Geeta Fulwani B.Sc. Interior Design( Residential Design Portfolio)

Residential Design
Geeta Fulwani
I Year Diploma & B.Sc Interior Design

Project Report On
Residential Design
Submitted To
Dezyne E’cole College
Towards The Partial Fulfillment For
The Award of Diploma In
Interior Design
As
Technical Knowledge Development of
Residential Space Planning
Included With The
Bachelor Degree Program Of Interior Design
By
Geeta Fulwani
Civil Lines, Ajmer
2014-2017

The Project of Ms. Geeta Fulwani has been checked and has been graded as
Thanking You
Principal
(Seal & Signature)
Civil Lines, Ajmer
www.dezyneecole.com

Ac
Acknowledgement
The Project “Residential Space Planning” Gas Enlighten Me About Various Aspects Of Planning A Residential
Building.
I Give My Sincere Thanks To Dezyne E'cole College And To My Mentors Who Gave Me The Opportunity To
Know About The Various Aspects Of Residential Space Planning And Helped Me In Preparing The Project.
Geeta Fulwani
B.Sc. ID 1ST YEAR

INTRODUCTION
To Be Creative Is Part of The Human Psyche. It Is One of Those Traits That Set Us Apart From Other Animal
Species, And We Have Practiced It For Millennia. Even When Our Prime Need Was To Find Food And Shelter,
We Felt A Desire To Leave Our Mark On The Environments That We Inhabited. Whether This Was To Satisfy
Some Deep Spiritual Calling Or A Method of Passing On Vital Knowledge To Follow Group Members, Or
Whether It Was Simply A Way For An Individual To Satisfy An Urge To Leave His Mark For Future Generation,
We Will Never Know. For Just As Long, People Have Turned Inquisitive Minds To Ways of Solving Problems
And Dealing With The Issues That Have Faced Them In The Struggle To Survive, Problems Such As How To
Work More Efficiently, How To Live More Comfortably And How To Be Safe From Danger.
Today, These Primitive And Fundamental Indicators of Human Nature May Be Expressed In More
Sophisticated And Developed Ways, But The Primal Simplicity of Our Human Desire To Make A ‘Better’ And
More Comfortable World For Ourselves Is Evidenced Through, Amongst Other Things, How We Organize The
Spaces. That We Inhabit, And The Aesthetic That We Make For Them. As We Have Become More Affluent
And Blessed With More Leisure Time, Style Has Become More Important To Us And Is Something With Which
We Want To Imbue Our Homes. But ‘Style’ Is A Very Personal Notion, So Why Should Anyone Look To Employ
Someone Else, An Interior Designer, To Tell Them What Is Right? Why, For That Matter, Should You As A
Designer Presume To Impose Your Ideas Upon A Space That Isn’t Your Own?

The Answer Is This: Interior Design Is About So Much More Than ‘What Looks Right’. It Is About Taking A
Holistic View of The Way That Individuals Use And Enjoy That Spaces That They Inhabit. It Is About Finding
And Creating A Cohesive Answer To Set of Problems And Dressing The Solution So As To Unify And
Strengthen Our Experience of The Space. Many People Understand This And That They Do Not Have The
Necessary Skills To Tackle The Job Themselves. And So There Is The Need For Professional Interior
Designers.
Good Interior Design Adds A New Dimension To A Space. It Can Increase Our Efficiency In The Day We Go
About Our Daily Lives And It Adds Depth, Understanding And Meaning To The Built Environment.
Thoughtful And Well Crafted Design Makes A Space Easier To Understand And Experiencing Such A Space
Lifts The Spirit, Too. It Is, Therefore, Not Just About The Aesthetic It Is A Practical And Philosophical Design.
Beautiful Spaces Betray A Logical And Rational Questioning of The Status Quo And Can Be An Honest
Attempt To Find New And Exciting Way To Lead Our Lives. Planners Are often Asked To Make Estimates of
Space Needs Before Having An Opportunity To Make Policies Or Detailed Plans For Operations. Here The
Interior Designer Studies About The Space And Its Surrounding Influences On It , Like Orientation of The
Space ,Daylighting, Ventilation, HVAC ,Lighting, Landscaping All Depending On The Personality of The
Space. These Then Lead To Development of The Structural Features of The Building As It Influences The
Utilization of The Space.

Interior Decorators. On The Other Hand Generally Work With Existing Spaces That Do Not Require Physical
Alteration. Through The Use of Color ,Light And Surface Finish , They Will Transform The Look of The Space,
Perhaps Making It Suitable To Function In A Different Way From That For Which It Was Originally Designed ,
But With Very Little Or No Change To The Structure of The Building. The Scope of The Projects Undertaken
Will Vary From The Purely Decorative . To Ones Where A Great Deal of Structural Change Is Required To
Meet The Brief. An Interior Designer Will Completely Handle The Space Planning And Creation of Decorative
Scheme At The Same Time As Considering Major Structural Changes. Lets Understand The Work of An
Interior Designer.

The Answer Is This: Interior Design Is About So Much More Than ‘What Looks Right’. It Is About Taking A
Holistic View of The Way That Individuals Use And Enjoy That Spaces That They Inhabit. It Is About Finding
And Creating A Cohesive Answer To Set of Problems And Dressing The Solution So As To Unify And Strengthen
Our Experience of The Space. Many People Understand This And That They Do Not Have The Necessary Skills
To Tackle The Job Themselves. And So There Is The Need For Professional Interior Designers.
Good Interior Design Adds A New Dimension To A Space. It Can Increase Our Efficiency In The Day We Go
About Our Daily Lives And It Adds Depth, Understanding And Meaning To The Built Environment. Thoughtful
And Well Crafted Design Makes A Space Easier To Understand And Experiencing Such A Space Lifts The Spirit,
Too. It Is, Therefore, Not Just About The Aesthetic It Is A Practical And Philosophical Design.
Beautiful Spaces Betray A Logical And Rational Questioning of The Status Quo And Can Be An Honest Attempt
To Find New And Exciting Way To Lead Our Lives. Planners Are often Asked To Make Estimates of Space Needs
Before Having An Opportunity To Make Policies Or Detailed Plans For Operations. Here The Interior Designer
Studies About The Space And Its Surrounding Influences On It , Like Orientation of The Space ,Daylighting,
Ventilation, HVAC ,Lighting, Landscaping All Depending On The Personality of The Space. These Then Lead To
Development of The Structural Features of The Building As It Influences The Utilization of The Space.
1. Interior Design As A Skill Branch:
Building Engineering Was A Pioneer Design Field Out of Which Many Specialties Like Architecture, Civil
Engineering And Interior Designing Have Separated . All These Skills Deal With Buildings Using Many
Common Materials And Techniques . Interior Design As A Result Has Certain Affinity To Architecture . In
Recent Years Many Other Design Skills Like Urban Design, Town Planning, Mass Or Public Housing,
Landscape Architecture Etc. Have Merged From Architecture . In Future Many Other Skills May Also Emerge
From Interior Design.
2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer . However Buildings
Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated Several Times . Architects Or Building
Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or
Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled ‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And
Outside . The Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-smiths,
Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors, Mural Makers Were
Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All These Services Were Handled By A
Person, The Interior Decorator.

Interior Decoration Was A Service For The Building But Always Was Distinct From The Architect From The
Architecture Or Building Engineering. Interior Decorator Was Neither A Variant, Nor Subservient To The
Architect.
3. Interior Decorator To Interior Designer:- Interior Decorator Worked As A Facilitator, Scheduling And
Coordinating The Activities While Supervising The Quality of Various Vendors. The Interior Decorator
Now Even offered Comprehensive Design Solutions With Alternative To Their Clients. Interior Decoration
Became A Well- Documented Strategy, Serving Two Basic Purpose.
• It Helped Creation of A Functional System By Coordinating Skills, Materials And Objects Sourced
From Different Agencies.
• It Showed The User of Client, In Advance, The Solution, In A Respective Form A Surrogate.
Once The First Objective Was Achieved Without Being Continuously Present On The Site It Was Possible
For The Interior In Charge Person To Devote More Tome And Attention To The Second Objective. The
Interior Decorator Began To Play A Very Active Role of A Professional Interior Designer Rather Than
Being Simply A Site Bound Interior Contractor.
4. Design Studio:- The Interior Designer Now Operated From A Design office Or Studio, Usually Located
In An Urban Area. The Studio Was Used For Creating Drawings, Sketches, Other Presentations, Models,
Prototypes, Dummies, Cartoon (Replicas of Artwork In Full Size), Samples Etc. It Contained Samples of
Materials And Catalogues. The Studio Was A Fixed Location Facility Where Interior Designer Was Able To
Meet Clients, Suppliers And Crafts- Persons.

5. Design+ execution practice:- schematic documentation of design has been very difficult. And the most
irritating aspect of business. Amateur interior designers ( formally untrained hobbyists) lack the capacity
to document their design intentions, so prefer to work on the site, providing oral instructions to
contractor or their workers. Many interior designers, even today where practicable would like to execute
their work by themselves. The tradition of combining design+ execution persists for many reasons.
• Interior components require complex details and materials for their sensorial qualities. These are
difficult to present through formal design documentation, and must be effected only through personal
involvement.
• Interior designing involves improvisation. The coordinated effect can be achieved only when
components or systems are substantially produced by the designers themselves.
• Amateur or untrained interior designers do not have such proficiencies.
6. Forms of Interior Design Practices: Today many different forms of interior design practices exist ranging
from:
PURE DESIGN (design only).
DESIGN+SUPPLY.
DESIGN+SUPPLY+EXECUTION.

7. Interior Design and other Design Professions: Interior design like any other design profession, is an
interdependent profession. Interior designers work in conjunction with other design professionals, who
need interior design contribution in their work, such as Architects, Building Engineers, Landscape designers
, Furniture and Product designers, Exhibition and Event managers. Interior designers also use expertise of
other professionals for their work. These include Environmental Engineers, Ecologists, Furnishing experts,
Textile designers, Painters, Sculptors, and an array of crafts persons.
8. Specialization in Interior Design: Interior designers like other professionals also face a dilemma, should
they specialize or be a generalist? To become a specialist one needs to limit the work to projects of
particular nature. But it is very difficult to get projects to suit a predefined field of specialization. In reality,
as and when opportunities arise, a designer preferences project that builds up the specific sphere of
experience. The refined capability can then be used for handling similar but complex jobs.
Acute specialization in a particular field also leads to generalization, as one handles only one or few types
of projects. Interior designers by handling only specific projects achieve an expertise in the field, but
gradually lose the capacity to handle other projects. Whereas a generalist , by handling all sorts of
projects, perhaps gains a wider experience, economics of scale (turnover), but at compromised quality.
Some degree of specialization is becoming apparent in Interior Design. Some of the major fields to have
distinct identities within the ambit of Interior

Designers Beyond Their Role of Furnishers Are Also Ideal As Maintenance, Persons And Operators of
Buildings.
Large Organizations (Hotels, Guest Houses, Corporate Head offices, Museums, Showrooms, Departmental
Stores) Have Estates, Substantially Consisting of Buildings, Furniture, Furnishings, Plants, Equipment,
Utilities, Gardens And Landscaped Lands. Interior Design Turning Today Includes Design Drafting And
Presentation Technologies In Digital Media. Interior Designers With Competence In Computerized Drafting
(AUTOCAD) 3D Modelling, Animation, Walk Through, Rendering, Etc. Find Employment In Many Other
Design Fields. Interior Design Training Consists of Color, Rendering, Graphics And Presentation Techniques,
Preparing Them For The Diversion To Graphics Related Fields, Like Artworks, Advertising, Cinematography,
Exhibitions, Publicity, Etc.

