Genomics

Genomics

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  Anushi Jain MSc PartI Roll No. :12 Paper II
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  WHAT IS GENOMICS? Genomics is an area within genetics that concerns the sequencing and analysis of an organism’s genome.  It involves the study of all genes at the DNA, mRNA, and proteome level as well as the cellular or tissue level.  The term genomics was first coined in 1986 by Tom Roderick, a geneticist at the Jackson Laboratory in Maine, during a meeting about the mapping of the human genome.
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  Genomics is thestudy of all genes present in an organism. By definition, it can be defined as “A discipline in genetics that applies recombinant DNA,DNA sequencing methods and bioinformatics to sequence, assemble and analyze the structure and function of genomes.” It includes studies of intragenomic phenomena such as heterosis, epistasis, pleiotropy and other interactions between loci and alleles within the genomes.
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  HISTORY Genomics isa concept that was first developed by Fred Sanger in early 1970s, who first sequenced the complete genome of a virus and of a mitochondrion.  In 1972, Walter Fiers and his research group became the first to sequence a gene. They sequenced the gene of Bacteriophage MS2.  In 1995, Hamilton O. Smith and his team became the first to sequence a genome of a free living organism – that of Haemophilus influenzae.
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  GENETICS VS. GENOMICS GENETICSGENOMICS  Genetics is the study of heredity.  “Gene" refers to a specific sequence of DNA on a single chromosome.  Genetics involves the study of functions and composition of the single gene.  Genomics is the study of the entirety of an organism’s genes.  “Genome” refers to an organism's entire genetic makeup.  Genomics addresses all genes and their inter relationships.
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  SUBFIELDS OF GENOMICS Thedifferent research areas of genomics can be as follows : 1. Structural Genomics 2. Functional Genomics 3. Comparative Genomics
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  GOALS The main goalof genomics is to :  Sequence the entire genome by cutting it into small, manageable pieces (fragments).  Assemble the entire genome from the pieces (fragments).  Understand how gene expression takes place.
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  WHY TO SEQUENCEGENOMES?  Sequencing genomes helps understand how the genome as a whole and how the genes work together to direct the growth, development and maintenance of an entire organism.  The genome sequence will represent a valuable shortcut, thus helping to find genes much more easily and quickly.
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  TECHNICAL FOUNDATIONS The technicalfoundation of genomics involves :  Construction of Genomic and cDNA libraries  DNA Hybridization  Restriction-enzyme mapping  DNA sequencing  PCR amplification
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  STEPS IN GENOMESEQUENCING  Break genome into smaller fragments  Sequence those smaller pieces  Piece the sequences of the short fragments together GENOME SEQUENCING APPROACHES 1. Hierarchical shotgun sequencing  -Useful for sequencing genomes of higher vertebrates that contain repetitive sequences. 2. Whole genome Shotgun Sequencing  -Useful for smaller genomes.
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  HUMAN GENOME PROJECT The Human Genome Project (HGP) is an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint.  HGP was formally founded in 1990 by the US Department of Energy and the National Institute of Health and was declared completed on 14th April,2003.
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  The basic goalsof HGP were :  To indentify all the genes and their functions in a human DNA.  To determine the sequences of 3 million base pairs the makeup the human DNA.  To develop tools for data analysis.  To obtain physical map of human genome.  To store the information in public databases.
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  BENEFITS & APPLICATIONS Genomicscan be useful in following ways :  It can be used in the field of medicine for early detection of genetic diseases and its diagnosis and treatment.  It is also useful in the field of agriculture.  To study evolution through mutation lineages.  In forensic science.
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