GEOGRAPHY PROJECT INDUSTRIES 2 25 06 2025

INDUSTRY
NAME – ESHAN KUMAR SINGH
CLASS- X ‘A’
Subject- Geography
ROLL No. – 25
Session- 2024-25

Industrialization in India
 Industrialization of a country means to include manufacturing industries apart from agricultural
industries to develop the country. A country that is only based on agriculture cannot develop as
much as an industrialized country can. In fact, both are the pillars that bear the responsibility of
improving and maintaining a stable economy for the country. Though industrialization has its own
disadvantages affecting the environment and health of the people without proper industrialization,
the country remains underdeveloped. It provides all the necessary elements for strengthening the
economy of the country with its technological progress. Industrialization in India started in 1854
with the first cotton mill in Bombay. Since then India has always moved forward in its industry
setup and thus making it a developing country from an underdeveloped one.
 The economy plays a significant role in the growth of every country across the world. It is the
economy that determines and separates the developed country from the underdeveloped
country. The economy of the developed nation depends mainly on the industrial sector while the
underdeveloped countries’ economy mainly depends on the agricultural sector. To revive the
economic status, industrialization plays an instrumental role in bringing the economical shift in
numerous countries across the globe and the same shift occurred with industrialization in India.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES
 Industries concentrated in certain areas which became centres of industrial
Activity the location of industry depends on the following :
 Geographical factors- These include :
 Raw materials,
 Power supply,
 Water transport,
 Labour market and climate.
 Commercial factors- these include
 Capital bank and Credit facilities,
 Government policies and Organisational efficiency.

Classification of industries
1. Raw material
 Agro-based industries: These industries use plants and animal-based products as their raw materials.
Examples, food processing, vegetable oil, cotton textile, dairy products, and leather industries.
 Mineral based industries: Mineral-based industries are based on mining and use ‘mineral ore‘ as raw
material. These industries also provide to other industries. They are used for heavy machinery and building
materials.
 Marine-based industries: Marine-based industries use raw materials from sea or ocean. Examples, fish oil.
 Forest-based industries: These industries use raw materials from the forest like wood. The industries
connected with forest are paper, pharmaceutical, and furniture.
2. Size
 Size of industries are measured by how much money is invested, employee count and goods produced.
 Small-scale industries: Small-scale industries have less capital and technology invested in them. There is
often manual labour noticed here. Example, Basket weaving, pottery, and handicrafts.
 Large-scale industries: Largescale industries are the exact opposite of small-scale industries. Here the capital
invested is large and advanced technology is in use here. Example, Automobiles and Heavy Machinery.

3. Ownership
 Private sector: Private industries are businesses that are owned and operated by an individual or
group of individuals.
 Public sector: Public industries are owned and managed by the government. Example,
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)
 Joint sector industries: These industries are jointly operated by the state and individuals.
Example, Maruti Udyog.
 Cooperative sector industries: Cooperative industries are operated by the suppliers, producers
or workers of raw material. Example, Amul India.
4. On the basis of finished product or function
1. Basic industries :These Industries form the core industries on which Other industries depend
for their manufacturing.
2. Secondary industry : These is industries processes the basic raw materials into primary goods
for direct used by the consumers.
3. Tertiary Industry :The industry provide public utility based services like Railways transport
banking

Major Industrial Regions
 In India, the distribution of industries is highly uneven. This is because of the uneven
distribution of necessary raw materials and energy resources and all the concentration
of enterprises, financial resources and other necessary conditions in large towns. The
uneven distribution of industries can be identified from the following:
 (i) Agro-based industries like cotton, jute and sugar are concentrated in the raw material
producing areas. For example, cotton textile in Maharashtra and Gujarat, sugar in Up and
Maharashtra and jute textile in West Bengal.
 (ii) The forest-based industries like paper,. plywood, resins and lac are concentrated in the
forest areas of various states.
 (iii) The coastal belt of Kerala has a heavy concentration of coir, copra and fish canning.
 (iv) Since India imports about two-thirds of its requirements of petroleum, most of the oil
refineries are located near major ports.

