs directly, 4 through landscape-based farming systems • Fits very well in Integrated cropping and farming systems • Need to develop farming systems value chain Climate change poses significant challenges to fruit production, but resilient systems offer solutions. Agroecological practices, efficient water management, and technology adoption are crucial. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
Acknowledgement •Indian Society of Agronomy •Organizers •Dr HoD, Agronomy, CoA, Wadura •My collogues at CITH Thanks One and All

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Fruits Based Systems for Building Resilience Against Changing Climatic Scenarios.pdf

  • 1.
    Dr M. K.Verma, Director ICAR-Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Srinagar, J&K Lead Lecture Fruits Based Systems for Building Resilience Against Changing Climatic Scenarios Brainstorming Workshop on Carbon Farming, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, 6-7th Nov., 2024
  • 2.
    Present Scenario Total FruitProduction (PIB, 2022) World • Area : 68.05 m Ha • Production : 867.77 m MT • Productivity : 12.75 t/ha India • Area : 7.06 m Ha (10.37%) • Production : 107.51 m MT (12.38%) • Productivity : 15.22 t/ha India’s Share • 10.37% area • 12.38% production ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 3.
    Global Scenario andIndia’s Share : Major Temperate Fruits (PIB,2022) Fruit crop Area (000’ha) % share Production (000’ha) % share Productivity (t/ha) World India World India World India Almond 2071.88 10.28 0.53 3182.90 12.05 0.44 1.54 1.17 Apple 4904.30 315.13 6.14 86142.19 2589.18 2.70 17.56 8.22 Apricot 548.73 5.62 1.02 3838.52 20.45 0.53 7.00 3.64 Blueberry 109.27 0.00 0.00 682.79 0.00 0.00 6.25 - Cherries 432.31 3.54 0.82 2547.94 10.95 0.43 5.89 3.09 Cherry Sour 215.00 0.00 0.00 1529.00 0.00 0.00 7.11 - Chest nut 612.87 0.00 0.00 2353.82 0.00 0.00 3.84 - Grapes 7157.65 163.42 1.94 79125.98 3400.54 3.69 11.05 20.81 Hazel nut 966.19 0.00 0.00 863.88 0.00 0.00 0.89 - Kiwi fruit 247.10 5.09 1.62 4022.65 15.84 0.30 16.28 3.11 Olives 10513.32 0.05 0.00 21066.06 0.10 0.01 2.00 2.00 Peach 1712.42 19.17 1.11 24453.42 121.24 0.49 14.28 6.32 Pear 1381.92 43.86 3.11 23733.77 309.10 1.29 17.17 7.05 Pistachio nuts 1167.35 0.00 0.00 1375.77 0.00 0.00 1.18 - Plum 2649.03 23.87 0.91 12608.67 86.42 0.71 4.76 3.62 Quince 82.94 0.00 0.00 688.66 0.00 0.00 8.30 - Strawberry 372.36 2.57 0.27 8337.09 11.38 0.06 22.39 4.43 Walnut 1159.48 103.55 9.75 3662.51 288.93 8.66 3.16 2.79 Total - - 10.56 - - 11.36 ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 4.
    Wide Gap inthe Productivity Levels…challenge? India India Global average yield (t/ha) Advanced Country (s) average yield (t/ha) Prospects (scope to increase yield by) Fruit crops Area (000 ha) Production (000' MT) % share* Yield (t/ha) Almond 10.28 12.05 0.35 1.17 1.53 4.24 (USA) 4- times Apple 315.13 2589.18 75.06 8.22 17.56 39.48 (USA) 5- times Apricot 5.62 15.95 0.51 2.83 6.99 12.76 (Italy) 6- times Cherry 3.54 10.95 0.35 3.09 5.89 9.08 (USA) 3- times Grapes* 163.42 3400.54 NA 20.81 11.05 21.28 (India) NA Kiwi fruit 5.09 15.84 0.42 3.11 16.27 35.78 (NZL) 10- times Peach 19.17 121.24 3.91 6.32 14.28 19.55 (USA) 3- times Pear 43.86 309.10 10.26 7.05 17.17 38.99 (USA) 5- times Plum 23.87 86.42 8.10 3.62 4.75 14.13 (USA) 2- times Walnut 103.55 288.93 1.05 2.93 3.15 4.32 (USA) 4- times Source: PIB, 2022 & FAO, 2022 * Not included • Apple 75% production • 97% from 4- fruits : apple, pear, peach, plum ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 5.
    Climate change sendsIndia's apple farmers up the Himalayas • Apples in the Himalayan foothills are seeing the worst effects of climate change. • Temp. rose 0.6oC (global), 1.5oC (Himalayas) & 3.4oC (winter temp.) • Due to reduction in snowfall by 36% (1980-2012), • Apple cultivation in low altitudes reduced by 77 % (Solan) 1987-2007. • Areas turning from sub-temperate to sub-tropical. Prof. Kamaljit S. Baba, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America Climate Change Impacts on Fruit Crops • How global warming, erratic rainfall, and extreme weather events are affecting agricultural productivity. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India Title: Fruits Based Systems for Building Resilience Against Changing Climatic Scenarios
  • 6.
