Future Watch: Future of water in India

Future Watch: Future of water in India

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  OTSIKKO ALAOTSIKKO, KUUKAUSI VUOSI FUTUREOF WATER IN INDIA FUTURE WATCH REPORT, 2018
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  Team Finland FutureWatch Report, October 2018 2 • “Future Watch Report – India, 2018” outlines future scenarios and opportunities in India to help Finnish businesses understand the identified areas and explore future opportunities. • The report focuses on the Future of Water in India with a projection timeline from 2018 till 2028. • Structure of the content is as follows – • Each topic has further sub-themes and elaboration thereon. • Each theme/sub-theme is detailed out as introduction, indicators (some early examples of the potential change and identified opportunities. PREFACE
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  AUTHORS Team Finland FutureWatch Report, October 2018 3 Sajid Khetani General Manager – Research & Business Strategy Manoj Kothari Director & Principal Design Strategist
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  FUTURE OF WATERIN INDIA STATE OF WATER IN INDIA Team Finland Future Watch Report, October 2018 4 The NITI Aayog (rechristened, Planning Commission of India) released the results of a study warning that India is facing its ‘worst’ water crisis in history and that demand for potable water will outstrip supply by 2030 if steps are not taken. Nearly 163 mn of India’s population of 1.3 bn lack access to clean water close to home, the most of any country, according to a 2018 report by WaterAid. Today, India is the largest user of the groundwater in the world with almost 90% being used for drinking water. 80% ​of the water ​supplied for ​domestic use ​passes out as ​wastewater. Nearly 600 mn Indians faced high to extreme water stress and about 2,00,000 people died every year due to inadequate access to safe water. Twenty-one cities, including Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai and Hyderabad will run out of groundwater by 2020, affecting 100 mn people, the study noted. If matters are to continue, there will be a 6% loss in the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by 2050. From the ground water perspective in India - ● 75% households do not have drinking water on premise ● 70% of our water is contaminated; India is currently ranked 120 among 122 countries in the water quality index ● 40% of India’s water supply, are being depleted at “unsustainable” India is on the threshold of a very serious groundwater crisis, which needs mitigation both in the fields and at the policy corridors of the country.
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  CONSUMER TRENDS ININDIA DEPLETING GROUND WATER ‘Pollution in rivers is either “point source” – such as industrial sewage, which enters the river in high volumes from a few locations. Along with exploitation of ground water by industries as well as for domestic consumption have had a serious impact on water levels HARVESTING | STORING | ACCESS 2020 is the pivotal year, when major Indian cities are expected to run out of water. Keeping this scenario in mind, there are lot of initiatives been undertaken by public as well as private sector entities Team Finland Future Watch Report, October 2018 5 INDUSTRIAL WATER POLLUTION RESIDENTIAL WATER MANAGEMENT RIVER CLEANING | CONNECTING RIVERS In the past few decades, our rivers have been depleting drastically due to various factors to include climate variation (increasing temperatures and differential precipitation patterns). There is an immediate need to revitalise the rivers for long term sustainability. WATER SCARCITY & RIVER REVITALISATIONI II III FUTURE OF WATER IN INDIA
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  FUTURE OF WATERIN INDIA • Pollution in rivers is either “point source” – such as industrial sewage, which enters the river in high volumes from a few locations – or “non-point source”, such as agricultural runoff, which can enter the river from thousands of locations along its course. • Most Indian ​rivers and ​other sources ​of fresh water ​are polluted by ​industrial ​wastes or ​effluents. All ​these ​industrial ​wastes are ​toxic to life ​forms that ​consume this ​water. The ​total ​wastewater ​generated from ​all major ​industrial ​sources is 83,​048 MId which ​includes 66,700 ​Mid of cooling ​water generated ​from thermal ​power plants. ​​Engineering ​industries ​comprise the ​second largest ​generator of ​wastewater in India, in ​terms of volume. • Small scale ​and cottage ​industries ​cause no less ​water pollution ​than the large ​scale ​industries. ​There are about ​3 mn small ​scale and ​cottage ​industrial ​units in India. These units ​neither have, ​nor can they ​afford ​appropriate ​sanitation and/​or pollutant ​disposal ​systems, • and ​yet have not ​hasistated in ​adopting highly ​polluting ​production ​technologies ​such as chrome, ​tanning of ​leather, use of ​azo-dyes in ​fabrics, use of ​cadmium in ​ornaments and ​silver- ware, ​electroplating ​with cyanide ​baths, ​production of ​dye-intermediates ​and other ​refractory and ​toxic chemicals,​ etc. ​ • Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in collaboration with concerned State level agencies established a nationwide network of water quality monitoring comprising 2500 stations in 28 States and 6 Union Territories. The monitoring is done on monthly or quarterly basis in surface waters and on half yearly basis in case of groundwater. The monitoring network covers 445 Rivers, 154 Lakes, 12 Tanks, 78 Ponds, 41 Creeks/Seawater, 25 Canals, 45 Drains, 10 Water Treatment Plant (Raw Water) and 807 Wells. • Waste water treatment market in India is likely to reach Rs. 164 bn (USD 2.3 bn) by 2022. Team Finland Future Watch Report, October 2018 6 I. INDUSTRIAL WATER POLLUTION INDUSTRIAL WATER POLLUTION | RIVER REVITALISATION | RESIDENTIAL WATER MANAGEMENT
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  FUTURE OF WATERIN INDIA Team Finland Future Watch Report, October 2018 7 Industry concentration in India - Pollution and water stress around industrial clusters (around 40%) Industry-wise Wastewater Generation Industrial water and waste-water treatment market projections 2022 India I. INDUSTRIAL WATER POLLUTION INDUSTRIAL WATER POLLUTION | RIVER REVITALISATION | RESIDENTIAL WATER MANAGEMENT
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  FUTURE OF WATERIN INDIA Team Finland Future Watch Report, October 2018 8 INDICATORS | INDUSTRIAL WATER POLLUTION India’s first state of the art School of Water & Waste by CSE Groundwater bill 2017 Global partnership on water management The School will be the first of its kind in India, and will offer inter- disciplinary, trans-national, practice-based courses. This approach will make participants question the excessive focus on technical aspects such as engineering, finance, planning and politics which affect the management of water and sanitation. The Groundwater Bill, 2017 proposes a different regulatory framework from the century-old, outdated, inequitable and environmentally unfriendly legal regime in place. It is based on the recognition of the unitary nature of water, the need for decentralised control over groundwater and the necessity to protect it at aquifer level. The Bill is also based on legal developments that have taken place in the past few decades. The formalization of a partnership with Israel, the world leader in water governance and conservation, to leverage Israeli experience and knowledge for water conservation in India. India based SUN Group signed a partnership with Israel based Water- Gen to share a technology on extracting water from thin air, since groundwater extraction is growing and has become increasingly unsustainable. INDUSTRIAL WATER POLLUTION | RIVER REVITALISATION | RESIDENTIAL WATER MANAGEMENT
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  FUTURE OF WATERIN INDIA Team Finland Future Watch Report, October 2018 9 4S Small scale sanitation scaling- up IOT in water pumping stations Lake rejuvenation gets a technological push Eawag/Sandec has partnered with the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras and BORDA, Germany to carry out the 4S project (Small-Scale Sanitation Scaling-Up), the first systematic assessment of small-scale sanitation systems in South Asia (Banagalore). Their approach is based on Evidence-Based Policy Recommendations for More Sustainable Small-Scale Sanitation Faclon Labs has developed a product that mines data at water pumping stations in rural and urban locations, and offers rich insights to help build efficient water management systems. Elemento Aqua, an automated dispenser of chemicals developed by TetherBox Technologies, is a floating device which provides real-time analysis of the water body, by highlighting the percentage of contamination and monitoring the oxygen levels in the lake. INDUSTRIAL WATER POLLUTION | RIVER REVITALISATION | RESIDENTIAL WATER MANAGEMENT INDICATORS | INDUSTRIAL WATER POLLUTION