SUGAR INDUSTRY
Sugar industry is India's second largest organized Industry next to cotton textiles. In 2021-22
India surpassed Brazil to become largest producer of sugarcane in the world.
Products and By-Products
For farmers sugarcane is one of the most profitable cash crops. It is crushed in the factories to
produce sugar. A large amount is also used to make gur and khandsari.
By-Products: Besides providing sugar, gur and khandsari, it also supplies molasses, bagasse
and press mud. Molasses is obtained in the process of sugar manufacture involving repeated
crystallization and centrifugation. It is used in the alcohol industry for the distillation of liquor
(rum), power alcohol, etc.
It is also used in the production of certain chemicals and synthetic rubber. Bagasse, the
leftover cane after crushing, is used for producing steam which is used as a source of power
for sugar industry. It is also used for making cardboard, paper and insulation board.
Press mud is utilized for making wax, carbon paper and shoe polish
AGRO BASED INDUSTRIES

Cotton textile
 Cotton textile industry:
1. It is the fastest-growing sector in the textile industry.
2. The establishment of the cotton textile industry at any location depends on factors such as
the availability of raw cotton, demand, transportation, etc.
 Processes involved in the cultivation of silk:
1. Ginning: The process of removal of these seeds from cotton pods is known as ginning. It
can be either done using hands or by machines.
2. Spinning: It is the process of turning fiber into yarn.
3. Weaving: It refers to the process of making a piece of fabric by arranging two sets of yarn
together.
4. Knitting: Two yarns are made to use in knitting which can be done by hand and also by
machines. Example: Sweater is knitted from wool.

 The Main Cotton Manufacturing Centres
 The cotton textile industry is one of the most widely distributed industries in
India. However, it is more concentrated in the cotton growing tracts of the drier
western parts of the Peninsula and the Great Plains. Maharashtra and Gujarat
are the foremost cotton textile manufacturing states. In these states, Mumbai
and Ahmedabad contribute about 50per cent of the total installed looms and
nearly half of India's cotton mill cloth.
 In fact, Mumbai has become the most important centre of cotton textile in the
country and is rightly called the 'cottonpolis' of India. It is also known as the
'Lancashire' of India. Ahmedabad, being the second largest cotton
manufacturing city in India is referred to as 'Manchester of India.
 Mumbai and Ahmedabad have emerged as the most important cotton
manufacturing centres.

IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY
 The Iron and Steel industry in India is among the most important industries within the
country. India surpassed Japan as the second largest steel producer in January 2019. As per
world steel, India's crude steel production in 2018 was at 106.5 million tonnes (MT), 4.9%
increase from 101.5 MT in 2017, which means that India overtook Japan as the world's
second largest steel production country. Japan produced 104.3 MT in year 2018, decrease of
0.3% compared to year 2017.
 Majority of the steel companies such as Jindal Stainless, JSW Steel, Bhushan Steel, Lloyd's
Metal etc. were established in the 1970s and 1980s.The Indian steel industry was de-
licensed and de-controlled in 1991 and 1992 respectively.
 As per the industry body Indian Steel Association (ISA), India's total installed steel-making
capacity was 154 MT as of March 2023.

RAW MATERIALS
 The main raw materials used in iron and steel industry are iron ore, coal, manganese,
limestone, silica, chromate, feldspar, scrap iron, flux and fuel. Manganese is used for
hardening of steel and for removing impurities. Steel products need to be galvanized to make
them rust free. This is done by galvanizing iron with chromium, nickel and tungsten.
STEEL MAKING
 Iron ore is always found with some impurities like Sulphur, silica, phosphorus, lime, etc. So, the
impurities have to be removed to get pure iron ore that is used for making steel. The following
process is used for converting iron ore into steel:
1.ORE REDUCTION
2.STEEL MELTINING FURNANCES
3.ROLLING MILLS

Major iron and steel plant
 Steel Authority of India Limited - (SAIL) is one of the largest state-owned steel-
making companies in India and one of the top steel producers in the world.
Established in 1973, SAIL is a public sector enterprise and operates under the
administrative control of the Ministry of Steel, Government of India. Here are
some key points about SAIL:
 Overview
• Headquarters: New Delhi, India
• Products: SAIL produces a wide range of steel products including flat and long
steel products, structural, rails, plates, and specialty steels.
• Plants: SAIL operates several integrated steel plants located in Bhilai, Bokaro,
Durgapur, Rourkela, and Burnpur (Asansol). It also has a plant in Salem for
stainless steel production.

 Key Features
• Vertically Integrated: SAIL is a fully integrated iron and steel maker, producing both basic and
special steels for domestic construction, engineering, power, railway, automotive, and defense
industries.
• Raw Material: SAIL owns and operates its own mines for iron ore, limestone, and dolomite,
ensuring a steady supply of essential raw materials.
• R&D: The company has a strong focus on research and development (R&D) to innovate and
improve processes, making production more efficient and cost-effective.
 Financials
• Revenue: SAIL generates significant revenue through the sale of steel products in the domestic
and international markets.
• Profitability: The company's profitability is influenced by global steel prices, raw material costs,
and domestic demand.
 Recent Developments
• Modernization and Expansion: SAIL has been undertaking modernization and expansion
projects to enhance capacity and improve technology across its plants.