During My 1st Year Tenure In Dezyne E’cole
, I Learnt Many Things Which Are Must
For Developing My Skill Even More Better
In Designing .
Here, For My Studies I Worked On
Computer For Making My Plans , For Making
My Projects & Presentations And Making
My Portfolio.

Also , I Have Here Learnt The Different
Aspects Important For Designing , Say
Knowledge Of Design Development ….
Through Making Assignments On Them.
I Have Here Learnt How To Use Colours In
Any Design , How To Choose Material For
Any Design , Drafting And Many More
Things.

Residential Design
Residential Design Is A Process That Results In A New
Home. The Process Of Residential Design Includes A
Contract That Specifies Details About Design,
Construction And Pricing Obligations.

A
Here are some of the steps to be followed are Google maps:-
 Google Maps Is A Web-based Service That Provides Detailed Information About Geographical Regions &Sites
Around The World. To Find The Location Of The Client , Google Map Is Of Utmost Use.

Site Contours
Contours Maps Provide Valuable Info About The Topography Of The Area , Whether It Is Flat, Undulating Or
Mountainous The Nature Of The Ground Surface Of An Area Can Be Understood By Studying A Contour Map.

Site selection and analysis
Location of the site , site analysis , site and its surrounding are first undertaken.
site analysis is a determination or evaluation of how suitable a specific parcel of land is for a particular use.
Road
Savitri college
Ajmer Hospital
Site Location
Residential Houses
Savitri college
Ajmer Hospital
Road
Proposed Site
Residential Houses
SPECIFICATION
R.T.D.C
R.T.D.C

n
Accessibility to the site
The main entrances and the main road abutting the site is very important for any
kind of project.
North
Entrance

2
The Connectivity To The Main Roads And Other Sub-roads:
The Distance From The Major Landmarks Such As:-
• Shopping centers-1.2 km
• Railway stations-2.5 km
• Hospital-350m
• Bus stand-1 km
• Dimensions of the site-50’x54’
• Get the exact dimension of the site-

Major landmarks
After spotting the major landmarks , analyze the site. It is essential to know as to
what kind of impact.
Savitri
college
Ajmer
Hospital
Road
Proposed Site
Residential Houses
R.T.D.C

Orientation of The Site
NORTH
SOUTH
WEST EAST
WINTER SUN
SUMMER SUN
INTENSE SUN
Preferred Zone
For Building
Orientation
Acceptable
QUADRANT Of
Windows
orientation
TOTAL SHADE
First Of All We Need To Pay Attention To The
Direction Of The Sun And Its Movement In The
Four Directions.
If We Ay Attention To The Diagram Of Sun’s
Movement We See The Sun Rises From East
And The Color Of The Sun’s Light At That Time
Is Tender Yellow, The Whole South Direction Is
Completely Lighted Up Throughout The Day
And Is The Most Hot Direction But At The Same
Time The Cool Wind Blows From East-east
Because Of Which The House Will Have More
Sunlight And Air.

Orientation of The Site
NORTH
SOUTH
WEST
EAST
Orientation In Any Design Is Very Important Design For
Orientation Is A Fundamental Step To Ensure That
Buildings Work With The Passage Of The Sun Across The
Sky. Knowledge Of Sun-paths For Any Site Is
Fundamental In Design Building Facades To Let In Light
And Passive Solar Gain, As Well As Reducing Glare And
Overheating To The Building Interior.
Well Oriented Buildings Maximise Day Lighting
Through Building Facades Reducing The Need For
Artificial Lighting.

CLIMATOLOGY FACTORS
Climate Can Be Sub-divided Into Two
Major Divisions
1. Macro Climate
2. Micro Climate
We Have To Study The Micro
Climate And Macro Climate Structure
Climatology Is The Branch Which Deals
With The Climate And Changes Throughout
The Year Of The Weather.
Macro Climate Of India:
Location Of India In The World Is
“Northeast” Direction .
Longitude Of India 88° To 90°
Latitude Of India 8° To 37°
The Whole India Has A Tropical Monsoon
Climate, Since The Greater Part Of The
Country Lies Within The Tropics.

Macro Climate
Climate And Temperature Of
Ajmer:
• Ajmer Has A Typical Desert
Climate And Hot And Arid.
• Summers Are Hot With
Maximum Temperature Near
40°c While The Minimum Is
Nearly 28°c.
• Winters Are Chilly With
Minimum Temperature Of 5°c.
• Longitude Of Ajmer 74°42’
North.
• Latitude Of Ajmer 26°27’ East.

Micro Climate
Setting And Site Layout Followed By
Landscaping Can Improve The Microclimate
Around A Building, Taking Advantage Of
Existing Topographical Feature, Adjacent
Buildings And Vegetation For Solar
Protection. Good Site Layout Can Also Take
Grater Advantage Of Local Breezes By The
Formation Of Air Funnels And Also Aid
Natural Ventilation By Staggering Oh The
Building Layout.
The Presence Of Water And Vegetation On
The Site Can Also Be Used For Natural
Cooling. Good Site Layout Can Reduce
Cooling Loads Appreciably By Optimizing
Natural Solar Protection And Local Breezes.
Elements Of Site Design That Can Be Used
For Efficient Natural Cooling Include
Landscaping, Orientation To Sun And Wind,
Building Shape And Planning And Natural
Ventilation.

Sustainability Factors
 Water Efficiency
 Energy Efficiency
 Material Efficiency
For any design to be efficient we need to focus on the following parameters:

Daylight
Daylighting Of A Building Can Increase Productivity And Decrease Sick Time.
General Benefits:-
• Improve The Quality Of Light In A Space.
• Reduce The Amount Of Electricity.
• Provides Tremendous Psychological Benefit To Building Occupants.
• Fluctuating Light Levels Influence Even Our Hormones Level And Biological Rhythm.
• Daylight Have Psychological Effect And Physiological.
• Reduce Use Of Artificial Lights.
• Tall Windows Should Be Placed In North Direction.
• Wide Windows Should Be Placed In East, South And West Direction.
Energy efficiency

June 10.14 AM June 12.00 PM
Daylight
In The Above Fig. Tall Windows Are Given In
North.
We Should Give Tall Windows In North
Because In North There Is A Very Little Sunlight
By Giving Tall Windows We Can Maximise Day-
lighting In Our House Besides Having A View
Inside.
In The Above Fig. A Wide Window Is Given In
North.
We Should Give Wide Windows In South
Because The South Direction Has Sunlight
Throughout The Day Which We Can Have In
Our House , Wide Windows Are Given To Have
As Much As Sunlight But Not Its Glare.

Top View
Time 10.00 AM
Isometric View
Time 12.00 AM
Isometric View
Time 10.00 AM
Isometric View
Time 2.00 AM
Top View
Time 12.00 AM
Top View
Time 2.00 AM

Top View
Time 10.00 AM
Top View
Time 12.00 AM
Top View
Time 2.00 AM
Isometric View
Time 10.00 AM
Isometric View
Time 12.00 AM
Isometric View
Time 2.00 AM

Ventilation
Energy Efficiency
Ventilation May Be Defined As Supply Of Fresh Outside Air Into An Enclosed Space Or The Removal Of Inside
Air From The Enclosed Space.
Ventilation Is Necessary For Following Reasons:-
• Creation Of Air Movement.
• Prevention Of Undue Accumulation Of Carbon Dioxide.
• Proper Growth Of Hormones And Biological Rhythm.
For proper ventilation their must have 10 times air exchange in one hour. Cross Ventilation take place till
45ft without any mechanical means.

Top View
Air
Air Air
Air
Air
Air
AirAir
VENTILATION DUE TO WIND EFFECT
Air
 There Must Be Times Air Exchange In Hour , Otherwise The Person Will Feel Dull.
Induced Air Exchange :- South – Summer.
North – Winters.

VENTILATION DUE TO STACK EFFECT
Inlet Inlet
Outlet
(A)
Outlet Outlet
Inlet Inlet
(B)

Rainwater harvesting
Water Efficiency
Rain water harvesting : it is also another important factor of building envelope. Landscaping, waterbody, heat
insulated material, cavity wall are use to control air and heat. Rainwater harvesting is a technique used for
collecting, storing and using rainwater for landscape irrigation and other uses.
Solid Floor
Water level increase due to absorption of rain water in soil
Soil
Rain Water Tank
Rain Water

Landscaping
Water Efficiency
Landscaping Can Improve The Microclimate In Both
Summer And Winter, Providing Shading, Evaporate Cooling
And Wind Channeling In Summer, Or Shelter In Winter.
Vegetation Absorbs Large Amounts Of Solar Radiation In
Summer Helping To Keep The Air And Ground Beneath Cool
While Evapotranspiration Can Further Reduce
Temperatures.

Brick And Stone
Material Efficiency
A knowledge about building material help us to design
better houses . Presenting my learning skill in
subsequent…………

Bricks can be divided into
two types:
1.Traditional Brick.
2.Modular Brick.
The nominal size of a
modular brick is taken as
20*10*10 cm whereas its
actual dimensions are
19*9*9 cm.
Bonds in Brickwork:
1.ENGLISH BOND:
This bond consist of
alternate course of headers
and stretches.
2.FLEMISH BOND:
In this each course consist
of alternate headers and
stretches.
3.STRETCHING BOND:
In this all the bricks are laid
as stretches.
Flemish Bond Stretcher Bond
English BondBrick Bat
BRICK BOND ASSIGNMENT

Header Bond Diagonal Bond
Herring Bond Zigzag Bond
4. HEADING BOND:
In this all the bricks are laid as
headers on the faces.
5.DIAGONAL BOND:
In this bricks are placed end to
end in such a way that extreme
corners of the series remain in
contact with the stretcher.
6.HERRING BOND:
In this bricks are laid in course
inclined at 45 degree in 2
directions from the Centre.
7.ZIGZAG BOND:
This is commonly adopted in
brick paved flooring.

FLEMISH
BOND
 In this each course consist of
alternate headers and
stretches.

Site Services
 Study Of Services On Site Is Also Very Important And Some Of Them Are As Follows :-
•Water supply
•Electricity lines
•Drainage lines

Building Byelaws
Building Bye Laws Consist Of Certain Rules And Regulation Framed By A Municipal Or Town Planning Or Urban
Development Board To Control The Development Of Area Under Its Jurisdiction.
• All Mandatory Plan Regulation Regarding Use, Land Use, Coverage, Set-back And Open Space. The
Minimum Set Backs To Be Leave In A Building Should Be From Front Is 10’ From Both The Side And Back 3’
To 5’.
• Number Of Stories And Number Of Dwelling Units.
• Parking Standards, Lighting And Ventilation Of Room.
• Distances From Electric Lines And Structural Safety Requirement.
• Size And Height Of Room And Other Requirement Of The Building.
• Fire Protection Requirements Like Fire Proof Door, Emergency Alarm System, Fire Pump, Fire Lift And Fire
Resistance Materials.
• Building Services Which Include Electrical Installations, Air Conditioning, Heating And Plumbing System
Etc.
To Follow Building Bye Laws, We Can Make A Building Which Has Proper Ventilation, Good Daylighting, Air
Circulation, Open Space And Many Other Advantage.