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  FUTURE OF WATERIN INDIA In India, the rivers have assumed a distinct identity as ‘life givers’ and have a significance beyond economic wellbeing – as they are inextricably intertwined with Indian cultural and spiritual heritage. Yet ironically an alarming 80% of India’s surface water is polluted, according to the latest assessment by WaterAid, an international organization working for water sanitation and hygiene. Approximately 500 mn litres per day (MLD) of effluents are discharged daily into the river Ganges. According to the ministry data, the municipal sewage generation from the 118 towns along the river in five states is estimated at 4,790 MLD. As against this, currently treatment capacity of 1,017 MLD is available. Major rivers are rapidly shrinking, and many perennial rivers have turned seasonal, not even reaching the oceans for many months of the year. Godavari has shrunk by almost 20% from historical flows. Kaveri has shrunk by 40%, while Krishna and Narmada have shrunk by 60%. According to estimates, by 2030 we will have only 50% of the water that we need for our survival. Rivers meet one-third of the total irrigation and twenty percent of the drinking water needs of the country. Twenty-two out of thirty-two major Indian cities deal with daily water shortages. Water scarcity and drought has become a reality for today’s generation in India. In case priority action is not initiated to enhance water supply and reduce overexploitation of our water resources, in another fifteen to twenty years’ time, the country may face a severe water and food crisis. “Master Plan for Artificial Recharge to Ground Water in India” during 2013, involving ground water scientists/experts. The Master Plan envisages construction of 1.11 crore rain water harvesting and artificial recharge structures in the Country at an estimated cost of Rs.79,178 crores to harness 85 BCM (bn Cubic Metre) of water. Team Finland Future Watch Report, October 2018 10 II WATER SCARCITY & RIVER REVITALISATION INDUSTRIAL WATER POLLUTION | RIVER REVITALISATION | RESIDENTIAL WATER MANAGEMENT
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  FUTURE OF WATERIN INDIA Team Finland Future Watch Report, October 2018 11 II. RIVER REVITALISATION INDUSTRIAL WATER POLLUTION | RIVER REVITALISATION | RESIDENTIAL WATER MANAGEMENT
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  FUTURE OF WATERIN INDIA Team Finland Future Watch Report, October 2018 12 INDICATORS | RIVER REVITALISATION Paani foundation Govt checks polluting industries along GangaRally for Rivers Rally for Rivers is a nationwide awareness campaign to save the Indian rivers, initiated by a spiritual guru. The plantation can be made alongside the way of rivers and the rivers can be saved. Paani Foundation is a people’s movement to fight draught. It aims to harness the power of communication to mobilise, motivate and train people in this mission to eradicate drought. Offering training in scientific watershed management, leadership and community-building, Paani Foundation is now working in roughly 90% of drought-hit Maharashtra. After the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) recently identified these 1,000 polluting industries, the Union water resources ministry under the Namami Gange programme has started a special drive to inspect them to find out if they are complying with the norms for treating industrial effluents before releasing them into the river. INDUSTRIAL WATER POLLUTION | RIVER REVITALISATION | RESIDENTIAL WATER MANAGEMENT
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  FUTURE OF WATERIN INDIA 1. Addressing groundwater depletion and degradation Mapping the area for recharging over-exploited and critical groundwater resources (using GIS). India lacks availability of adequate scientific data needed for water budgeting, allocation planning, and water management decision-making. Efforts so far have all been piecemeal. Scientific projections capabilities are missing that account for hard-rock areas, ‘dependable-flows’, historical rainfall and varied social usage patterns. 