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G7 ch2.2 the cell
This document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It begins by defining key terms like cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, and nucleus. It then describes the characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including their differences. The majority of the document details the structures and functions of various organelles found in eukaryotic cells, such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and vacuoles. It also explains cellular processes like transport across the cell membrane, photosynthesis, and protein synthesis.
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Introduction to cell structure, including the definition and microscopic nature of cells. Key cellular terms introduced; discussion on prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells, their characteristics and examples. Detailed analysis of cell organelles, including their roles, such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, and the endoplasmic reticulum.
Discussion of energy-producing organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts relevant to cellular metabolism.
Mechanisms of cell transport, including passive/active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis processes.
Final remarks on cellular structure and function.
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G7 ch2.2 the cell
- 1. The Cell CHAPTER 2LESSON 2 P.51-58
- 2.
- 3. Outline • Review Cellsand cell Theory • Cell Shape • Cell Types – Pro/Eu – Types of Eu cells • Cell Parts – Cell Membrane – Cell Wall – Cell Appendages – Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton • Cell Organelles – Nucleus • Chromosomes • Nuclear envelope – Ribosomes – Rough ER – Smooth ER – Mitochondria • ATP – Chloroplasts • Glucose – Golgi Apparatus • Vesicles – Vacuoles
- 4. Cells • Smallest livingunit • Most are microscopic
- 5.
- 6. Cell Diversity- ShapeCellDiversity- Shape • Cells differ widely in shape. • Size and shape relate to their function.
- 7. Principles of CellTheory • All living things are made of cells • Smallest living unit of structure and function of all organisms is the cell • All cells arise from preexisting cells (this principle discarded the idea of spontaneous generation)
- 8. Characteristics of AllCells • A surrounding membrane • cytoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid • Organelles – structures for cell function • Control center with DNA
- 9. Cell Types • Prokaryotic •Eukaryotic
- 10. Prokaryotic Cells • Firstcell type on earth • Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea • Most are unicellular organisms called prokaryotes
- 11. Prokaryotic Cells • Nonucleus • DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm • No organelles, only free floating proteins
- 12. Eukaryotic Cells • Nucleus– DNA surrounded by a nucleus • Include fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells • Possess many organelles • Much larger than prokaryotic cells Protozoan
- 13. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote •Pro = No nucleus • Eu = Yes, there is a nucleus
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- 16. Organelles • In eukaryoticcells • Cellular machinery • Different functions
- 17. Cell Membrane • Allcells • Protects the inside of a cell from the outside • Made of proteins and lipids called phospholids
- 18.
- 19. Movement Across thePlasma Membrane • Some things move freely in and out of the cell • Some things are blocked and need proteins to help them cross the membrane
- 20. Cell Walls • Foundin plants, fungi, & many protists • Surrounds plasma membrane • Gives shape and support
- 21. Cell Wall Differences •Stiff structure • Protects from viruses and other harmful organisms • Has holes that connect cell membranes between cells
- 22. Cytoplasm • Fluid insidethe cell • Mostly water and salts • Cytoskeleton – Proteins that are the framework of a cell – Like a skeleton or web of stick-like proteins – Gives shape – Helps the cell move
- 24. Cell Appendages • Helpwith movement – Flagella – tail-like and whips back and forth – Cilia – fine-hairs that move the cell or molecules around it
- 25. Nucleus • Control centerof cell • Usually largest organelle • Double membrane • Contains – Chromosomes – Nucleolus
- 26. Nuclear Envelope • Separatesnucleus from rest of cell • Double membrane • Has pores
- 27. Nucleolus • Dark Spotin nucleus • Forms ribosomes, organelle that makes proteins
- 28. DNA • Hereditary material •Chromosomes – tightly wound DNA • Humans have 23 pairs
- 29. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Helpsmove substances within cells • Network of interconnected membranes • Two types – Rough endoplasmic reticulum – Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- 30. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum •Ribosome are attached • Spreads throughout the cell • The site of protein production
- 31. Ribosome • Attached tothe rough ER – Make proteins – Attached to rough ER or free floating – Not surrounded my a membrane – There are many in a cell
- 32. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum •No attached ribosomes • Makes lipids such as cholesterol – Carbohydrates – Lipids
- 33. Golgi Apparatus • Involvedin synthesis of plant cell wall • Packaging & shipping station of cell
- 34. Golgi Apparatus Function 1.Prepares proteins for their jobs 2. Packages proteins into vesicles
- 35. Vesicles • Many insidethe cell • After a protein is modified in the Golgi Apparatus a vesicle pinches off containing the proteins • Transport substances • Tiny balls of membrane
- 37. Lysosome • Specialized Vesicle •Full of enzymes, proteins that break down and recycle cell components like old proteins • Tiny membrane ball • Many
- 38. Vacuoles • Membrane boundstorage sacs • Plant cells have one large one • Animal cells have many small ones • Contents – Water – Food – wastes
- 39. Energy Processing Organelles • Release& store energy • Types – Mitochondria (release energy) – Chloroplasts (store energy)
- 40. Mitochondria • Hundreds sometimesthousands • Bound by double membrane
- 41. Mitochondria • Break downfuel molecules (cellular respiration) – Glucose – Fatty acids • Release energy – ATP
- 42. ATP • Adenosine triphosphate •High-energy molecule • Fuel for cellular processes
- 43. Chloroplasts • In plantcells • Membrane bound • Uses light to make glucose from CO2 and H2O
- 44. Photosynthesis • Takes placein the chloroplast • Makes cellular food – glucose
- 45. Review of EukaryoticCells
- 46. Review of EukaryoticCells
- 48.
- 49. Cells Have LargeSurface Area-to-Volume Ratio
- 50. Molecule Movement &Cells • Passive Transport • Active Transport • Endocytosis (phagocytosis & pinocytosis) • Exocytosis
- 51. Passive Transport • Noenergy required • Move due to gradient – differences in concentration, pressure, charge • Move to equalize gradient – High moves toward low
- 52. Types of PassiveTransport 1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis 3. Facilitated diffusion
- 53. Diffusion • Molecules moveto equalize concentration
- 54. Osmosis • Special formof diffusion • Fluid flows from lower solute concentration • Often involves movement of water – Into cell – Out of cell
- 55. Solution Differences &Cells • solvent + solute = solution • Hypotonic – Solutes in cell more than outside – Outside solvent will flow into cell • Isotonic – Solutes equal inside & out of cell • Hypertonic – Solutes greater outside cell – Fluid will flow out of cell
- 57. Facilitated Diffusion • Differentiallypermeable membrane • Channels (are specific) help molecule or ions enter or leave the cell • Channels usually are transport proteins (aquaporins facilitate the movement of water) • No energy is used
- 58. Process of FacilitatedTransport • Protein binds with molecule • Shape of protein changes • Molecule moves across membrane
- 59. Active Transport • Molecularmovement • Requires energy (against gradient) • Example is sodium-potassium pump
- 60. Endocytosis • Movement oflarge material – Particles – Organisms – Large molecules • Movement is into cells • Types of endocytosis – bulk-phase (nonspecific) – receptor-mediated (specific)
- 61. Process of Endocytosis •Plasma membrane surrounds material • Edges of membrane meet • Membranes fuse to form vesicle
- 62. Forms of Endocytosis •Phagocytosis – cell eating • Pinocytosis – cell drinking
- 63. Exocytosis • Reverse ofendocytosis • Cell discharges material
- 64. Exocytosis • Vesicle movesto cell surface • Membrane of vesicle fuses • Materials expelled
- 65.