    Arunachal apples losingtaste due to climate change • Apple produced in Arunachal Pradesh are now gradually losing their taste and even turning sour as a result of climate change. • Due to very heavily and erratic rains which dilutes the sugar content of the crop February 24, 2013 ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 7.
    Regions Climate,altit ute (m, amsl) Cropsgrown Parts of the state covered J&K H.P. UK Region-I (Sub mountane & low hill) Subtropical 200-800 Mango, ber, guava, citrus, pear Jammu, Kathua & Plains of Udhampur Una, Bilaspur, Hamirpur & parts of Shirmor, Kangra, Solan & Chamba Parts of Pauri, Gharwal, Dehra Dun, Almora & Pithoragarh II (mid hills) Sub humid 801-1800 Pear, peach, plum, apricot, walnut, apple Hilly areas of Doda, Udhahampur, Rajouri, Punch, Ramban Parts of Kangra, Palampur, Shimla, Mandi, Solan, Kullu, Chamba Sirmaur Parts of all districts III (High hills) Temperate 1801-2200 apple, almond, cherry, Pear, peach, plum, apricot, walnut, All the districts of Kashmir valley & Ladakh Shimla & parts of Kullu,Solan, Chamba, Mandi, Kangra, Sirmaur Major parts of Pithiragarh, Uttarakashi, 7 small parts of Chamoli & Tehri Garhwal IV (very high hills) Temperate dry > 2200 Apricot, apple, necterines and prune Ladakh Kinnor, Lahaul, Spiti, Pangi &Bharmour Parts of Uttarakashi, Chamoli, Pithoragarh & Almora districts Agro -ecological regions of NW Himalayas ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 8.
    Key Challenges Posedby Climate Change on Agriculture: • Rising Temperatures: Impacts on flowering, fruit setting, and ripening processes. • Water Scarcity: Increased evapotranspiration and reduced water availability affecting irrigation. • Extreme Weather Events: Effects of droughts, floods, and storms on crop yields ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 9.
    Temperature and rainfallvariation in J&K region (1980-2008) Temp. ( 0 c) & Rainfall (Cm) 13.01 13.58 13.12 13.91 14.46 13.32 72.6 81.7 78.4 58.5 68.2 76.3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1980-85 1986-90 1991-95 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2008 Avg.Annual Temp.(oC) Precipitation (mm cm ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 10.
    Temperature changes inNWH During past 2 decades Average raise in mean temperature Kashmir province -- 1.45 oC Jammu region -- 2.32 oC ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 11.
    Temperature and rainfallvariation in H.P. region from 1980-2007 Rainfall , and Temp. Years 13.03 13.77 14.4 132.3 127 102.3 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1980-1985 1991-2000 2001-2007 Average Temp. Average precipitation)cm ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 12.
    0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 Temp. (degre C) 1984 1986 19881990 1992 1994 1996 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 Min Year Average annual temprature over 23 years in Uttarakhand hills Min Max ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
    Impact of climatechange in Himalayan states ❑ Variation in temperature rise is visible ❑ Change in cropping pattern/systems ❑ Early melting of glaciers ❑ Warmer and extended winters ❑ Erratic and reduced winter precipitation and snowfall ❑ Depletion of ground water and water scarcity 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 J&K UA HP 1.89 1.51 1.37 Rise in temperature by (oC) ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 17.
    Glacier at Sonamarg- depleting ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 18.
    A flooded streetin Rajbagh area of Srinagar. Flooding due to abrupt meltdown of snow as a result of high temperatures in Kashmir is a usual occurrence now. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 19.
    This formerly paddyland has been converted into an orchard in Khan Sahib Karewa due to water shortage. Similarly, thousands of Canals of irrigated paddy land have been converted in to dry land. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 20.
    ❑ Shift inapple cultivation towards higher altitude and cold arid areas ❑ Shift in ecological zones ❑ Marginalization of apple cultivation from mid hills due to lesser chilling availability ❑ Incidence and resurgence of insect and diseases of horticultural crops ❑ Majority of the apple orchards in UK have become senile/neglected over the year ❑ Insufficiently fulfillments of chilling hours and heat units which disturbs the bud burst and fruit set ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 21.
    Senile and Neglected appleorchard in U.K. Fruit bearing peach trees in U.K. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 22.
    Apple production in Ladakh (Futurepotential area) ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 23.
    Effect on flowering ❑Bud burst is advanced and the onset of growth occurs earlier as in apple where most of the trees sprout 2-3 weeks earlier than normal sprouting ( mid April ) ❑ Due to change in bud opening in March, they may become Susceptible to frost damage ❑ Higher average temperatures lead to early bloom and maturity, in temperate fruit Impact of rise in temperature on temperate fruit production and productivity ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India Specific Impacts on Fruit Production
  • 24.
    Occurrence of latesnowfall- causes heavy damage to almonds- coincided with full bloom ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 25.