Plot Area
Vertical Distance
Horizontal Distance
Main Entrance
Drawing Specification
Plot Size- LXW (50’X54’)
Plot Area-2700sq(yards)
Parking Area – 17’x15’
Covered Area - 45’x34’
Walls – 6”
Pillars – 1’6”x1’6’’.
Covered Area
Uncovered Area
Pillars
Walls

Planning Methodology
To plan any building we need to focus is main things they
are :-
•Anthropometrics.
•Ergonomics.
•Space Planning.

SPACE PLANNING
Every Human Being Has A Different Personality That Consists Of One Or More Characteristics. Their
Personalities React Differently In Different Environment Or With Different People. Consider A Space As A
Person. Every Space Has Its Own Personality With Several Special Characteristics That Differ By Projects.
These Characters Cause A Space To Interact With Other Spaces In A Certain Manner. These Characteristics
Can Be Categorized As Six Expression Of Human Behavior.
• Leading
• Grouping
• Loner
• Servant
• Watcher
• Outreaching

Principle of Planning
LEADING/FOLLOWING:-
LEADING RESIDENTIAL ARCHITECTURAL BANK THEATRE
Living Room Principal Office Waiting Office Lobby
LEADING
FO
FO
FO
FO

Grouping
GRGR
GR
People gather for a certain purpose, same objective , interest or goal. By imitating this characteristics
the spaces that carry the same “GROUPING” character gather as a group these spaces are related to
each other
For example – A living room will prefer a kitchen to be next to it because will discussing or doing any
other leisure activity a person love to eat food or drink coffee/tea. So this space needs to be next to
the living room. The kitchen is generally known as the worker space.

LONER (Bedroom)
This character affects the space with response to distance from group. A person who prefers more privacy and
avoids social conversation and stays away from a crowd is known as a loner(LONER) in residential projects some
clients may prefers more privacy for their master bedroom. So the Loner can be set to be a character which
keep distance away from certain spaces , living room , dining room and other bedrooms.
LONER

SERVANT (Toilet Zone)
A Space That Serves Other Spaces Needs To Be Adjacent To Them But Prefers Not To Appeal Visually Which Is
In Reality , Servant Needs To Be Near To A Master While Stay Out Of The Site. As Depicted In A Figure A Toilet
Space Play The Role Of A Servant With The Master Bedroom.
Servant
Bedroom
Living
Room
Grouping

WATCHER
This Type Of Character Cause A Space To Locate Beside A Boundary Of The Project For Attraction In The
Environment. It Is Based On The Human Nature That People Like To Watch Or Gat Close To Certain Incidences
The Attraction Can Be Different Type Of Environmental Condition Like – Views , Parks , Lakes Or Parking .
This Character Is Useful For Many Different Spaces In Design.
Example – Waiting Space , Dining Space Or Cafe Etc.

OUTREACHING:-
The Space With This Character Locate Near The Entrance Or Corridor For Meeting Or Activities That Relate To
Outreaching Quality. This Type Of Space Represents An Outgoing Or Sociable Behavior Like Human That Can
Represent A Welcome Space In A Residential Unit.
ENTRANCE
OUTREACHING

Anthropometrics
Anthropometrics Is A Study Of Human Dimension Without Paying Attention To Human Body Measurement
And Developing Or Creating A Design Will Not End Up In The Comfort Zone For A Client These Dimension
Need To Be Considered For The Following Categories:
Male , Female , Child , Teenagers , Old Age And Handicapped.
The Requirement Of All These People As Per The Dimension Varies Because Of Which The Layout Of The Plan
And Space Planning Done Is Also Different. For Example If We Have To Design For Bling Person, A Person On
A Wheel Chair, A Toilet Facility For An Old Person, A Bedroom For A Teenager Etc All These Points Addressed
Have To Attended As Differently As All These People Require Different Measurement Of Space Utilization.

Ergonomics
Ergonomics Means Designing Of Space With The Use Of Anthropometrics Data For Usable Zones.
For E.g.: Devising Of Proper Relaxation Chairs While Watching T.V, Selection Of Door Handles For Opening
Doors, The Selection Of Many Other Things Based On Anthropometrics Data.

Fig1 - Minimum Clearances , Circulation , and Conversation area for Living Rooms
Living Areas
typical furniture group in the
living and or family rooms are
as follows:
1. Primary conversation group:
chairs and sofa grouped
around a fireplace, window
or view
2. Secondary conversation
group: chairs and love seat
at the end of room or an the
corner
3. Reading groups: chair,
ottoman, lamp table
4. Writing or study group:
desk, lamp, one or two
chairs bookcases
5. Music group: piano, bench
storage space
6. Game group: game table
and four chairs
7. Media group: home
entertainment center and
seating for several people
10 Diameter
Conversation area
To dining and kitchen
area
30’’ to
use desk
To sleep are and main
entrance

Fig2 -Minimum Clearances , Circulation , and Conversation area for Living Rooms
Secondary Activities
Space Function
Primary and Secondary
Activities that usually take
place in Living Rooms or Space
are Follows:
Primary Activities
To Kitchen
36” traffic
way
30” for Desk
10’ diameter
converse section
area
1. Entertainment
2. Watching
television
3. Listening music
4. Reading
5. Writing
6. Studying
7. Relaxing
8. Resting
9. Children's play
area
1. Dancing
2. Hobbies and craft
3. Eating
4. Sewing
5. Playing music
6. Parting
7. Using home
computer internet
To sleeping
36” traffic
way
Main Traffic Through Living Area
Main Traffic Through Living Area Main Traffic Through Living Area
10’ diameter
converse section
area
36” for traffic way
30” for desk
To kitchen
and dining
Entrance
Main Traffic by Passes
Living Area
To sleeping
To Kitchen
Entrance
Entrance
36” traffic
way
30” for
Desk
Closet
To kitchen

Furniture Clearances
Fig5 – Recommended Clearances for general
access (2 to 10 Feet) and Limited Access ( 2 Feet)
Fig6 – Recommended Clearances for limited
access between a table and furniture(2 feet)
Fig7 – Recommended Clearances for grouping of
seats for social interaction(8to 10 feet)
Fig8 – Space for television viewing. The television set
should be place where the section will not reflect light
and where it can be seen from the main seating group
To issue adequate space for
convenient use of furniture in
the living area the following
clearances should be observed:
1. 60 inches between facing
seating
2. 24 inches where
circulation occurs
between furniture
3. 30 inches for desk area
4. 36 inches for main
circulation
5. 60 inches between home
entertainment center
and seating
Seating arranged around a 10-
foot diameter circle fig no. 1
makes a comfortable grouping
for conversation. Fig no. 2
indicates clearances,
circulation and conversation
areas.
There should be through circulation in this area

Bedroom
Space function-
Primary and secondary activities that
usually take place in bedrooms are as
follows:
Primary Activities:
Sleeping
Dressing
Storing Clothes
Personal Care
Secondary Activities:
Reading
Writing
Studying
Working
Watching Television
Home computing/ Internet
Listening to music
Children’s play
Caring for infants
Ironing
Telephoning
Drawing and Painting
Sitting and Entertaining
Exercising
Resting and convalescing
Hobbies and craft
Storing bulky items and seasonal
clothes

Furniture Requirement
There are minimum requirements for
furniture and space if occupants are to
able to carry out their normal
bedroom activities
There are two basic types of
bedrooms:
1. Single-occupancy bedrooms,
which will accommodate on
single bed.
2. Double-occupancy bedrooms ,
which will accommodate on
double bed or two single beds.
FIG:4- Access between bed and dresser
And between bed and desk.
FIG:6- Access between beds
FIG:5- Access between bed and closet
And between bed and wall.
FIG:7- Access for making beds
Clearances
Clearances should be provided in front
of and around furniture of bedrooms
so that primary activities can take
place efficiently comfort(Figs. 1 to 11).
In some cases , greater clearances are
required to satisfy the needs of elderly
people , wheelchair users , and with
disabilities.

layouts
Fig10. Double occupancy bedroom(net are a 160sq.ft). The most likely occupants of this
type of bedroom are adults , school-age children of the same gender , children of different
genders who are less than 9 years old , and preschoolers.
Fig9 .Single occupancy bedroom(net area 8.5sq.m). The most likely occupants of this
bedroom type are elderly people , adults , teenagers and preadolescence children(i.e.
school age children 9-12 years old).
Fig8. Single occupancy bedroom in combination with another space(net area 5sq.m).
Adults are most likely to be found in this type of bedroom.
Fig11. Double occupancy bedroom(net area 12sq.ft). Adults are most
likely occupants of this type of bedroom.

Knee Level 20”
Outward Reach
Left Hand 33””
Waist Level 421/2”
Shoulder Level 54”
Eye Level 62”
Height 66 1/2
Maximum
upward reach 78”
Comfortable
upward reach 75”
Shelves visible
from eye level 62”
Reach downward 28”
(one hand)
Range 36”
Ironing board 35”
bottom of sink 32 1/2
Ironing board 35”
Fig1 –Standard dimensions of kitchen area
The height of a kitchen work counter , the
proper clearance between cabinets or
appliances for circulation the accessibility
to overhead or under counter storage and
proper visibility are among the primary
consideration in the design of cooking
spaces .
All must be responsive to human dimension
and body size.. If the quality of interface
between the user and components of the
interior space are to be adequate. In
establishing clearance between counters
the maximum body depth and breadth of
the user of large body size must be taken
into account as well as projections of the
appliances.
Standard kitchen counter heights
manufactured are all about 36’ in, or
91.4cm .
Fig:1-
provides some general anthropometric
data for establishing basic heights of
cabinetry and appliances above the floors.

