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fungal diseases in humans and animals
This document summarizes various fungal diseases that affect humans and animals. It describes five main groups of fungal diseases: superficial mycoses, cutaneous mycoses, subcutaneous mycoses, systemic mycoses, and opportunistic mycoses. For each group, it provides examples of pathogenic fungi, the locations they infect, and the resulting diseases. It also discusses the transmission routes and typical symptoms for some of the major fungal diseases like blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, and histoplasmosis.
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Fungal diseases affecting humans and animals are introduced.
Fungal species are categorized into superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, systemic, and opportunistic based on the infection type.
Fungal diseases are classified by tissue level and transmission: superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, and systemic; along with transmission methods.
Three main transmission types are identified: airborne, direct contact, and opportunistic fungal diseases.
Blastomycosis caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis; initial lung infection, spreads causing abscesses; treatment includes Amphotericin B.
Implications of Blastomycosis in humans and animals are highlighted.
Describes the life cycle stages of the Blastomyces organism.
Coccidioides immitis causes Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever); infection via inhalation; diagnosed by identifying large spherules.
Discusses the manifestations of Coccidioidomycosis in humans and animals, along with affected body parts.
Explains the life cycle of Coccidioides immitis.
Cryptococcus neoformans from pigeon droppings; enters via respiratory tract, causing severe infections; diagnosed via India ink.
Impact of Cryptococcosis in humans and animals, showing potential locations of infection.
Details the life stages of Cryptococcus.
Histoplasma capsulatum causes Histoplasmosis; spread via airborne microconidia, features treatment options.
Examines the effects of Histoplasmosis in humans and its lifecycle.
Distribution of Histoplasmosis worldwide and regions most affected.
Superficial mycosis involves direct contact infections such as Black and White Piedra.
Discusses various Tineas infections affecting skin and how they're classified.
Details on Tinea Barbae (beard) and Tinea Capitis (scalp), their causative agents, and characteristics.
Describes Tinea Corporis and Tinea Pedis (Athlete’s Foot); causes and skin effects.
Subcutaneous mycosis discussed, including Chromoblastomycosis and Sporotrichosis, and their treatment.
Opportunistic mycoses like Aspergillosis; causes, symptoms, and treatment routes.
Candidiasis, an opportunistic infection primarily seen in newborns; caused by Candida species.
Microsporidia is an emerging infection affecting immunocompromised patients, including those with HIV.
Pneumocystis is a common pneumonia in infants and AIDS patients, highlighting its early exposure.
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fungal diseases in humans and animals
- 2. FUNGAL DISEASES IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS.
- 3. Medically important fungi GROUP PATHOGEN LOCATION DISEASE 1)Superficial mycosis Piedraia hortae . scalp Black piedra. Trichosporon beigelii. Beard ,mustache White piedra. Malassezia furfur. Trunk ,neck ,face, arms. Tinea versicolor. 2)Cutaneous mycosis Trichophyton mentagrophytis ,T.verrucossum, T.rubrum. Beard hair Tinea barbae. Trichophyton ,Microsporum canis. Scalp hair Tinea captis Trichophyton rubrum ,T.mentagrophytes ,Microsporum canis. Smooth or bare parts of skin Tinea corporis T.Rubrum , T.mentagrophytes ,Epidermophyton floccosum . Groin, buttocks Tinea cruris(jock itch). T.rubrum ,T.mentagrophytes ,E.floccosum. feet Tinea pedis T.rubrum. T. mentagophytes, E. floccosum. nails Tinea unguium (oncomycosis).
- 4. GROUP PATHOGEN LOCATIONDISEASE 3)Subcutinous mycosis Phialophora verrucosa Legs ,feet Chromoblastomycos is sporothrix schenckii Puncture wounds Sporotrichosis 4)Systemic mycosis Coccidiodes immitis Lungs ,other parts of body. Coccidioidomycosis. Cryptococcus neoformis Lungs ,skin,bones ,viscera,central nevous system. Cryptococcosis. Histoplasma capsulatum Within phagocytosis Histoplasmosis 5)Oppurtunistic mycosis Aspergillus fumigatus, A.flavus, Respiratory system Aspergillosis Candida albicans Skin or mucous membrane Candidiasis Pneumocystis jivoroveci Lungs some time brain Pneumocystis pneumonia Encephalitozooon Lungs some times brain microsporidiosis
- 5. INTRODUCTION • Fungaldisease are usually divided into four types based on the level of infected tissue and mode of entry into the host 1)Superficial, 2)Cutaneous, 3)Subcutaneous and, 4)Systemic.