    The picture showsblooming of flowers amidst snowfall in Srinagar in February 2007. Early blooming of fruit blossoms and flowers due to warmer temperatures during February and March in Kashmir has been damaging fruit produce as sudden late snows in February and March devastate blossoms ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 26.
    Apricot in bloom-coincidedwith late winter snow fall ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 27.
    ❑ Apples failsto attain their characteristic deep red color if night temperature are high (11.5 & 21) ❑ High temperature and moisture stress increases sunburn & cracking in apples, apricot, cherry, pomegranate etc. ❑ In adequate chilling due to enhanced green house warming prolong dormancy ❑ Low warming scenario < 1 °C is unlikely to affect vernalisation of high-chill fruit, and if warming scenario exceeds 1.5 °C it would significantly increase the risk of prolonged dormancy for both stone and pome-fruits Effect on fruit quality ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 29.
    ➢ Chilling requirementis the major concern in marginal temperate areas of NWH where fruit trees With low CR have to be grown. ➢ Increase in temperature has lead to increase in sunburn of apples ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 30.
    ❑ Wetter, warmerwinters favours incidence of diseases like Phytophthora, Fusarium etc. ❑ Drier, warmer summers favours diseases such as Alternaria, powdery mildew, sooty bark diseases (under moisture stress) ❑ Warm and humid temperature favours apple scab ❑ Very dry summers results in increase in population of red spider mite and aphids --- more problem of attacks on apple (Orson, 1999) Effect of climate change on diseases and insects ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 31.
    Powdery mildew of appleat dry and warmer summers Apple scab in warm and humid temperature ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 32.
    Mite attack onapple Apple aphid in dry summer Flea beetle in warm and humid climate Woolly aphis
  • 33.
    Frost injury inWalnut Gummosis
  • 34.
    IFS: The Roleof Fruit-Based Systems in Building Resilience: Natural Insurance Why Fruit-Based Systems? • For reducing the risks due to • biotic and abiotic stresses • Climate/weather adversities • market price fluctuations • high input costs • For meeting the • food, feed, fibre, fuel and fertilizer • market demand of diversified products • nutritional requirement of family • increased demand of soil nutrients • For increasing/improving the • income • employment • standard of living • sustainability ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 35.
    Advantages of IntegratedHorticulture based Farming systems Artificial balanced ecosystem with no waste Increased food supply Increased output and economic efficiency More employment and improvement in the socio-economic status Multiple use of water Cost-effective use of available water resources Wider range of products ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 36.
    How to achieveSustainable Livelihood Possible through Integrated Farming Systems involving horticulture Increase in Income Reduction in Expenditure Increase in Employment Reduction in Risk ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 37.
    Major Components ofIntegrated Farming Systems 1. Crops & Cropping Systems Management 2. Horticulture management 3. Livestock management 4. Fisheries management 5. Processing & Value addition 6. Others (like Apiary, mushroom, kitchen garden, biogas unit etc)
  • 38.
    State Number Andaman andNicobar Islands 2 Andhra Pradesh 1 Assam 1 Bihar 3 Chhattisgarh 1 Delhi 1 Goa 2 Gujarat 4 Haryana 1 Himachal Pradesh 1 Jammu and Kashmir 1 Jharkhand 1 Karnataka 2 Kerala 7 Madhya Pradesh 1 Maharashtra 4 Meghalaya 3 Odisha 3 Punjab 1 Rajasthan 6 Sikkim 1 Tamil Nadu 3 Telangana 2 Uttar Pradesh 6 Uttarakhand 1 West Bengal 1 Total 60 Prototype IFS /IOFS models established ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 39.
    IFS: Adaptation andMitigation Benefits • Trees in fruit-based systems act as carbon sinks, improving carbon sequestration. • Enhanced biodiversity from mixed and intercropping systems. • Improved resilience to climatic shocks due to stable root systems in perennial fruit trees ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 40.
    Potential of temperatefruit crops in carbon sequestration Estimates of standing biomass (t/ha) and calculated CO2 equivalents (t/ha) for perennial crops Crops Total DW Total CO2 Main source of data for calculations (t /ha) (t/ha) Apple 36 66 Jiménez and iaz, (2004), Palmer et al.(2002) Peach 40 73 Chalmers & Van Den Ende (1975); and nectarine Jiménez and Diaz, (2003) Plums, 62 114 Kroodsma & Field, 2006 prunes Almond 100 183 Kroodsma & Field, 2006 Walnuts 75 138 Kroodsma & Field, 2006 ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 41.
    Resilient Fruit Cropsfor Various Climates Selecting Climate-Resilient Fruit Varieties • Drought-Tolerant Species: E.g., dates, figs, pomegranates. • Heat-Resistant Species: E.g., citrus, mango. • Cold-Resilient Species: E.g., apple, pear. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 42.
    Case Studies ofResilient Systems Across Different Regions • Tropical: Coconut and banana agroforestry systems. • Temperate: Apple and pear orchards with integrated cover cropping. • Arid: Pomegranate and date palm systems with efficient water management. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 43.