Wall Oven
Min.counterspace
requiredforeither
sideofrange
StandardWidth
Min.counterspace
requiredforeither
sideofrange
StandardWidth
Wall Oven Work zone
Min.counterspace
requiredtoone
sideofOven
A
B
B
F
G
D
H
Range
Line of Hood above Range
Line of wall cabinets above
Min. clearance between appliances
A 48 Min. 121.9 Min
B 40 101.6
c 15 38.1 min.
D 21-30 53.3-76.2
E 1-3 38.1 Min
F 15 min. 121.9 Min
G 19.5-46 49.5-116.8
H 12 min. 30.5 Min
I 17.5 max. 44.5 max.
J 96-101.5 243.8-257.8
K 24-27.5 61.0-69.9
L 24-26 61.0-66
M 30 76.2 Min
N 60 Min. 152.4 min.
O 36-36-25 88.9-92.1
P 24 Min. 61.0 Min
Q 35 Max. 88.9 MAX.
Fig.2- RANGE CENTER ( Top View)

J
K A L
BI
M
P
B
N
O
Q
Storage for rarely
Used items only.
Broiler
Standard DepthMin. clearance between appliancesStandard Depth
Range
Standardheight
Wall Oven Work zone
Circulation clearance
Range Work zone
Ventilation
Hood
Fig:3- Range Center (Side View)
In
cm
A 48 Min. 121.9 Min
B 40 101.6
c 15 38.1 min.
D 21-30 53.3-76.2
E 1-3 38.1 Min
F 15 min. 121.9 Min
G 19.5-46 49.5-116.8
H 12 min. 30.5 Min
I 17.5 max. 44.5 max.
J 96-101.5 243.8-257.8
K 24-27.5 61.0-69.9
L 24-26 61.0-66
M 30 76.2 Min
N 60 Min. 152.4 min.
O 36-36-25 88.9-92.1
P 24 Min. 61.0 Min
Q 35 Max. 88.9 MAX.

Service entry
18perimeter
Sto
rag
ss
D and CPR
Range
DW
U Kitchen
L Kitchen
Corridor Kitchen Broken U Kitchen
s s R
DandCP
Range
LS
DW
Range
R
s s
O
V
P D
20
perimet
er
18 perimeter
23 perimeter
P
R
LS
D and C
OV
s s
CT
Eating bar
Service entry
DandC

Kitchen for small single family houses or apartment units. Typical cabinet dimensions
Minimum Distances from appliances
To inside corners of base cabinets.
Flow of work in food preparation.

Refrigerator
At Opening
side
Planning
Desk
Mix
Sink
Left side Right side
Serve
Range
At either
side
Fig:4- Minimum counter width dimensions
9’’ either side
(if storage
nearby)
Dishwasher
(Front
opening)

Mix center counter
Wall Oven
Bottom of
sink
Maximum reach for
Vertical storage
Fig:-5 Comfortable working heights
Maximum height of
Window for supervision of yard

Zero Bedroom Kitchenette Zero Bedroom Kitchenette
Two Bedroom Living Unit Kitchenette

One Bedroom Kitchenette Three Bedroom Kitchenette
Four Bedroom Living Unit Kitchenette Minimum edge distances

Counter
Space for one worker
Counter
Space in front drawer
Counter
Sink
Adjacent to Sink
Fig:-6 Minimum clearance-vertical and horizontal
Range
Sink
Minimum width of passes
Counter Range
Sink
Counter
Minimum clearance
Wherever 2 people
May be working at same time.

Utensils General storage
Sink
Above sink
Above range
Range
Above base cab
Base cab
Soffit lighting
Under cabinet
lighting 18’’

Secondary Activities
1.Children’s play
2.Reading
3.Writing
4.Studying and homework
5.Entertainment
6.Board games
The principal factors to be
considered in planning the dining
Area are as follows:
 Number of persons to be seated
 Space for chairs and for passage
behind them.
 Space used at the table.
 Storage space for china, glassware,
silver and linen.
21”-29”
25” recommended
22”-25”
16”
19 ½”
5” minimum
Fig.1. Leaving the table Fig.3. Passage behind chairsFig.2. Size of place eating
Fig.4-. limited access behind a chair in corner circulation space Fig. 5. Access behind a chair in through circulation space

Size of place setting :
The minimum width needed for
each place setting is 21 inches.
However a width of up of 29 inches
is desirable for greater freedom of
movement.A25-inch width is
usually adequate ;this permits
chairs 19 inches wide to be placed
6 inches apart. The minimum depth
for place setting is 14½ inches.
These dimensions allow space for
china, glassware, silver, and below
extension(seeFig:1)
Passage Behind Chairs:
The minimum space recommended
for passage behind chairs in 22
inches, a satisfactory range is 22 to
25 inches. If passage behind the
chairs is not required, minimum of
5inches plus the depth of the chair
must be provided for pushing back
chair when leaving the table
(seeFig;2to4)
Size of Table:
The minimum width recommended
is 36 inches: a satisfactory width is
36 inches to 44 inches. If 25 inch-
wide place settings are provided
and if one person is seated at each
end of the table, the minimum and
recommend lengths are as follows:
Fig6 Access behind the table and wall Fig.7 Access behind a chair and cabinets or appliances
Fig.8–Recommended net area for 2-persons household( 8.84 square
meters)
Fig.9–Recommended net area for 8 persons household( 13.87
square meters)

32”
for
Chairs
plus
access
Fig-13–Minimum clearances for dining areas(A) one of the
table against wall (b) serving from one end and side of the table
Persons Minimum
inches
Recommen-
ded inch
4
6
8
10
12
54
79
104
129
154
60
84
108
132
156
If no one is seated at either end of the
table, the length may be reduced by
approximately 4 inches.
Space for total dining area
With the same conditions noted previously
and with an ample 42 inch space for
passage on all sides of a 42 inch wide
table, required sizes area as follows:
Persons W,X,L
Feet
4
6
8
10
12
10.5*12 =126
=147
=168
=189
=210
=Area
,Square Feet
10.5*12
10.5*12
10.5*12
10.5*12
42” for serving behind
chairs
To kitchen
42” for serving
38”
for
Chairs
plus
access
32”for Chairs plus access
To living room
To living
room
42” for
serving
Fig11 –Dining room for 6 person householdFig-10 –Dining room for 8 persons household
Fig-12 Minimum clearances for dining areas(A) one of the table
against wall (b) serving from one end and side of the table
42” for
Serving
behind
chairs
To living
room
To kitchen
To
living
room
32” for chairs
Plus access
42” for
Serving
behind chairs
38”
for
Chairs
plus
access

IN CM
A 48 121.9
B 30 76.2
C 19-24 48.3-61.0
D 27 MIN 68.6 min
E 18 45.7
F 37-43 94-109.2
G 72 MAX. 182.9 max
H 32-36 81.3-91.4
I 69 MAX. 175.3 max
J 16-18 40.6-45.7
K 36-32 66.0-81.3
L 32 81.3
M 20-24 50.8-61.0
Circulation zone
Activity zone
Mirror and
medicine
cabinet
Lavatory
E
F
CB
CD
G
Activity zone
F
J
LM
Vanity
storage
Lavatory
Mirror
Light fixture
Mirror and
medicine
cabinet
Lavatory
Vanity
storage C
H
Fig:2- lavatory female and child anthropometric considerations.
Fig1- lavatory male anthropometric considerations.
A Mirror and medicine
cabinet

Minimum shower clearancesDouble lavatory clearances
In cm
A 15-18 38.1-45.7
B 28-30 71.1-76.2
C 37-43 94.0-109.2
D 32-36 81.3-91.4
E 26-32 66.0-81.3
F 14-16 35.6-40.6
G 30 76.2
H 18 45.7
I 21-26 53.3-66.0
In cm
A 54 137.2
B 12 30.5
C 42 min 106.7 min
D 18 45.7
E 36 min 91.4 min
F 30 76.2
G 24 61.0
H 12 min 30.5 min
I 15 38.1
J 40-48 101.6-121.9
K 40-50 101.6-127.0
L 72 min 182.9 min

IHVaries
AAA
Varie
s
Varie
s
Varie
s
Varies
AE
C
F
Varies
In cm
A 12 min 30.5 min
B 28 min 71.1 min
C 24 min 61.0 min
D 52 min 132.1 min
E 12-18 30.5-45.7
F 12 30.5
G 40 101.6
H 18 45.7
I 30 76.2
Water closet
Bidet and water closet

1. Shower curtain rod: keep within
inside of tub or shower.
1a. Enclosure doors: if swinging
doors are used, place hinges on the side
opposite control valves.
2. Shower head: see elevation of tub
and shower stall for recommended
heights.
3. Grab bars shall be manufactured of
shatter- resistant material, free from
burrs, sharp edges and pinch points.
Knurling or slip-resistant surface is
desirable.
4. Recessed soap dish shall be free from
burrs and sharp edges where grab
bar is an integral part of the soap
dish, it may have minimum length of
6 inches.
5. Faucet shall be manufactured of
shatter-resistant material, free from
burrs and sharp edges. All faucet sets
in showers, tubs and lavatories shall
be equipped with the water mixing
valve delivering a maximum water
temperature.
6. Showers stall light: shall be of a
vapor proof fixture with the electrical
light switch a minimum of 72 inches
away from shower stall.

Fig. Minimum half bath16 sq. ft is about minimum for standard
fixtures; 4’-6” X 4’-6” gives a more spacious feeling.
Fig Generous half bath 22.5 sq. ft is a generous half bath. A wall – hung
lavatory instead of a vanity squeezes into 2’-6” width and 16.3 sq. ft.
Fig. Corner toilet in a half bath. A corner toilet and a small lavatory fit
13.5 sq. ft. consider this idea for installing a half-bath in a closet or
under a stairway.
Fig. Corner shower A corner shower, toilet and lavatory fit in 33 sq. ft.
very little storage space available.
A B
C D

Fig. Minimum half bath 16 sq. ft is about minimum for standard fixtures; 4’-6” X
4’-6” gives a more spacious feeling.
Fig. Generous half bath 22.5 sq. ft is a generous half bath. A wall – hung lavatory
instead of a vanity squeezes into 2’-6” width and 16.3 sq. ft.
Fig. Corner toilet in a half bath. A corner toilet and a small lavatory fit 13.5 sq. ft.
consider this idea for installing a half-bath in a closet or under a stairway.
Fig. Corner shower. A corner shower, toilet and lavatory fit in 33 sq. ft. very little
storage space available.
Pocket door
Pocket door

Fig. small,3-fixture bathroom. A small 3-fixture bathroom with limited storage in a built-in
vanity meets basic bathroom requirements in a space 37.5 sq. ft. The door is 32” wide for a
person with a cane or crutches.
Fig. Two lavatory bathroom. A 2- lavatory bathroom with adequate room at the toilet and
each lavatory . Note storage space under the lavatories and in a floor-to-ceiling unit.
Area:63 sq. ft..
Fig. separate tub and shower. This plan also includes a bidet. Storage is in the 48” long
vanity. Area:75.3 sq. ft.
Fig. large shower. A generous 33”x 48” shower is featured in this 32 sq. ft bathroom.
Storage is under the 30” vanity and on shelves over the toilet.

Fig. corner square tub. Although not usually a space saver, a square tub fits some situations
better than a rectangular one. This 3-4 fixture bathroom has excellent storage but is only
59.5 sq.ft.
Fig. large 3-fixtures bathroom. With fixtures in separate compartments, this layout can
replace a second bath by accommodating more than one person at a time. Area 106 sq. Ft.
plus hallway storage.
Fig. four fixture, two compartments. Three people can use this bathroom at the same time.
Consider a pocket door between the compartments. Even with generous storage space it
takes only the same space about 80.5 sq.ft.
Fig. five fixtures, three compartments. This bathroom serves as two full bathrooms in 87
sq.ft. two doors to each compartment are undesirable. Limited storage space available.

Residential Design Space Planning
Interior Design
To design any residential space
with designing and effective
space planning , we need to
pay attention to all aspects
needed to design any
residential space, say it aspect
, prospect , anthropometrics
and ergonomics, ventilation ,
daylighting , orientation.