2. Industrial water treatment solutions specific to India • High filtration and oxidation systems/solutions for sewage sludge disposal • Energy management solutions in sewage treatment plants • Solutions for “microplastics” and “pharmaceuticals in wastewater” • Recovery of chemical compounds such as phosphorus • Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) propagation and mechanisms for adoption • Compact & cost-effective ZLD techniques with reduced carbon-footprint 3. Irrigation - supply side management & efficient utilization of existing resources There has been a shift in policy focus from the creation of bigger irrigation assets, such as dams, to the efficient utilization of available water resources through greater connectivity and improved last-mile infrastructure, as expressed in the 12th plan. 4. An integrated economic approach to water resource management Cost effective solutions - A solution in the Indian context, would utilize a combination of focusing on technical improvements, increasing supply and improving water productivity under current state of Indian economy. Team Finland Future Watch Report, October 2018 13 OPPORTUNITIES | INDUSTRIAL WATER POLLUTION & RIVER REVITALISATION INDUSTRIAL WATER POLLUTION | RIVER REVITALISATION | RESIDENTIAL WATER MANAGEMENT
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  FUTURE OF WATERIN INDIA As the proverbial Indian summer sets in and taps dry up across large swathes of the country, India faces an acute shortage of safe and sustainable water, specifically groundwater, a crisis that will exacerbate with factors like indiscriminate use and climate change, warn experts. • By 2050, India’s total water demand will increase 32 per cent from now. Most cities in India are water stressed, with no city having 24/7 water supply. According to the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD), 182 cities require immediate attention water delivery and wastewater management. 21 cities including metros will run out of groundwater by 2020, affecting 100 mn people. • Moreover, in 40 cities of India, which have more than one million people, the official water supply (after 35% loss in leakages) is just 125 litres/day per capita which is considerably lower than the demand of 210 litres/day per capita. Team Finland Future Watch Report, October 2018 14 III. RESIDENTIAL WATER MANAGEMENT There are initiatives undertaken by various stakeholders in different parts of India viz, 4S in Karnataka, Faclon Labs focussing on the water management solutions. startups/government institutions which are taking place in various parts of India INDUSTRIAL WATER POLLUTION | RIVER REVITALISATION | RESIDENTIAL WATER MANAGEMENT Source: Swachh India @ NDTV
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  FUTURE OF WATERIN INDIA 1. Smart residential water management system A critical element of the smart city program launched by the Indian government is smart water management system guarantees the effective use of data obtained to ensure quality practices of water management right down to transportation methods. Water flow, pressure, and distribution, all have a meaningful place. Data collected through the smart system knows the exact usage and calculates the forecasting of future usage. This will play a critical role in the development of smart cities. 2. Water treatment plants & Waste-water reuse mechanisms At present, India uses ~30% of its water and resuses a negligible amount, leading to water pollution due to discharge of untreated waste water, and limited utility gains from water passing through the supply chain only once. India needs a network of treatment plants and piping infrastructure to treat domestic waste-water and put it back into the supply system for reuse in domestic consumption and peri-urban agricultural irrigation 3. Strengthened institutional capacity for effective groundwater management Currently water data either does not exist, is unreliable due to outdated methodologies, or is in silo and not shared across all policy making levels. By establishing a central platform for surface water and ground water data across a variety of parameters, the government can improve policy-making at all levels and enable innovation through open APIs (similar to India stack). 4. Water-sector private public & financial institutions Business-as-usual in the water sector is no longer an option for India. The beginnings of change are under way and there is good reason to believe that water will be an important investment theme for public, multilateral and private financial institutions in the coming decades. Although affordable solutions are in principle available to close the projected water supply-demand gaps for most countries and regions, institutional barriers, lack of awareness, and misaligned incentives may stand in the way of implementation, across both the private and public sectors. Team Finland Future Watch Report, October 2018 15 OPPORTUNITIES | RESIDENTIAL WATER MANAGEMENT INDUSTRIAL WATER POLLUTION | RIVER REVITALISATION | RESIDENTIAL WATER MANAGEMENT
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