 Market Position
• Domestic Market: SAIL holds a significant share of the Indian steel market and plays a crucial
role in the country's infrastructure development.
• Global Presence: While primarily focused on the domestic market, SAIL also exports steel to
various countries, contributing to its global presence.
 Challenges
• Competition: SAIL faces competition from both domestic private players and international
steel manufacturers.
• Market Dynamics: Fluctuations in raw material prices and demand cycles in the steel industry
pose challenges to maintaining steady growth.
• Product : It produces high grade carbon steel used in structural fittings and tin plates, acid
steel for making railway wheels, axels, etc.

Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP) is one of the major integrated steel plants of Steel Authority of
India Limited (SAIL). Located in Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, it is a significant contributor to India's steel
production. Here are some key details about the Bhilai Steel Plant:
 Overview
• Location: Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, India
• Established: 1955 in collaboration with the Soviet Union
• Production Capacity: BSP has a significant production capacity, producing a wide range of
steel products.
 Key Products
• Rails and Heavy Structures: Bhilai Steel Plant is renowned for producing rails and heavy
structural. It supplies a large proportion of the rail tracks used by Indian Railways.
• Plates: The plant produces a variety of plates for various industrial applications.
• Wire Rods and Merchant Products: BSP also manufactures wire rods and merchant
products for construction and engineering industries.


 Facilities
• Blast Furnaces: The plant operates several blast furnaces that produce iron from iron ore.
• Steel Melting Shops: BSP has steel melting shops where iron is converted into steel using basic
oxygen furnaces.
• Rolling Mills: The plant has various rolling mills to shape the steel into different products such
as rails, plates, and structurals.
• Coke Ovens: These are used to convert coal into coke, which is an essential fuel for the blast
furnaces.
 Modernization and Expansion
• BSP has undergone several phases of modernization and expansion to enhance its production
capacity and incorporate the latest technologies. These efforts have focused on improving
efficiency, reducing costs, and meeting environmental standards.
 Environmental Initiatives
• Sustainability: The plant has implemented various measures to reduce its environmental
impact, including pollution control technologies, waste management systems, and efforts to
reduce water and energy consumption.

 Economic Impact
• Employment: Bhilai Steel Plant is a major employer in the region, providing direct and indirect
employment to thousands of people.
• Regional Development: The plant has contributed significantly to the economic development of Bhilai
and the surrounding areas by supporting infrastructure development, education, healthcare, and
community services.
 Challenges
• Competition: Like other SAIL plants, BSP faces competition from domestic and international steel
producers.
• Raw Material Supply: Ensuring a steady supply of quality raw materials, such as iron ore and coal, is a
constant challenge.
• Technological Upgradation: Continuous technological upgrades are necessary to maintain
competitiveness and meet the evolving needs of the market.
 Achievements
• Awards: Bhilai Steel Plant has received numerous awards and recognitions for its performance, quality,
and commitment to safety and environmental standards.
• Contribution to Railways: BSP has a long-standing association with Indian Railways, being a key
supplier of rails for the country's vast railway network.

 The software industry is a dynamic and rapidly evolving sector that plays a crucial role in driving
innovation and efficiency across various domains. It encompasses a wide range of activities, from the
development of software applications to the provision of IT services. Here's an overview of the key aspects of the
software industry:
 Overview
• Definition: The software industry involves the creation, maintenance, and support of software products and
services. This includes system software, application software, middleware, and various related services.
• Market Segments: The industry can be broadly divided into several segments, including enterprise software,
consumer software, custom software development, and embedded software.
 Key Areas
1. Software Development
1. Programming Languages: Popular languages include Java, Python, C++, JavaScript, and Ruby, among others.
2. Development Methodologies: Agile, Scrum, DevOps, and Waterfall are some of the methodologies used for software
development.
2. Enterprise Software
1. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP): Systems that integrate core business processes, including finance, HR,
manufacturing, and supply chain management.
2. Customer Relationship Management (CRM): Software that helps businesses manage interactions with customers and
potential customers.
3. Business Intelligence (BI): Tools that analyze business data to support decision-making.

1. Enterprise Software
1. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP): Systems that integrate core business processes,
including finance, HR, manufacturing, and supply chain management.
2. Customer Relationship Management (CRM): Software that helps businesses manage
interactions with customers and potential customers.
3. Business Intelligence (BI): Tools that analyze business data to support decision-making.

GEOGRAPHY PROJECT INDUSTRIES 2 25 06 2025

GEOGRAPHY PROJECT INDUSTRIES 2 25 06 2025

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