    Components of IFSmodel (0.70 ha), Modipuram Meerut Module Area (ha) Details Cropping system 0.38 1. Biofortified rice-Biofortified wheat and Mustard-Green gram 2. Sweet corn-Garlic-Vegetable cowpea 3. Maize + soybean- ryegrass-fodder sorghum Multi-Layer Farming 0.18 1. Turmeric+ green/leafy vegetables (Red Amaranthus- Fenugreek- Coriander) + Cucurbits + Fruits (Papaya) Agri-horti 0.12 1. Papaya+ Field crops 2. Banana + Field crops Boundary plantation - 1. Karonda (Pink strain) 2. Guava (Allahabad Safeda) 3. Napier grass Dairy 1 B + 1C Buffalo (Murrah), Cow (Gir) Vermi- compost 50 m2 Secondary agriculture Value addition of marketable surplus Cropping System 53% Multi-layer farming 25% Agri- horti 17% Other 5% Area allocation (%) ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 44.
    Agri-horti module (0.12ha) Component Production (kg) Cost (Rs) Gross Returns (Rs) Net Returns (Rs) Papaya (100) 500 7760 15000 7240 Banana (100) 1029 4750 15435 10685 Potato 1080 1000 3700 2700 Vegetable pea 89 450 1780 1330 Total 11325 (SEY) 14260 35915 21955 ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 45.
    Agri-horti module (0.12ha) ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 46.
    Boundary Plantations Components Production (kg) Cost (Rs.) Gross return (Rs.)* Netreturns (Rs.) Guava 1080 2000 32400 30400 Karonda 233 2400 13980 11580 Napier grass 5688 1500 8532 7032 Total 16896 (SEY) 5900 54912 49012 * Guava Price: Rs. 30/kg; Karonda price: Rs. 60/kg; Napier grass : Rs. 1.5/kg ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 47.
    pH : 8.1±0.36Range : 7.24 to 8.24 N (kg ha-1) : 292± 26.17 Range : 238 to 539 P ( kg ha-1) : 47.1 ± 8.64 Range : 35.27 to 57.4 K (kg ha-1) : 432.1 ± 38.54 Range : 366.2 to 715 OC(%) : 0.61 ±0.08 Range : 0.36 to 0.83 OC pH: 8.2 EC:1.0 5 N Low Medium High N N N N N pH: 8.0 EC:1.0 2 pH: 8.2 EC:0.9 8 pH: 8.2 EC:1.0 5 pH: 8.1 EC: 1.2 pH: 8.0 EC: 1. 5 P K P K P K P K P K P K Banana Biofortified rice-wheat and mustard-greengram Papaya Multi- layer farming OC OC OC OC OC Sweet corn-garlic-cowpea Maize+soybean-ryegrass- sorghum Soil health Potato ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 48.
    Economics of IFSmodel Component Variable cost (Rs.) Gross return (Rs.) Net return (Rs.) B:C ratio Cropping system 33415 115049 81634 3.44 Agri-horti 13960 35915 21955 2.57 Boundary plantation 5900 54912 49012 9.31 Dairy 113526 153734 40208 1.35 Including family labour 166801 359610 192809 2.16 Excluding Family labour 85801 359610 273809 4.19 Employment generation (mandays) Male Women Total 94 176 270 Cropping system 32% Multi layer 0% Agri-horti 10% Boundary plantation 15% Dairy 43% SEY (%) Sugarcane equivalent yield: 110.9 t ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 49.
    Economics of 1.5ha farming system model Enterprises Components Area (ha) Details GR COC NR B:C Ratio Horticulture Orchards (With Inter crops) 0.4 1. Mango (Amrapalli) + intercrops (Onion-Okra-Pea) 198070 89546 108524 2.21 2. Mango( Dashehri) + intercrops (turmeric) 3. Guava + intercrop (Turmeric) 4. Kinnow + intercrops (Pea- Beans- Radish-Cauliflower) Vegetables 0.5 1. Brinjal-Potato-Beans 121180 59845 61335 2.02 2. Onion-Bottlegourd-Cauliflower 3. Okra-Potato-Brinjal 4. Radish-Beans-Pumpkin-Fengreek 5. Cariander-Bottlegourd-Lobia-Carrot Total 0.9 319250 149391 169859 2.13 Secondary Field Crops 0.4 1. Rice-Wheat 111600 53500 58100 2.09 2. Sugarcane-S. Ratoon-Wheat Complimentary Fish pond dyke- vegetable system 0.1 Fish (Rohu/Catla/Mrigal/Grass carp) + Dyke (Radish-bottlegourd-broccoli) 33420 16070 17350 2.08 Supplementary Poultry (20 birds) Layers 12470 4590 7880 2.72 1.5 Grand Total 476740 223551 253189 2.12
  • 50.
    Economic efficiency ofthe Modules under study (Rs/ha/day) * Economic Efficiency = Net Returns/duration of crops ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 51.