Case study
You Have To Do Space Planning For A Client Mr. Bose Who Is Marketing Manager Of One Of The Fashion
Brands Levis . He Has A Family Of Two Children In The Age Group Of 10-16 Years Both Boys , Wife Who
Loves Gardening Ad Is Very Fond Of Creating Bonsai Plants.
We Rae Suppose To Design An Open Plan For This Family Where The Plot Size Given Is 300sq. Yards And
The Requirements Being Living Room , Kitchen , Master Bedroom, Children's Bedroom, Space for The
Lady Of The House To Work With Plants And Display The Same . They Require A Terrace Garden And They
Love More Of Lighted U Spaces Which Are Bright And Lively. A Small Office Zone Needs To Be Provided
For Mr. Bose In Master Bedroom.
We Need To Ay Extra Attention To The Space planning For Mrs. Bose For Doing He Gardening Work

During My 1st Year Studies Of Diploma Programme In Interior Design , I Was Given A Residential Plan To
Be Made For A Hypothetical Client . I Had Created This Plan Taking Into Consideration All The Aspects That
Are Necessary For Any Residential Design When Made. Starting From The Climatology Factors That Is
Macro And Micro Climate Of The Given Location Along With The Orientation Of The Site. As My Site Is
North Facing I Have Took North South Orientation For My Plan. By Considering These I Have Tried To Make
My Design Energy Efficient, Water Efficient An D Material Efficient.
Making My Plan According To The Government Rules I Have Paid Attention To The Building Byelaws Stated
By The Urban Development Board.
Here I Had Gave Some Of The Things Which Needs To Be Paid Attention To While Constructing Any Plan
And These Are As Follows :-
• Ventilation:- Proper Air Exchange In Any Design Is A Must.
• Orientation:- Proper And Maximised Utilisation Of Natural Daylight In A Design Can Be There , If We
Pay Attention This Word ”Orientation”.
• Anthropometrics:- When We Live In Our We Should Be That Much Comfortable Where We Do Not
Need Adjust According To The Construction Besides Our Design Should Have The Factor Of Adjusting
Itself For Us.
• Louis Kahn's Principles Of Space Planning:-the Most Important Thing In Design Development Is The
Ability In Us To Create Space From Space Or Say Making The Optimum Utilisation Of Space Provided.
SYNOPSIS OF MY PLAN

2d Top Plan of House
Architecture &
Space Planning
Living Area
Entrance
Garden Area
Kitchen
Dinning AreaSecondary sitting
area
Deck
Water Body
Stairs
This Is The Plan I Had Made Taking
Into Consideration The Requirements
Of Mr.Bose And Family.
Over here I had given :-
Living room:- 16’1’’ x 18’
Kitchen:- 9’11’’ x 11’6’’
Dining area:- 6’ x 5’
Secondary sitting area
Garden area
Water body
Stairs
Specifications:-
Location:- Dezyne E’cole College
Direction:- North Facing
Total Plot Size:- L x B
50’x54’
Plot Area:- 2700 sq.ft
Covered area:- 1541.73 sq. ft.
Uncovered area:- 1158.27 sq.ft.
S
N

1st Floor
Architecture &
Space Planning
Bathroom
7’ x 16’4’’
Master Bedroom
14’ x 15’4’’
Terrace Garden
15’4’’ x 4’
Children's Bedroom
17’ x 11’
Bathroom
8’ x 11’
Stairs
Duple
Balcony
11’1’’ x 5’
This Is the top plan of the 1st
floor.
Over here I had given :-
Children's bedroom:-17’ x 11’
Bathroom:-8’ x 11’
Master bedroom:-14’ x 15’4’’
Bathroom:-7’ x 16’4’’
Terrace garden:-15’4’’ x 4’
Balcony:- 15’4’’x 4’
I had covered on an approx.
an area of about 1296.1’2

Isometric View Of Ground Floor

Interior Design
Residential Design Space Planning
To design any residential space
with designing and effective
space planning , we need to
pay attention to all aspects
needed to design any
residential space, say it aspect
, prospect , anthropometrics
and ergonomics, ventilation ,
daylighting , orientation.

Lounge
12’*12’
Living Room
12’*12’
Dining Area
12’*9’
Bedroom
12’*12’
Entrance Lobby
6’*12’
Bedroom
12’*12’
Toilet
6’*6’
Toilet
6’*6’
Drawing Room
12’*18’
Verandah
To design any
residential space with
designing and effective
space planning , we
need to pay attention
to all aspects needed to
design any residential
space, say it aspect ,
prospect ,
anthropometrics and
ergonomics, ventilation
, daylighting ,
orientation.
Here is my design of a
“residential space”
Total Plot Size:- 54’x63’
Plot Area:- 3402 sq.ft
Direction:- North
Facing
Architecture & Space Planning

Rendered View

I
Rendered View

During My 1st Year, I Pursued With Some Of The Project Reports , Which Was Needed To Know More About Design
Development .
Here , I Was Given A Wardrobe To Design . I Myself Was The Client , Taking Into Consideration My Requirements , I Had
Created A Project Report On The Same …..
In The Subsequent Slides , You Will Come Across To Know That How To Create More Space Or Say How To Do Space Planning
In A Wardrobe According To The Provided Requirements.
Wardrobe Design

CASE STUDY
I am suppose to design a wardrobe for a hypothetical client.
 Requirements of my client:
• Number of shoes (6 pairs of flat shoes).
• The other materials with shoes are socks, shoe polish, brushes.
• Mirror for dressing.
• Place for keeping cosmetics and perfumes.
• Place for keeping daily use clothes like salwar suits(10 ), jeans, t-shirts in hanging
position (approximately 20 clothes).
• Place for keeping woolen clothes(8 cardigans).
• Place for keeping party wear or special occasion clothes.
• Place for keeping lingerie.

Standard Space Requirement To Be Followed For
Fulfilling The Client Requirement.

Space required for stocking client’s requirement.
1. Area needed for hanging salwar suits (10)
Space needed for hanging one salwar suit = L x B
= 48” x 1 ½”
= 72 sq. inch
2. Area needed for hanging daily wear t-shirts
Space needed for keeping one t-shirt = L x B
= 1’6” x 1”
= 18 sq. inch
Length of the rod is 1’5”.
From both the sides of the rod ½” has to be left. According to the
standards one salwar suit requires 1 ½” of rod this means on the rod of
1’4” client can hang her 10 salwar suits and after that she will be left with
1”.
From both the sides of the rod 1/2” has to be left. One cloth requires 1” of the
rod for hanging. According to this client can hang 12 daily wear clothes. Still 2”
space is left on rod.

3. Area needed for keeping woolen clothes
Space needed for keeping one cardigan = L x B
= 1’ x 2’’
= 24 sq. ft
4. Area needed for keeping shoes ( 6 pairs of flat shoes)
Area needed for keeping one pair of shoe = L x B
= 9” X 10”
= 90 sq. ft.
One cardigan requires 1’ x 10” area and has 2” height when folded. If kept upon
other client can keep 4 to 5 cardigans in one rack and two racks 8 of her cardigans
can be kept easily.
One pair of footwear requires 0.55 sq. ft. According to this client can keep 6 pair
of foot wears in that drawer , she can keep her socks and i shoe polish and brush
in other partition.

5. Area needed for keeping soft shirts
Space needed for keeping one soft shirt = L x B
= 2’ x 10 ”
= 240 sq. ft
6. Area needed for hanging trousers (8 trousers)
Space needed for keeping one trouser = L x B
= 2’ x 2”
= 48 sq. ft
From both the sides of the rod 1/2” has to be left. One trouser requires 2” of
the rod for hanging. According to this client can hang 8 trousers .
One folded shirt requires 1” height , height of the rack is 1’. According to this
client can keep her 10 soft shirts.

7. Area needed for hanging party wear
Space needed for keeping one part wear = L x B
= 43” x 2”
= 86 sq. inch
8. Area needed for keeping socks
Space needed for keeping one socks = L x B
= 4” x 2.5”
= 10 sq. inch
From both the sides of the rod ½” has to be left. One party wear requires 1 ½ ”- 2” of
the rod for hanging. According to this client can hang 8 party wear clothes.
Partition for keeping socks is of 11.5” x 6” , client can keep her 8 pair of socks in 4
rows i.e. two pair of socks in each.

Space available for space planning:-
• Inner space (volume) available-
L x B x H = 6’ x 2’ x 6’ = 72 cu.ft.
• Linear space available-
L x B = 6’ x 2’ = 12 sq.ft.

 To create any design I need to focus on the principles of elements of design.
For the space planning over here I mainly focused on balance in a design
with the basic elements shape which is very rightly said “Form Follows
Function”.
In the subsequent slides you will come across the space planning created by me
for my client.

 For any adult user for a wardrobe the standard size required is 5 linear feet.
Keeping into mind the requirement of my client and space provided I created
an elevation for my design.
In my design I have utilized 6 linear feet on floor.

Left side elevation Right side elevation Back elevation
Front elevation
Orthographic projection of wardrobe excluding doors.
Top plan
Isometric view

Left side elevation Right side elevation
Back elevation
Front elevation
Isometric view
Orthographic projection of wardrobe including doors.
Top plan

3.Place for Keeping
Clothes to be
washed or for
laundry clothes.
5.Place for Keeping
Lingerie,
Handkerchiefs .
8.Place for Keeping
towels.
6.Place for Keeping
laundry clothes.
1.Small
cupboard for
keeping woolen
clothes.
2.Place for hanging
Shirts and T-shirts
13.Place for Keeping
Handbags or school
bags etc.
12.Drawer for Keeping
Accessories like bangles,
earing's, neckpieces,
foundation, lipsticks,
mascara, kajal etc.
Talc,oil,lotion,perfumes,cream,
Nailpaints,lipstics,lipgloss etc.
Sunglasses, and clutch etc.
Trousers or other
traditional sarres
and dresses in
folded condition.10
11
12
13
7.Place for hanging
party wear clothes
4.Place for hanging Daily wear
toppers, suits etc. and for folded
trousers.
9.Place for
keeping shoes.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10
11
12
13
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
L x B =1’11”X 6’’
=138 sq. inch
2.87 sq. ft.
L x B =2’8’”X
1’6’’ =576 sq.
inch
2.9 sq. ft.
L x B =1’3’’x1’9’’
=315 sq. inch
18 sq. ft.
L x B=1’6’’x1’3’’
=270 sq. inch
1.87 sq. ft.
L x B =1’7’”X
1’6’’ =270 sq.
inch
2.9 sq. ft.
L x B
=1’11’x1’6’’
=414 sq. inch
2.87 sq. ft.
L x B =1’7’”X
1’6’’ =342 sq.
inch
2.9 sq. ft.
L x B =1’11’”X 1’5’’
=391 sq. inch
2.9 sq. ft.
L x B =1’5’’x7’’
=119 sq. inch
8.2 sq. ft.
L x B =1’8’”X
1’6’’ =2.87sq. ft
L x B =1’11’”X 1’4’’
=368 sq. inch
2.55 sq. ft.
L x B =1’3’’x1’9’’
=315 sq. inch
2.18 sq. ft.
L x B =1’11’”X 1’4’’
=2368 sq. inch
2.55 sq. ft.
8
9

10
11
12
13
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
L x B X H =1’11”X 6’’X1’6’’
= 4.31 CU.FT
L x B X H=2’8’”X 1’6’’X2’8’’
=7.66 CU.FT
L x B X H=1’3’’x1’9’’X8’’
=1.45 CU.FT
L x B X H=1’6’’x1’3’’X1’4’’
=2.5 CU.FT
L x B XH =1’7’”X
1’6’’X1’11
=4.2 CU.FT
L x B X H=1’11’x1’6’’ X1’7’’
=4.55 CU.FT
L x B X H =1’11’”X 1’5’’X7’’
=1.58 CU.FT
L x B X H=1’5’’x7’’X5
=.34 CU.FT
L x B X H=1’8’”X 1’6’’X1’6’’
=4.31 CU.FT
L x B x H=1’11’”X 1’4’’x3’11’’
=10 CU.FT
L x B XH =1’7’”X
1’6’’X1’11
=4.2 CU.FT
8
9

2.Place for Shirts and T-
hanging shirts
1.Small cupboard for
keeping woolen
clothes.
10. Place for cloths like
trousers and traditional
wear folded.

