GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM.pdf

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM.pdf

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  GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM COMPLETED BY PROF. ANIRBANHATIAL ASSISTANT PROFESSOR(MANBHUM MAHAVIDYALAYA)
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  What is GIS? ➢ The acronym GIS stands for geographic information system. ➢ GIS is a computerized mapping software. ➢ Geographic Information Systems is a computer- based tool that analyzes stores, manipulates and visualizes geographic information, usually in a map. ➢GIS helps us to make better decisions using geography.
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  Components of GIS Aworking GIS integrates five key components: hardware, software, data, people, and methods. ➢ Hardware: Hardware is the computer on which a GIS operates. Today, GIS software runs on a wide range of hardware types, from centralized computer servers to desktop computers used in stand-alone or networked configurations. ➢ Software: GIS software provides the functions and tools needed to store, analyze, and display geographic information. Key software components are ➢Tools for the input and manipulation of geographic information. ➢A database management system (DBMS). ➢Tools that support geographic query, analysis, and visualization. ➢A graphical user interface (GUI) for easy access to tools. ➢Example: Arc View, Arc Desktop, Arc GIS, ERDAS, etc
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  Components of GIS ➢Data: Possibly the most important component of a GIS is the data. Geographic data and related tabular data can be collected in-house or purchased from a commercial data provider. A GIS will integrate spatial data with other data resources and can even use a DBMS, used by most organizations to organize and maintain their data, to manage spatial data. ➢ People: GIS technology is of limited value without the people who manage the system and develop plans for applying it to real-world problems. GIS users range from technical specialists who design and maintain the system to those who use it to help them perform their everyday work. ➢ Methods: A successful GIS operates according to a well-designed plan and business rules, which are the models and operating practices unique to each organization.
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  Data acquisition techniques ➢Digitization: Digitization is a process of tracing paper maps on the top of a digitizing tablet to digital format. ➢Scanning: it converts analogue into digital data. ➢Remote Sensing: It is a technique of acquiring data without actually visiting the place. ➢ Attribute Data: Data base files for spatial data can be stores in a variety relational data base software packages on a PC.
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  GPS(Global Positioning System) ▪It is owned by governed and US department defense. . ▪ It consists of 21 active satellites and 3 spare satellite revolving around the earth in fixed orbits to gather information. ▪ GPS works 24 hours.
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  Spatial Data Formate Thetwo primary types of spatial data are Vector and Raster data in GIS. Vector Data: ◦ Vector data is not made up of a grid of pixels. Instead, vector graphics are comprised of vertices and paths. ◦ The three basic symbol types for vector data are points, lines and polygons (areas). Raster Data: Raster data is made up of pixels (also referred to as grid cells). They are usually regularly-spaced and square but they don’t have to be. Rasters often look pixilated because each pixel has its own value or class
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  Difference between VactorData and Raster Data Vactor Data ➢ Vector data consists of Raster Data coordinates. ➢ Vectors can scale objects up to the size of a billboard. ➢ It has faster display. ➢ It can also store attributes. ➢ It less pleasing to the eye. Raster Data ➢ Raster data works with pixels. ➢ But we don't get that type of flexibility with raster data. ➢ It has slower display. ➢ It cannot store attribute. ➢ It is more pleasing to the eye.
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  Raster Data Advantages ➢ Simpledata structure ➢Easy and efficient overlaying ➢Compatible with satellite imagery ➢High spatial variability is efficiently represented ➢Simple for programming ➢Same grid cells for several attributes. Disadvantages ➢ Inefficient use of computer storage ➢ Errors in perimeter and shape ➢ Difficult network analysis ➢ Inefficient projection transformations ➢ Loss of information when using large cells, Less accurate (although interactive) maps.
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  Vactor Data Advantages ➢ Compactdata structure ➢ Efficient for network analysis ➢ Efficient projection transformation ➢ Accurate map output Disadvantages ➢ Complex data structure ➢ Difficult overlay operations ➢ High spatial variability is inefficiently represented ➢ Not compatible with satellite imagery
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  GIS do thesekinds of thingh ➢ GIS accept geographic input in the form of scanned-in and digitized map images. ➢ GIS rescale or otherwise manipulate geographic data for different purposes. ➢ GIS include a database manager, usually a relational database management system (RDBMS). ➢GIS provide answers visually, usually as maps or graphs.
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  Why is GISimportant? Government ➢80% of local government activities estimated to be geographically based. ➢Plots, zoning, public works (streets, water supply, sewers). garbage collection, land ownership and valuation, public safety (fire and police). ➢Natural resource management.- ➢Highways and transportation Business ➢ Retail site selection & customer analysis ➢ Logistics: vehicle tracking & routing. ➢ Natural resource exploration. ➢ Civil engineering and construction..
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  Why is GISimportant? Military and defense ➢ Battlefield management. ➢ Satellite imagery interpretation. Research ➢ Hard Sciences: Geography, geology, botany, etc. ➢ Social Sciences: Anthropology,sociology, economics,. political science. ➢ Humanities: History, criminology.
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  GIS in dayto day ➢Improved communication. ➢Better geographic information recordkeeping. ➢Better decision making about locations. Example selecting route, zoning, planning, natural resource extraction, etc. ➢Architecture GIS Applications Conclusion: ➢ With the help of GS we are able to make sophisticated maps.
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  Conclusion ➢With the helpof GS we are able to make sophisticated maps: ➢Data gathered is about specific place, verified by theoretical or applied means and analysis is rendered. ➢GIS allows user to ergate, collect, analyze and visualize data in a integrated database for use in a wide array of displaces. ➢The biggest shift is from silo data stores to a single data repository.
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  THANK YOU