    Microbial count ofsoil samples under different components in model Module Sample Bacteria (CFU/mL) Fungi (CFU/mL) Actinomycetes (CFU/mL) Module 1 Fruit+ Vegetable (intercrop) 9.8×106 3.2×104 6.2×105 Module 2 Vegetables 1.31×107 3.4×104 7.1×105 Module 3 Field Crops 9.6×106 2.0×104 9.1×105 Module 4 Pond dyke system 3.5×106 8.3×103 8.7×104 ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 52.
    Activity of differentenzymes in soil under different modules Module Sample Dehydrogena se activity (µg TPF/g soil/h) Phosphatas e activity (µg PNP/g soil/h) Β- glucosidase activity (µg PNP/g soil/h) Urease activity (mg urea/g soil/h) Module 1 Fruit + Vegetable (intercrop) 31.75±2.8 60.09±4.0 7 20.58±2.1 9 15.2±1.21 Module 2 Vegetables 20.15±1.97 44.19±3.9 2 13.99±2.0 1 10.71±1.3 1 Module 3 Field Crops 20.99±2.02 41.75±2.3 7 14.75±1.8 9 9.69±0.89 Module 4 Pond dyke system 12.21±1.09 29.19±2.5 4 10.75±1.5 1 4.9±0.57 ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 53.
    Banana based IFS(Kerala) Component Net area (ha) Gross area (ha) Percentage share of net area Crops/ cropping systems • Tubers and fodder intercrops 0.046 0.07 22.3 Horticulture • Banana + Vegetables (as intercrop) 0.1065 0.1745 51.7 Dairy (1+1) 0.01 0.01 4.9 Fishery 0.02 0.02 9.7 Boundary plantation • Guinea grass, cowpea and Glyricidia as fringe crop 0.016 0.03 7.8 Vermicompost unit 0.0075 0.0075 3.6 Total 0.206 0.312 Main Centre Karamana
  • 54.
    Banana module inIFS (Maruteru, Andhra Pradesh) IFS Components Unit area % share in area Crop Component 2520 m2 45 i) Paddy-Paddy-Pulse 1620 m2 ii) Maize-Greengram-Sesamum 400 m2 iii) Redgram + Greengram – Sweet corn 400 m2 iv) Fodder Jowar – Berseem/Cowpea 100 m2 Dairy Unit 240 m2 4 Two Desi Cows and Cattle shed 180 m2 Vermicompost units (2 Nos) 60 m2 Fishery Unit 800 m2 14 Fish fingerlings @ 7500/ha and fishpond (1.5 – 2.0m depth) Poultry Component 40 m2 1 Poultry shed on four corners of the fishpond (15 Nos Units - 2) Horticulture Unit 1600 m2 29 i) Fruit trees like Banana, Papaya, Guava, Mango etc, including boundary plantations ii) Need based intercropping of seasonal vegetables iii) Floriculture (seasonal flowers) Threshing floor and store shed etc., 400 m2 7 TOTAL AREA (1.4 acres) 5600 m2 100
  • 55.
    Components of IFSmodel Area (m2) % Crop Components: Paddy-paddy /Finger millet /Pulses 5000 50 Horticulture Components: Vegetable Unit (Cluster Bean, Tomato, Chilly, Bhendi and Ridge Guard) 1000 10 Arecanut garden (Channagiri Local) 500 05 Coconut + Arecanut + banana inter cropping 1000 10 Drum stick (PKM-1/ Bhagya) 500 05 Banana (Sole Crop) 500 05 Banana (Elakki) + Drum Stick inter cropping (PKM-1) 400 04 Fodder Block (CO-3) 300 03 Infrastructures: 1. Farm house 800 08 2. Dairy (3) + Sheep Unit (13 no’s) 3. Vermi-Compost Pit (3-Nos.)+ Compost Pit (1-No.) 4. Azolla Unit (2-Nos.) 5. Road and bunds 6. Border crop (teak -74 no’s and Glyricidia 16 no’s) Total 10000 100 Kathelgere (Karnataka) ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 56.
    Components Area (ha)Share in area (%) Crop 0.4397 43.97 Horticulture (Fruits excluding orchard) 0.029 2.90 Orchard 0.14 14.0 Dairy 0.011 1.10 Fishery 0.092 9.20 Goatery 0.001 0.10 Poultry (Above fishery unit I) - - Duckery (Above fishery unit II) - - Apiary - - Kitchen Garden 0.009 0.9 Border planting 0.0685 6.85 Mushroom unit (Inside broiler house) - - Azolla tank 0.0003 0.03 Vermicompost 0.002 0.20 Liquid manure, compost, biogas unit 0.020 2.00 Miscellaneous 0.1875 18.75 Total 1.000 100.00 Banana module in IFS (Jorhat, Assam) • Banana plants : 67 • Plants at bearing stage : 30 Variety Tall Cavendish & Dwarf Cavendish (Fruit purpose) Intercrops/ other components integrated with banana Lemon, pineapple, areca nut, perennial fodders (Congo signal and Setaria), apiary, fishery
  • 57.