4
7
4.Place for hanging
Daily wear toppers,
suits etc. and for
folded trousers.
7.Place for hanging
party wear clothes

5.Place for Keeping
Lingerie,
Handkerchiefs.
8.Place for
Keeping towels.
6.Place for Keeping
Cloths to be ironed.

12.Drawer for
Keeping
Accessories like
bangles, earing's,
neckpieces,
foundation, lipsticks,
mascara, kajal etc.
6.Place for Keeping
laundry clothes.

9.Place for
keeping shoes.
Talc,oil,lotion,perfumes
cream,Nailpaints,lipstic
s,lipgloss etc.

Mirror back to the
Right side door.
13
13.Place for
Keeping
Handbags or
school bags etc.
Rod for hanging
scarfs and belts etc.

Place for
keeping
woollens.
Place for
hanging shirts,
t-shirts.
Basket for dirty
cloths.
Place for cloths
to be ironed.
Place for handbags and
bags.
Place for cosmetics.
Place for shoes.

Place for hanging daily
wear salwar suits and
toppers.
Place for lingerie.
Place for towels.
Place for hanging
party wear
dresses.
Place for
traditional
dresses or
trousers in folded
condition.

As an Interior Designer this project on space planning has made me aware that a space of 6’ x 2’x 6’ (L x B x H)
has been made more functional by creating more space from the space provided to us.
I have created 52.49u. ft. in this space.
Estimated no. of boards required in the making of closet:
Area of closet/area of one board =no. of boards required
140.5/32=4.54 (5 boards)
One extra board.

Throughout The Year , Along With Studying About
Design Development I Had Also Made Project
Reports On Different Aspects Of It. One Of
Them Is The Elements Of Style Which Is Very
Important To Create Any Design, In The Coming
Slides You Will See The Different Elements Of
Style ……………

Today we are heir to a legacy of fine building and to a continuing fascination with
the details and stylistic which give our houses their character. In Britain and us
the interior in old houses has became something of national obsession . Today
the houses we live in have became a major concern and as houses are being
developed on human scale . Today the interiors of house effect our quality of life ,
which we enjoy there .
As a student of interior design doing my BS.C present a brief presentation on
aspect of style from gothic ,Baroque , Rococo interior decorating style are defined
for the characteristic of their time.
ELEMENTS OF STYLE
INTRODUCTION

Gothic period design was influenced by
Roman and Medieval architecture. Its initial
design period was c.1150 to 1550, but saw a
revival in the 19th century by the Victorians.
Gothic design was the first true
ecclesiastical style and was symbolic of the
triumph of the Catholic church over
paganism in Europe. The new age of
soaring cathedrals meant the initiation of
new methods of building, to support this
extreme weight.
Gothic Period
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

Gothic Style
Style had a religious symbolic base- think of
old, ornate churches and you will be on the
right track. Pointed arches and stained glass
in complex trefoil or rose designs were
predominant, exposed, wooden beams, large,
imposing fireplaces, and emulated candle
lighting completed the ecclesiastical style.
There was a strong vertical influence,
supported by the high arches and peaks of
the architecture. Light was also important, as
windows grew more and more expansive and
light and air flooded into the once gloomy
churches of the Romanesque period.
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

Gothic Furniture
Furniture was massive and oak, adorned
with Gothic motifs. Chairs, bed frames,
cabinets were sturdy and featured arches,
spiral-turned legs and rich upholstery in
dark colours. Old church furniture such as
pews, benches and trestle tables finish the
look. Victorian gothic reproduction and
Arts and Crafts era furniture can be used
as an acceptable alternative, as many of
the same motifs crossed over.
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

Gothic Influences
The churches most heavily influenced
gothic design, and this medieval
ecclesiastical style shines strongly
through. Architectural influences were
mostly from Roman and Medieval
design, with elaborate carved wood
and open tracery.
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

In architecture, tracery is
the stonework elements
that support the glass in
a GOHTIC window. The
term probably derives
from the 'tracing floors' on
which the complex
patterns of late Gothic
windows were laid out.
TRACERY
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

Gothic color
Colours were rich and dark, of the Victorian era.
Purple, ruby, black, ochre, forest green and gold
added complemented the heavy furniture and rich
design. Wallpaper was ornate and heavily patterned
in natural flowers and foliage. Also popular was
trompe-l’oeil architectural features or stencilled
designs. Walls were painted in flat colour's, to
depict stones, and often covered in wall hangings-
especially tapestries. Obviously stained glass was a
significant feature, and these were ideally accented
with pewter, wrought iron, suits of armour and
candles. Decorative ribbing or cornices were
common and elaborately carved. Heraldic emblems
were seen everywhere.
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

ELEMENTS OF STYLE
Tudor and Jacobean style

INTRODUCTION
1457 – 1509
This coincides with the rule of the Tudor dynasty in
England whose first monarch was henry VII. The term is
often used more broadly to include Elizabeth I reign
(1558 – 1603) characteristic of this style is the
enrichment of every surface with flamboyant carved,
turned, inlaid, and painted decoration in the spirit of the
English renaissance.
Tudor furniture was made of ”oak” or wood which was obtained
locally, highly ornate, carved and heavy.
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

 Tudor and Jacobean periods were seen as turning point towards classicized decoration.
 Timber framed houses were replaced by reconstruction with stone and brick.
 Fireplace was a dominant element in the style of the room.
 Use of glass was seen in small and large houses.
 They never used fabrics in the eating zone as they tended to retain smell of food. They
used plastered walls in eating zone.
 Principal building materials used by them were stone, brick and timber.
MATERIAL USED
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

TUDOR DOORS
Fig:1-The front door to a
merchants house in Stratford-
upon-Avon, dated1596.the timber
surrounded has a four centered
arch and a typical leaf pattern
carved into the spandrel.
Fig:2-This grand stone
doorway,c.1530, has richly
moulded jambs that sit on a black
plinth.
TUDOR DOOR
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

TUDOR DOORS
A four centered timber door head, with gothic
quatrefoils and tracery. Early 16th century.
Early 16th century stone
door head with a doormould.
Only the grandest houses had terracotta ornament. This
group- door head , doormould and over hood Frieze
with hoodmold-is made from light dark terracotta.
A common form of late 16th century and early 17th
century door-head has a pediment and obelisks.
Fig:3-
Fig:4-
Fig:5- Fig:6-
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

TUDOR DOORS
Two story porches from early 16th century.
Projecting door-hoods were
Often supported on corbels.
Fig:7-
Fig:8-
Strap hinges were secured either by a pannel sunk into the
door jamb by a pivot and a plate which was nailed into the
jamb.
Fig:9-
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

TUDOR WINDOWS
Windows were simple, unglazed square openings
divided by series of wooden or stone mullions. Many of
the houses had internal shutters .the grand houses had
glass usage in the 16th century. Smaller houses has
glass usage from 17th century
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

TUDOR WINDOWS
A two-light window from the
middle of the 16th century.
A brick orial window of the
late 16th century ,
constructed from the
moulded bricks.
A six-light window in terracotta
from Sutton lace , Guildford,
surrey,c.1525
A window with structural
corner posts and thinner
glazing mullions.
Fig:1-
Fig:2-
Fig:3-
Fig:4-
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

TAPESTERIES
Walls they had flat plasterwork on bricks and stone and then they
were lime-washed.
In some grand houses the walls had panelling of timber
.Panelling was then decorated by wall hangings (tapestry)
Tapestry were painted cloth or made on looms with techniques of
weaving .
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

CEILING
Ceilings of upper floor were coved or coffered.
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

Hammer beam roof
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

FURNITURE
Bed in Tudor style.
Tables in Tudor style. Chairs in Tudor style.
Cupboard in Tudor style.
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

DOORS
Baroque doors had
elaborate doors,
specially the front door .
these doors were
positioned on top of the
steps. They were often
canopied by a shear or
placed in a porch.
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

Fig:1,2,3- Doors were large and had
only 2 pannels, later 4 to 6 pannels
came in existence in their design.
ELEMENTS OF STYLE
DOORS

Windows
Windows of baroque period
were like doors(front door)
styled very elaborately.
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

Windows
Fig:1- Decorative scrollwork a
rustication framed principle window n
late 18th century.
Fig:2- The Circular window , c.1695
Hampton court palace , London.
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

Ceiling
• Ceiling in this period was not plastered and were more of coffered style.
• The rich people had plastered ceiling from the underside of the wooden floor above.
• The junction above the ceiling and the wall were marked by cornice
Introduction
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

Grand plastered ceiling , Thorpe Hall Northhamptonshire,
c.1653
A more elaborate design off , c.1685.
Fig:1-
Fig:2-
Ceiling
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

A ceiling from house in houndsditch London ,
c.1630.
A variant of the grid plus oval formula, a grid
forming a central rectangle with semi circular breaks
, c.1865.
Fig:3-
Fig:3-
Ceiling
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

Flooring
Mosaic , the patterned floor at Alcazar Seville
(Spain)
• Baroque houses has stone
flag floor , marble was used in
two or more colures , so that
they produce illusionistic
pattern. The surface appear to
be in-depth.
• The floor had ”Parquet” or
“Marquetry” patterns.
• Woven carpets from eastern-
Mediterranean was considered
very expensive and were used
in the houses.
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

Flooring
A selection of the may patterns obtainable by paving in different
colored marbles , c.1961.
A rare surviving detail of a wooden
floor at Hanbury hall Worcestershire
(c.1700).
Fig:1- Fig:2-
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

Flooring
Two Patterns for Parquet floor laid in the apartments of Queen Henrietta Maria at Somerset house London 1661.
Fig:3-
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

Walls
• Walls were patterned by means of painted stencils , later they were replaced by block printed
papers (the 1st wallpapers).
• Rich owners covered their walls with woven or painted fabric hanging.
• Another feature which we saw here was the usage of leather attached to battens.
• Wood paneling termed as wainscoting was fashionable.
Introduction
Wainscoting was present during this period
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