- 6. • Systemic mycosesare typically transmitted through air. e.g.,Blastomycosis, Coccidioidomycosis, Cry-ptomycosis,and Histoplasmosis. • Fungal pathogens do not appear to be transmitted by arthropods. • A number of fungal pathogens are transmitted through direct contact. e.g., superficial -mycosis, cutaneous mycoses(called as ring worms,tineas,or dermatomycosis.)
- 7. • Fungal diseasescan also be transmitted through food and water . • Opportunistic diseases are typically arise from the endogenous microbial flora when the host can no longer control them. E.g., Aspergillosis, Microsporidoisis, Pneumocystis Pneumonia. • Discipline that deals with the fungi that cause human diseases is MEDICAL MYCOLOGY . • The fungal diseases are called as MYCOSIS.
- 8. • Superficial ,cutaneous,and subcutaneous mycosis are direct contact infections of the skin ,hair, and nails.
- 9. INTRODUCTION • Basedon transmission fungal diseases are basically classified into THREE types, a)AIR BORNE DISEASES b)DIRECT CONTACT DISEASES and c)OPPURTUNISTIC DISEASES
- 10. a)AIR BORNE DISEASES • There are four air borne diseases which are most predominant in the world and India are as follows …. 1) Blastomycosis, 2) Coccidioidomycosis, 3) Cryptococcosis and 4) Histoplasmosis.
- 11. 1)BLASTOMYCOSIS • Casualorganism: Blastomyces dermatitidis. • HABITAT: fungus grows as a budding yeast in humans but on culture media and in the environment grows as a mold. • INFECTION: initial infection occurs when Blastospores are inhaled into lungs. The fungus can spread rapidly ,especially to the skin ,where cutaneous ulcers and abscess formation occur.
- 12. • B.dermatitidis canbe isolated from the pus and biopsy sections. • TREATMENT: Amphotericin B (fungizone),itraconazole(sporanox),or ketoconazole(nizoral) are the drugs of choice for treatment. • Surgery may be necessary for the drainage of large abscesses.
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- 15. LIFE CYCLE OFBLASTOMYCOSIS
- 16. 2)coccidioidomycosis(valley fever) •CAUSATIVE ORGANISM: Coccidioides immitis. • It is also known as VALLEY FEVER or Sanjoaquin fever or Desert Rheumatism because of its geographical distribution. • HABITAT: They exists in the semi arid ,highly alkaline soils . • In the soil and on culture media ,this fungus grows as a mold that forms an Arthroconidia at the tips of hyphae .
- 17. • DIAGNOSIS: Diagnosisis accomplished by identification of the large sperules(approxmately 80 μm in diameter) in pus ,sputum,and aspirates. • culturing clinical samples in the presence of pencillin and streptomycin on sabourd agar (used to isolate fungi) also a diagnostic. TREATMENT : Micanazole(lotrimin), Itraconazole, Ketraconazole and Amphotericin B.
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- 19. VALLEY FEVER INANIMALS INFECTED LEG OF DOG INFECTED KIDNEY OF DOG INFECTED HEAD
- 20. LIFECYCLE OF VALLEYFEVER
- 21. 3)CRYPTOCOCCOSIS. • CAUSATIVEORGANISM: Cryptococcus neoformans. • HABITAT: Aged, dried pigeon dropping's are the apparent source of infection. saprophytic with world wide distribution. cryptococcus found approximately 15% of AIDS patients. MODE OF SPREAD : The fungus enters in to the body by respiratory tract, causing a minor pulmonary infections spread to the skin ,bones ,viscera and the central nervous system
- 22. • DIAGNOSIS: itinvolves in accomplished by detection of the thick walled, spherical yeast cells in pus, sputum, or exudate smears using India ink to define the organism. • TREATMRNT : It includes Amphotericin B or Itraconazole. • There is no preventive or control measures.
- 23. 3)CRYPTOCOCCOSIS IN HUMANS Mouth infected with cryptococcus Eye infected with cryptococcus LLuunnggss e efffefetetedd w witihth c crryypptotoccooccccuuss
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- 26. Distribution of diseasethroughout the world
- 27. 4)HISTOPLASMOSIS. • CAUSATIVEORGANISM: Histoplasma capsulatum. A facultative parasitic fungus that grows as intracellular. • HABITAT: It is present in the form of mycelium in the soils throughout the world. • At 25 C it grows as a mold producing small microconidia.(1 to 5 μm in diameter), large macroconidia (8 to 16 in diameter), are also formed on conidiophores.