    Soil type BD (Mg/cm3 WHC (%) pH EC (dS/m) OC (g/kg) Av.N (kg/ha) Av. P (kg/ha) Av.K (kg/ha) MBC (µg/g) Earthworm Count/m3 Sandy loam 1.47 29 5.5 0.13 7.7 267.7 10.7 107.1 137 13 Carbon source-sink relationship of the Module involving banana (Horticulture-vegetable module) C-source (kg. CO2-eq.) C-sink (kg. CO2- eq.) Contribution of banana to the module as C source (kg. CO2-eq.) Contribution of banana to the module as C sink (kg. CO2-eq.) Source – Sink (kg. CO2-eq.) 115.8 1047.2 10.9 (9.4%) 292 (27.9%) (-) 934.4 Soil health Share of Banana module in total income Particulars Gross income Net income Total income from IFS model (Rs.) 696756 365683 Total income from Banana module (Rs.) 13946 9640 Share of Banana module to Total income (%) 2 2.64
  • 58.
    Components Area (ha) Details of components Sharein area (%) Cropping System 0.5076 C1-Marvel grass C2-Cotton-Gnut C3-Gnut-Onion-Sorghum (F) C4-Gnut-Coriander-Sesame 51 Multistoried Horti. 0.3198 H1-Guava H2- Pomagranate H3-Lemon H4-Banana H5-Papaya 34 Boundary Plantation 0.060 BP1-Drum stick BP2-Brinjal BP3-Indian bean/sponge guard/bitter garurd/Ridge gaurd 6 Fish Unit 0.0636 F1 - Rohu F2 - Cutla 2 Dairy unit 0.024 2 - Gir cows 1 NADEP compost unit 0.0004 2 - NADEP unit Cattle shed 6 Total 1.000 100 Banana module in IFS (Junagadh, Gujarat) Details of components Area (m2) Share in area (%) H1-Guava 688 m2 21.52 H2- Pomegranate 688 m2 21.52 H3-Lemon 688 m2 21.52 H4-Banana 567 m2 17.72 H5-Papaya 567 m2 17.72 Total 3198 m2 100 Horticulture component (0.3198 ha) Crop Variety No. of Plants (For tree/ shrub crops only) Net area occupied (ha) Season & year of planting Duration (Month) 1. Guava L - 49 70 0.0689 Kharif 17 - 2.Pomogrenate B. Sinduriyo 140 0.0689 Kharif 17 - 3. Lemon Kagadi 140 0.0689 Kharif 17 - 4. Banana Grand Nene 366 0.0689 Rabi-2019 12 5. Papaya Madhubindu 366 0.0689 Summer -19 11
  • 59.
    Module Details Variety Monthan(2x2 m) Purpose Culinary purpose Duration 12-14 months Intercrops Vegetable Pea-Soybean Crop Yield (kg) Banana 380 Vegetable Pea (Intercrop) 84 Soybean (Intercrop) 42 Module Details Cropping system (0.38 ha) 1. Basmati rice - Wheat + Mustard / Chickpea - Dhaincha 2. Okra - Cauliflower - Baby corn + Cowpea 3. Sesbania (Seed) – Chickpea - Greengram Horti-pasture (0.18 ha) 1. Kinnow + Fodder crops Agri-horti (0.04 ha) Banana + Field crops Boundary plantation 1. Karonda (Pink strain) 2. Guava (Allahabad Safeda) Dairy (1 B + 1 C) Buffalo (Murrah), Cow (Gir) Vermi-compost (50 m2) Secondary agriculture Value addition of marketable surplus 0.04 ha in 0.70 ha Banana module in IFS (Modipuram, Uttar Pradesh)
  • 60.
    Fish Cum Duckculture Pear HDP 2 Kanal Grapes Trellis 1 Kanal Stone Fruits 2 Kanal Strawberry 1 Kanal Apple HDP on M-9- root stock 1 acre (8 Kanal) 5 Kanals Field Crops 9 Kanal Field Crops 9 Kanal T F Store H T P H Path MU AU Impli She d D Gate Gate Gate Path IFS Poultry Unit V Compost Unit H Tre e Guest House H- Hut renovation for office use I– Milk Sale centre (10’X10’) C- Sick Animal Shed (10’x15’) B- Calving Pen (10’x15’) A- Cow & calf shed(18’x33’) S S- Silage (20’x10’) HTPH- Hi-Tech Poly House TF- Threshing Floor MU- Mushroom Unit AU- Apiary Unit D- Duckry Unit 540 ft 460 ft Impli. Shed- Implements Shed (17 X 10 m sq) Gate Univ. Gate BHT Roa d Roa d Road to Gujjar Kona Roa d Roa d FoA, Dair y Proposed IFS Unit Layout Plan under HADP-13 project Road 15 ft Path Paddock Calf Paddock A B C D E D- Fodder Shed (10’x20’) E- Feed Store (10’x10’) F- Gen Store (10’x10’) F G I G- Staff quarter(2 room Set) (15’X25’ ) V- Vermi-compost Beds 8 Nos (4’x12’) Grazing field Poultry Scavengin g area Prepared by-Amal
  • 61.