Walls
A detail of the east wall of the dining room at Thorpe Hall,
Northamstonshire, c.1654-6.
Fig:1-
An early 17th-century example of
figurative carving I oak, a form of
ornamentation which could be found in
better houses.
Fig:2-
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

Walls
Painted geometric patterns
decorate the plasterwork on the
wall and fireplace surround of this
early 17yh century house.
Fig:3-
Strap-work decoration was popular
early in the period. Here it is used
on an oak pilaster
Fig:4- Fig:5-
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

Balconies
Fig:1,2,3- Balconies reflected the status of the house and its owner
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

Arches
Roman ArchFig:1-
Ornate door hood often took form of shellsFig:2- Roman ArchFig:4-
Pediments or hood could be enriched on scrolls.Fig:3-
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

Door Knockers and locks
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

Fireplace
The Fireplace were beautiful, overmentale too
and was done exquisitely.
Over mantels were reserved for major rooms of
major house.
This grand marble example from , Thorpe Hall,
Northamptonshire (1654).
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

Staircase
Baroque time period showed the use of
heavy ornamentation in their designs.
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

Staircase
Staircase were made of wood , commonly of
Oak and was closed string form.
Balustrades were twisted.
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

Lighting
Hanging lights with candles.
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

TUDOR DOOR
Batten And Ledged Door
BAROQUE DOOR
Panelled
Style : Door Assignment

ROCOCO STYLE
(1700-60)
Late baroque is an 18th century artistic movement and style. It developed in Paris , France as a reaction
against the grandeur an stricked designs of baroque , as seen in the palace of Versailles.
Rococo style used light columns graceful approach .
Acanthus leaves could be seen during this time period.
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

DOORS
• Door is a principle ornamental feature,
paneled doors were very tall and later had
a fanlight.
• The front doors were painted in dark
colors or they were grained to imitate
wood.
• They had handsome ring-handles.
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

DOORS
Maim terms used for designing any door at this time period.
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

DOORS
Swan-necked pediment
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

DOORS
fsPulvinated frieze
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

5The five orders of pillars used mainly as a
decorative detail around the doorcase at
porches are :
Tuscan
Dorick
Ionick
Corinthian
Composite
ELEMENTS OF STYLE
Pillars

Pillars
An ionic segmental broken pediment with carved inset.
A broken flat pediment by John Wood, Bath 1729.
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

Pillars
A carved shell hood with small brackets
A typical composite form of the , 1730, Rugby Street London.
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

Fireplace
f
Ash Tray
Slip
cheek
Hob
Firebasket
Fender
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

Fireplace
Pilaster
Mantel
shelf
Anthemion
ornament
Frieze
Palmette
leaf capital
Ribbon and
husk
ornament
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

Corbels
A provincial form,
c.1725.
A double scroll,
c.1725.
A cherub with
symbols of
geometry, 1706-17.
A true console
type, 1730.
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

WALLS
• WOODEN PANNELING WAS SEEN IN THREE PARTS:
1. Frieze
2. Field
3. dado
• Wooden paneling was done to the full height of the room , so less expensive wood was used and they
were painted with flat oil paint with very fancy effect.
• The walls were decorated with tapestry , stretched on silk brooked.
• Wallpapers were used.
• Cornices were ornamental.
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

CEILING
• THIS PERIOD HAD ELABORATE PAINTED EILING
AND THESE PAINTED CEILINGS HAD SEEMS
FROM COAT OF ARMS.
• THERE WERE GEOMATRIC PATTERNS TAKEN UO
ON CEILING.
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

CEILING
A ceiling with heavily enriched plasterwork by Bany Langley from the city and country
builders and workman treasury 1745.
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

FLOOR
Characteristics
• The floors were wood floor .Plying's were mainly used wee oak , elm.
• Oriental carpets and English turkey and floral carpets were fashionable floor coverings.
• Peoples used floor cloth in dining rooms.
• Patterns were mainly battened diagonal , give illusion on the floor.
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

FLOOR
A rare surviving example Of a painted floor of the mid-18th century Tyrconnel
room at Behon house , Lincolnshire.
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

FLOOR
Patterns were mainly diagonal during this time.
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

FLOOR
Inlaid floors from the Builder’s and Workman’s
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

WINDOWS
Characteristics
• Casement windows were used , mainly double hunged windows.
• Mainly soft wood was used , which was protected by white lead paint
• This paintwork was a typical Georgian look.
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

STAIRCASE
Typical balusters and tread-ends on the
staircase of a fashionable house , c.1735.
ELEMENTS OF STYLE

3D FORM
WALL 3D FORM ROOM
DOOR PLACEMENT
WINDOW PLACEMENT
Transformation of Form

Parapet wall
Coping
Roof
Reveal
Window
Foundation
Ramp
Steps
Sill
Lintel
Ceiling Plane
Lintel
Door
Floor Plane
Load Down
On Soil
Wall Plane
PARTS OF A BUILDING

Load Down
On Soil
PARTS OF A BUILDING

PARTS OF A BUILDING
1. Foundation:- It Is The Lowest Part Of The Structure Below The Ground Level Which Is In Direct Contact
With The Ground And Transmits All The Dead, Live And The Other Loads To The Soil On Which The
Structure Rests.
2. Plinth:- The Portion Of The Building Between The Ground Surrounding The Building And The Top Of The
Floor Immediately Above The Ground Is Known As Plinth.
3. Walls:- Walls Are Provided To Enclose Or Divide The Floor Space In Desired Pattern. Walls Provide Privacy,
Security And Give Protection Against Sun, Rain, Cold And Other Adverse Effects Of Weather.
4. Column:- It May Be Defined As An Isolated Vertical Load Bearing Member The Width Of Which Is Neither
Less Than Its Thickness Nor More Than Four Times Its Thickness.

PARTS OF A BUILDING
5. Floors:- Floors Are Flat Supporting Elements Of A Building. They Divide A Building Into Different Levels
Thereby Creating More Accommodation On A Given Plot Of Land.
6. Doors, Windows & Ventilators:- A Door May Be Defined As A Barrier Secured In An Opening Left In A Wall
To Provide Usual Means Of Access To A Building, Room Or Passage. A Window May Be Defined As An
Opening Left In A Wall For The Purpose Of Providing Daylight, Vision And Ventilation.
7. Stairs:- A Stair May Be Defined As A Structure Comprising Of A Number Of Steps Connecting One Floor To
Another. The Stair Must Be Constructed In Such A Manner That It Is Safe And Comfortable To Use And It
Should Be So Located As To Permit Easy Communication.

Roof
Wall
Floor
Roof
Floor
Wall
Roof
Wall
Floor
Pitched Roof Lean To Roof Roof
Types of Roof

Wall
Floor
Butterfly Roof Butterfly Roof Roof
Roof
Wall
Floor
Roof
Wall
Floor
Roof
Types of Roof

Size
The physical dimension
of length, width and depth
of a form. While those dimensions
determine the
Proportion of a form, its scale is
determined by its size relative to
other forms in its context.
Color
A phenomenon of light and visual
perception that may
be described in terms of an
individual’s perception of
hue, saturation and total
value
Shape
Size
Shape
The characteristics outline
or surface configuration of a
particular form. Shape is the
Principal aspect by which we
identify and categorize forms.
Shapes And Forms
Colour

Form
The location from relative to its
environment or the visual feid
within which it is run.
Orientation
The direction of a form relative
to the ground. Plan the compass
points other forms or to the
person viewing the form.
Visual Inertia
The degree of the concentration
and stability of a form the visual
Inertia of a form depends Upon
the geometry as well as its
orientation to the ground plan
and the pull of gravity and our
line of signet.
Shape
Orientation
Shapes And Forms

Sector
Diameter Radius
Circumference
Quadrant
Chord
Segment
Chord
Arc
Circles

Example of Top Base Plane Example of Isometric Base Plane
Example of Elevated Top
Plane
Example of Isometric Elevated
Plane
Example of Top Base Plan
Example of Base Plane
Example of Elevated Top
Plan
Example of Elevated Base
Plane
Base Plane
A horizontal plane laying
as a figure on a contrasting
Background defines a
Simple field of space.
This field can be visually
Reinforced in following ways
Elevated Base Plane
A horizontal plane elevated
Above the ground plane
establishes vertical surfaces
Along its edges that reinforced
the visual separation between
Its field and surrounding
Ground.
Base Plane

Example of Top Depressed
Plane
Example of Isometric Depressed
Plane
Example of Overhead Top
Plane
Example of Overhead Isometric
Plane
Example of Top Base Plan
Example of Base Plane
Example of Overhead Top
Plan
Example of Overhead
Isometric Plan
Depressed Base Plane
A Horizontal plane
depressed into the ground
Plane utilizes the vertical
Surface Of the lowered area to
Define the volume of a space.
Overhead Plane
A horizontal plane located
Overhead defines a volume of
space between itself and the
ground plane.
Base Plane

Approaches
Example Of Frontal Top View Example Of Frontal Isometric View
Frontal Approach:
A Frontal Approach Leads Directly To The Entrance Of A Building Along A Straight , Axial Path.
The Visual Goal That Terminates The Approach Is Clear, It May Be The Entire Front Façade Of
A Building Or An Entrance Within The Plane .

Oblique Approach :
An Oblique Approach Enhances The Effect Of Perspective On The Front Facade And Form Of A
Building. The Path Can Be Redirected One Or More Time To Delay And Prolong The Sequence Of The
Approach. If A Building Is Approached At An Extreme Angle , Its Entrance Can Project Beyond Its
Facade To Be More Clearly Visible.
Example of Oblique Top View Example of Oblique Isometric View
Approaches

Approaches
Spiral Approach :
A Spiral Approach Enhances The Effect Of Perspective On The Front Façade And Form Of A
Building. The Path Can Be Redirected One Or More Times To Delay And Prolong The Sequence
Of The Approach. If A Building Is Approached At The Extreme Angle, Its Entrance Project Beyond
Its Façade To Be More Clearly Visible.
Example of Spiral Isometric ViewExample of Spiral Isometric View

Door Frame
Door Frame Is Made Up Of Two Typical Members Known As
Jambs Or Posts And Flat Member Connecting The Jambs At
Top Called Head. The Cross-sectional Dimensions Of The
Jamb And The Head Are Normally Kept Same. The Size Of
Door Frame Is Worked Out After Allowing A Clearance Of 5
Mm. All-round For Convenience Of Fixing The Frame In The
Opening. Frames Made From Timber Steel Are Described
Below
Location Of Doors
(i) From Consideration Of Adequate Air Circulation
Within The Room, The Doors Should Be Provided In
Opposite Walls Facing Each Other.
(ii) From Consideration Of Proper Space Utilization And
Privacy, Doors Should As For As Possible Be Located
Near The Corner Of A Room (Say About 20 Cm Away
From The Corner).
(iii) The Location Of The Door Should Meet The Functional
Requirements Of The Room.
(iv) The Numbers Of Doors In A Room Should Be Kept In
Minimum To Achieve Optimum Utilization Of Space.
1.Battened Ledged Door
2 Battened Ledged And Braced Door
3.Battened Ledged Braced And
Framed Door
4. Framed And Panel Door
5.Glazed Or Sash Door
Types Of Door:-
11. Collapsible Steel Doors
12.Rolling Steel Shutter Doors
13.Rolling Grill Doors
14.M.S. Sheet Doors
15. Fire Check Door
6 .Flush door
7. Fly proof doors
8.Revolving doors
9. Sliding Door
10.Swing doors
Types of Doors