- 28. • MODE OFSPREAD : Humans aquire histoplasmosis from airborne microconidia. • TREATMENT: Amphotericin B ,Ketoconazole, or Itraconazole.
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- 31. HISTOPLASMOSIS SENSITIVITY IN THE WORLD
- 32. 2)DIRECT CONTACT DISEASES • A)superficial mycosis BLACK PIEDRA WHITE PIEDRA SOME TIMES CALLED AS TINEAS
- 33. Superficial mycosis •These are very common in the tropics. • The fungi responsible are limited to the outer surface of hair and skin and hence are called as superficial. • Infections of the hair shaft are collectively called as PIEDRAS. E.g., Black piedra-caused by Piedraia hortae and forms hard, Black nodules on the hairs of the scalp. WHITE PIEDRA- is caused by the yeast Trichosporon beigelii and forms light colored nodules on the beard and mustache.
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- 36. B)CUTANEOUS MYCOSIS TINEABARBAE TINEA CAPTIS TINEA CORPIS TINEA PEDIS(ATHELET’S FOOT)
- 37. 1)TINEA BARBAE •C.O: Trichophyton mentagrophytes. • It is predominantly a disease of men who live in rural areas and acquire the fungus from infected animals.
- 38. 2)TINEA CAPITIS •It is an infection to scalp hair . • It is characterized by loss of hair, inflammation and scaling. • It is predominantly of a childhood disease. • A woods lamp (a UV light )can help in the diagnosis of the tinea capitis ,because fungus infected hair flourescences when illuminated by UV radiation.
- 39. 3)TINEA CORPORIS •It is caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T.mentagrophytes or Microsporus canis. • It occurs any party of the skin. • The disease is characterized by circular ,red,well-demarcated ,scaly, vesiculopustular lesions accompanied by itching. •
- 40. 4)Athelets foot •It is scientifically called as TINEA PEDIS. • They infect feet and hands • It is caused by T. rubrum ,T .mentagrophytes .
- 41. C)SUBCUTINOUS MYCOSIS •1)CHROMOBLASTOMYCOSIS
- 42. • Subcutaneous mycosesare normal saprophytic inhabitants of soil and decaying vegetation because they are unable to penetrate the skin. • In chromoblastomycosis the nodules are dark brown. • These fungi exist world wide • Most of the infections involve in the legs and feet.
- 43.
- 44. • Sporotrichosis iscaused by a dimorphic fungi( i.e sporothrix schenckii.) • The disease occurs throughout the world . • The fungus is found on the living plants and soil. • The disease have an occupational hazard to the florists ,gardeners ,and forestry workers. • Sporotrichosis typically treated by ingestion of potassium iodide or Itraconazole (sporanox).
- 45. 3)OPPURTUNISTIC MYCOSES •ASPERGILLOSIS
- 46. • Aspergillosis iswidely distributed throughout the world than any other fungi can(omnipresent). • Aspergillus fumigatus is the casual organism of aspergillosis some times A. flavus also causes the disease. • Invasive disease typically results in the pulmonary infection(with fever chest pain, and cough). • The major portal of entry is respiratory tract.
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- 48. 2) CANDIDIASIS •Oral candidiasis or thrush is a fairly common disease in newborns. • It is caused by a dimorphic fungi i.e Candida albicans or C.glabrata. • These are normal microbiota of gastro intestinal tract ,respiratory tract ,and mouth. • In healthy individuals they will not produce disease because growth is suppressed by other microbiota. • Candidiasis is a sexually transmitted disease.
- 49.
- 50. • Microsporidia isa term used to describe obligate ,intracellular fungi that belongs to the phylum microspora. • It is an emerging infectious disease found mostly in HIV patients. • Its unique character is the production of highly resistant spores. • It also possess a unique organelle known as the polar tubule. • Microspora infection leads to the wide variety of patient symptoms. • These includes hepatitis ,pneumonia ,skin lesions etc..,
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- 52. 4)PNEUMOCYCTIS PNEUMONIA •It is found in the lungs of wide variety of mammals. • Serological data indicates that humans are exposed to pneumocystis by the age of 2-4. • This pneumonia also occurs in premature malnourished infants and in more than 80% of AIDS patients.