    Cropping Systems +horticulture +dairy farming system model for J &K 249033795 2570 21973 39389 20107 37989 9013 44306 106650 July, 43 August, 58 September, 50 October, 64 November, 61 December, 66 January, 70.5 February, 60 March, 64 April, 46 May, 91 Jun, 58 Net profit (Rs/ha) Employment (Man days) Cereal block Animal unit Gobar gas Vermi compost 8.2 tons (11 + 4.5 +5) Fish unit Family members Poultry Local market Oilseed & pulses Fodder block Oil = 32 lit, cake = 45 kg Pulse =100 kg, moong = 118 kg, mash = 45 kg, Oil = 28.75 Pulse = 100 kg Pulse resi = 3 qts, oil = 5 lit, cake = 37 kg Mash (dry fodder) = 1.5 qlts, moong = 38 kg 245 kg 220 kg litter rs = 1002 kg, ws = 75 kg 9695 kg 3600 lits Enterprises % profit Crops 8.35 Animal 46.9 Hort. Fruit Veg. Flori. 3.00 3.84 1.60 Poultry 14.60 Fish 10.02 Mushroom 7.00 Apiary 0.39 G. fodder 4.17 Ag. forestry 0.23 200 kg Mushroom 6 kg manure Agro. forestry 400 kg fuel wood One ha Cropping systems (0.52 ha) + horticulture (0.30 ha including vegetable as intercrop) + dairy (1 cow, 1 buffalo, 1 heifer; 0.08 ha) + fish cum poultry (0.10 ha) + mushroom + apiary + vermicompost + bio-gas + boundary plantation Production : 21.52 t REY/ha Net income : Rs 3.06 lakhs/ha Employment : 731 Man days Round the year production, profit & employment Model meets 85 % of inputs required for different enterprises within the farm besides providing all the commodities (cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, mushroom, milk, egg, and fish) required for the farm family
  • 62.
    Sustainable Livelihood SecurityIndex (SLSI) of various farming systems (15 districts in 12 states) Farming Systems (19 No’s) % Households Area (ha) Benchmar k After interventions % improvemen t Field crops + dairy 51.4 0.75 0.40 0.41 2.93 Field crops + dairy + goat 16.0 0.69 0.38 0.41 7.89 Field crops + dairy + poultry 9.6 0.80 0.36 0.37 2.78 Field crops + dairy + goat + poultry 6.7 0.71 0.34 0.37 8.82 Field crops alone 4.2 0.61 0.30 0.32 6.67 Field crops + dairy + horticulture 3.9 0.65 0.33 0.37 12.12 Field crop + goat 2.0 0.74 0.30 0.31 3.71 Field crop + horticulture 2.0 0.42 0.34 0.34 0.15 Field crop + dairy + goat + sheep + poultry 1.1 0.89 0.29 0.29 1.47 Field crop + dairy + goat + sheep 0.6 0.96 0.47 0.55 16.13 Dairy + goat 0.3 1.00 0.49 0.56 13.98 Field crop + dairy + fish 0.3 0.60 0.08 0.09 18.84 Field crop + dairy + goat + honeybee 0.3 0.80 0.28 0.29 3.57 Field crop + dairy + horticulture + fish 0.3 0.52 0.41 0.53 29.58 Field crop + dairy + horticulture + goat 0.3 0.46 0.26 0.35 34.62 Field crop + dairy + sheep 0.3 0.90 0.24 0.28 16.67 Field crop + horticulture + fish 0.3 0.47 0.34 0.40 17.65 Field crop + horticulture + poultry + fish 0.3 0.46 0.25 0.28 14.30 Field Crop+ Dairy + Goat+ honeybee 0.6 0.69 0.33 0.36 2.93 ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 63.
    Sustainable Livelihood SecurityIndex (SLSI) of various farming systems 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 One component (Field crop alone), 4.2 % HH, 0.61 ha Two components (FC+D, FC+G, FC+H, D+G), 55.6 % HH, 0.73 ha Three Components (FC+D+G, FC+D+H, FC+D+P, FC+D+S, FC+H+F), FC+D+F), 30.3 % HH, 0.68 ha Four components (FC+D+G+P, FC+D+G+S, FC+D+G+A, FC+D+H+F, FC+D+H+G, FC+H+P+F), 8.7 % HH, 0.64 ha Five components (FC+D+G+S+P), 1.1 % HH, 0.89 ha 0.30 0.38 0.29 0.34 0.29 0.32 0.41 0.32 0.36 0.29 Benchmark After interventions 7 % 8 % 10 % 6 % ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 64.
    • Benchmark SLSIof field crops + dairy is 0.40 which is higher than the 15 other systems. • Post interventions SLSI improvement 1.Field crops + dairy + horticulture + goat: 34 % 2.Field crops + dairy + horticulture + fish: 29 % Sustainable Livelihood Improvement with horticulture ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 65.