ELEVATION
FRAME 60x100
30mmTHICK
BATTEN
MIDDLE LEDGE
200x30
BOTTOM LEDGE
200x30
INOUT
VERTICALSECTION
x
x
Hinge
Plan
HORIZONTAL SECTION
Size
Hold fast
60x100 FRAME
200x30 LEDGES
IN
SCOTCH TE HINGE
30mm TH BATTENSPLASTERBRICK WALL
OUT
Definition:-
This Is The Simplest Form Of Door Commonly Used For
Narrow Openings. The Door Consists Of Vertical
Battens Or Boards Usually Tongued And Grooved And
Fixed Together With Horizontal Battens Known As
Ledges. There Are Three Fixed In The Middle Of The
Shutter. The Middle Ledges Is Also Known As Lock
Ledges.
Battened and Ledged Door

Battened, ledged, braced,& framed Door
Detail Plan
Frame
Top Rail
Bracing
Lock Rail
Bracing
Bottom Rail
Elevation Vertical Section
Hold fast
HORIZONTAL SECTION
Brick Wall
Frame(125X75)
Hinge
Definition:-
This Type Of Door Is Considered To The
Superior In Strength, Durability And
Appearance. The Frame Work Of This
Type Of Door Consists Of Two Vertical
Members Called Stiles, Three Horizontal
Members Known As Ledges Or Rails,
Vertical Battens And Two Inclined Braces.
The Rails Positioned Near The Top,
Middle And The Bottom Of The Shutter
Are Mortised And Tinned Into The Stiles.
The Battens Are Generally Tongued And
Grooved And V-jointed. At Their Upper
End, The Battens Are Let Into The Top
Rail While At Mid Rail While At Mid
Height And Lower Ends They Go Right
Over The Middle And Bottom Rails.

Elevation
Panelled Door Vertical And Horizontal Section
Frame
60x100 Top rail
100x35
Panel
15mm
Freeze rail
100x35
Panel
Lock rail
150x35
Panel
Bottom rail
200x35
Section
Panelled Door:-
This Type Of Door Is Commonly
Provided In All Types Of
Buildings . This Door Consists
Of Timber Frame Work Of Stiles
And Rails Which Are Grooved
On The Inside To Receive One
Or More Panels . The Door May
Be Single, Double, Three, Four
Or Six Paneled Also . The Panels
Can Be Timber, Plywood, Block
Board Or Hard Board.
Six Panelled Door
X900
B
A
EQ EQ
Plan

ELEVATION
Bottom rail
35×200
Wooden Panel
Lock
Rail
35X150
Wooden Bead
Glass
Top Rail
35×100
VERTICAL SECTION
Definition:-
This Type Of Door Is Used In Residential As Well As Public Buildings
Like Hospitals, Schools Or Colleges Etc. Glazed Or Sash Doors Are
Made In Several Designs. They Can Be Glazed Fully Or Partly.
In Case Of Partly Glazed Doors Normally The Bottom 1/3rd Height Of
The Door Is Panelled And Remaining 2/3rd Height Is Glazed. In Case
Of Partly Glazed Doors, The Stiles Are Sometimes Diminished At The
Lock Rail To Improve The Elevation And To Permit More Area Of
Glazing In The Process.
Hold Fast
Brick Wall
Frame(60×100)
Wooden
Beading
10×20
Glass
HORIZONTAL SECTION
Glazed or Sash Door

Top Rail
Stile
Solid
core of
Particle
Board
A
Cross
Band
Face
Veneer or
Plywood
Bottom Rail
ELEVATION
Solid core type Flush Door :-
Flush doors have pleasing appearance , simple
construction ,high strength and durability and
cost less as compared with panelled doors.
Flush door shutter consists of a solid or
semisolid framed skeleton covered on both
faces with either plywood or a combination of
cross bands and face veneers giving perfectly
flush and joint less surface .
In solid core type flush doors the wooden frame
used for holding the core consists of stiles, top
rails and bottom rails , width of each member
being not less than 5 cm.
Frame
Stile
Face Veneer
or Plywood
Solid core of
Particle Board
Edge of hard wood
or lipping
Solid Core Type Flush Door

Top Rail
Stile
Soft wood
strips or
laminated
core pieces
A
Cross Band
Face Veneer
or Plywood
Bottom Rail
ELEVATION
Definitions:
Flush Doors Have Pleasing Appearance ,
Simple Construction ,High Strength And
Durability And Cost Less As Compared With
Panelled Doors. Flush Door Shutter Consists
Of A Solid Or Semisolid Framed Skeleton
Covered On Both Faces With Either Plywood
Or A Combination Of Cross Bands And Face
Veneers Giving Perfectly Flush And Joint
Less Surface .
In Solid Core Type Flush Doors The Wooden
Frame Used For Holding The Core Consists
Of Stiles, Top Rails And Bottom Rails , Width
Of Each Member Being Not Less Than 5 Cm.
Fra
me
Face
veneer or
Ply Wood
Stile
Soft wood strips or
laminated core
pieces
Frame
Stile
Face veneer or
Ply Wood
Solid Core Type Flush Door

TOP RAIL
STYLE
BATTENS
INTERMEDIATE
RAIL
VOIDS
LOCK RAIL
CROSS BAND
FACE VENEER
OR PLYWOOD
A
BOTTOM RAIL
ELEVATION
HOLLOW CORE TYPE FLUSH DOOR :-In This Type ,The Frame Consists Of Stiles ,Top
Rail ,Bottom Rails And Minimum Two Intermediate Rails-each Not Less Than 75mm. In
Width. The Space Between The Stiles And The Rails Is Divided By Fixing Wooden Battens
Not Less Than 25 Mm. In Width In Such A Manner That The Voids Are Equally Distributed
And Area Of Any Void Remains Less Than 50 Cm Sq . Instead Of Battens ,Rolls Or Strips Of
Veneers Can Also Be Used For Forming Core. Plywood Sheets Or Combination Of Cross-
bands And Face Veneers Are Then Glued Under Pressure On Both Faces Of The Core .The
Thickness Of Plywood Used Should Not Be Less Than 6 Mm. In This Type Of Shutter.
ENLARGE VIEW OF HORIZONTAL SECTION
Frame
Style FACE VENEER OR PLYWOOD
EDGE OF HARD WOOD OR LIPPING
FRAME
VOIDS
FACE VENEER OR
PLYWOOD
STILE
BATTENS
EDGE OF HARD WOOD OR LIPPING
HORIZONTAL SECTION
Hollow Core type Flush door

ELEVATION VERTICAL SECTION
Frame
75×125mm
Lock Rail
35X150
Paneled
Door
This Type Of Door Is Used To Check The Entry Of Flies, Mosquitoes ,
Insects Etc. Into The Room And To Allow Free Circulation Of Air At The
Same Time. The Door Consists Of Timber Framework Of Vertical Stiles
And Horizontal Rails And The Opening Of The Panels Are Fitted With
Fine-mesh Galvanized Wire Gauge. The G.I Wire Is Fixed By Use Of
Nails And Timber Beading. Generally The Door Opening In Such A Case
Is Provided With Double Shutters. The Shutter Opening Inside The Room
Is Paneled Whereas The Fly Proof Or Wire Gauge Shutter Open Outside
The Room Or Wise Versa.
Frame(75×125)
Hold Fast
Wooden Panel
10 mm
Stile
HORIZONTAL SECTION
Fly-proof Door:-
Fly-proof Door

Styles
Glazing
Outside
Inside
Rubber Piece
Glazing
ELEVATION
Definition:
Revolving Door Provides Entrance On One Side And Exit On The Other Side
Simultaneously Keeping The Opening Automatically Classed When Not In
Use. The Door Essentially Consists Of Four Leaves Radially Attached Central
Member Is Provided With Ball-bearing At The Bottom And Bush Bearing At
The Top So As To Enable The Door To Revolve Smoothly Without Producing
Jerk.
Revolving Door

DOOR OPENING BRACKETS
TRACK
FRAME
FRAME
CHANNEL TRACKSHUTTER
FLOOR FINISH
WALL
Sliding Door Elevation

LINTEL
OPENING
CHANNEL TRACK
BALL-BEARING
SHUTTER
TROLLEY
BRACKET
Sliding Door Vertical Section

Opening
Opening
Opening
Definition:- This Type Of Door Is Suitable
For Shops, Sheds, Go-downs, Garage Etc.
And In Places Where The Use Of Hinges For
Fixing The Shutter Is To Be Avoided.
Depending Upon The Size Of The Opening ,
And The Space Available On Either Side, The
Door Can Have Single, Double Or More
Number Of Leaves Or Shutters. The Door Is
Provided With Top And Bottom Guide Rails
Or Runners Within Which The Shutters
Slide. The Guide Rails Run Past The Opening
For A Distance Equal To The Width Of The
Shutter So That When The Door Is Required
To Be Opened, The Door Shutter Occupies A
New Position Parallel To The Wall Face And
Clear Off The Opening. The Shutters Are
Also Provided With Locking Arrangements,
Handles, Stopper Etc.
Sliding Door Detail Plan

ELEVATION
Frame
100×75mm
35 Mm Thick
Flush Shutter
VERTICAL SECTION
Definitions: -
The Type Of Door Is Generally Provided In Passages Of
Buildings Like Offices, Banks Etc. The Door May Have Single
Shutter Or Two Shutters. The Shutters Are Fixed With Special
Hinges Known As Double Action Hinges Which Hold The Shutter
In The Closed Position When Not In Use.
Swing Door

Contrast–contrast Is A Point Of Focus Or Interruption . It Marks
The Location In A Composition Which Strongly Draw The
Viewers Attention. In Any Composition There Is A Primary(a
Main Focus) And A Secondary Focus. Contrast, Dominance And
Emphasis Are All One In A Composition. Another Word For
Contrast Is SURPRISE.
Contrast
Single complementary color scheme
Split complementary color scheme

Front View Isometric View Top View
Composition Project

Stairs
Dog Legged Stairs:-
It consist of two straight
flights of step with abrupt
turn between them. A
level landing is placed
across the two flights at
the change of direction.

Outer Dimensions
Durian Plan 2D

Movement: Movement is the process of relocation of objects in space over time
Movement Through Colour
Movement Through Shape
(Shape Contour)
Movement Through Line Thickness
Movement of eye from Bright(Green) to Light(White).
Contrast creates movement

Movement: Movement is the process of relocation of objects in space over time
Movement Through Texture
Movement Through GradationMovement Through Lines
Movement Through Repetition

Geeta Fulwani B.Sc. Interior Design( Residential Design Portfolio)

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Geeta Fulwani B.Sc. Interior Design( Residential Design Portfolio)