    Agroecological Practices inFruit-Based Systems “Soil Health Management” • Composting and organic mulching to improve soil moisture retention. • Cover cropping and legume intercropping to enhance nitrogen levels. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 66.
    Sustainable Water Managementin Fruit Production “Efficient Irrigation Techniques” • Drip Irrigation: Directly supplies water to roots, reducing wastage. • Rainwater Harvesting: Collects and stores rainwater for irrigation. • Deficit Irrigation: Applying water below full crop requirements to increase efficiency ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 67.
    Water conservation Techniquesfor Almond ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 68.
  • 69.
    Drip Irrigation inapple ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 70.
    Innovative Technologies forResilient Fruit Production ‘’Climate-Smart Agricultural Tools” • Weather Forecasting Apps: Help farmers plan irrigation and pest management. • Sensor Technologies: Soil moisture sensors for optimal water application. • Precision Agriculture: Use of drones and GPS for site-specific management. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 71.
    Innovative Technologies forResilient Fruit Production ‘’ Research on Climate-Resilient Varieties” • Breeding of drought-tolerant, salt- tolerant, and disease-resistant fruit varieties. • Examples: Salt-tolerant pomegranate varieties, drought-resistant mango varieties. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 72.
    Apple hybrid Priame: CITH-Ambri-1 x Prima : Scab resistant Parentage Breeding objective (s) and target traits Ambri Improvement for : Scab resistance & colour Prima (EC-125416) 72 Ambri (CITH-Ambri-1) IC-0638853 CITH-Priame (CITH- Ambri-1 x Prima) IC0638858; R1159222291 (INGR App) Objective CITH-A-1 Prima • Aroma • Shelf life • Scab resistance • Colour • Aroma • Shelf life • Early maturity • Colour CITH- PRIAME Genes identified& validated @ aroma, shelf life & scab resistance Ambri HybridPrima
  • 73.
    Apple hybrid Pride(PRIDE : Red Delicious x Prima): Scab resistant Parentage Breeding objective (s) and target traits Red Delicious Improvement for : Scab resistance Prima (EC-125416) 73 Red Delicious EC-451348 CITH-Pride (Red Delicious x Prima) IC00638609; INGR21071) Objective Red Delicious Prima • Fruit Shape • Scab resistance • Colour • Scab resistance • Early maturity CITH- PRIDE Genes identified& validated @ quality & scab resistance
  • 74.
    Social and EconomicBenefits of Resilient Fruit-Based Systems “Economic Resilience for Farmers” • Steady income from diverse fruit yields, even in adverse conditions. • Access to local and international markets for high-value fruits. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 75.
    Case Studies /Regional Success Stories “Tropical Agroforestry Systems in Southeast Asia” • Integration of fruits like coconut, banana, and cacao for resilience against climate variability. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 76.
  • 77.
    Case Studies /Regional Success Stories “Apple Orchards in Temperate Zones” • Adaptation practices like hail nets, windbreaks, and improved irrigation in apple-producing regions. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 78.
  • 79.
    Anti hail netgive complete protection against hail damage ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 80.
  • 81.
    Experiments with reflectorssuch as lime, bio-degradable paint to reflect light into the bottom of the tree canopy ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 82.
    Use of Kaoilinto overcome the sunburn on apple fruits combined with overhead sprinklers ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 83.
    Case Studies /Regional Success Stories “Date Palm Cultivation in Arid Regions” • Efficient water usage and soil management strategies in date palm farms of the Middle East. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 84.
    Future Directions andRecommendations “Policy Support for Climate-Resilient Fruit Systems” • Subsidies for climate-smart irrigation systems. • Incentives for farmers adopting resilient crop varieties and practices. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 85.
    Future Directions andRecommendations “Research and Development Needs” • More investment in breeding climate- resilient fruit varieties. • Field trials to test new technologies in different climates. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 86.
    Future Directions andRecommendations “Capacity Building and Education” • Training programs on sustainable practices for farmers and extension workers. • Building resilience through community engagement and knowledge sharing. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 87.
    Conclusion & Wayforward Integrated Cropping and Farming System • One health (Soil-plant-livestock-human-environment-planet) • Regenerative agricultural principles • Natural insurance (Gandhian Principle) against weather/climate related risks • Biodiversity conservation and utilization • Round the year income • Sustainability • Decent self employment • Offers scope to retain rural youth • Household level food and nutritional security • 13 SDGs directly, 4 through landscape-based farming systems • Fits very well in Integrated cropping and farming systems • Need to develop farming systems value chain Climate change poses significant challenges to fruit production, but resilient systems offer solutions. Agroecological practices, efficient water management, and technology adoption are crucial. ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Old Air Field, Rangreth, Srinagar-191132, J&K, India
  • 88.
    Acknowledgement •Indian Society ofAgronomy •Organizers •Dr HoD, Agronomy, CoA, Wadura •My collogues at CITH Thanks One and All