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Geotechnical Engineering–II [CE-321]
BSc Civil Engineering – 5th Semester
by
Dr. Muhammad Irfan
Assistant Professor
Civil Engg. Dept. – UET Lahore
Email: mirfan1@msn.com
Lecture Handouts: https://groups.google.com/d/forum/geotech-ii_2015session
Lecture # 17
08-Nov-2017](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/17-181123045836/85/Geotechnical-Engineering-II-Lec-17-Bearing-Capacity-of-Soil-1-320.jpg)
Geotechnical Engineering-II [Lec #17: Bearing Capacity of Soil]
- 1. 1 Geotechnical Engineering–II [CE-321] BSc Civil Engineering – 5th Semester by Dr. Muhammad Irfan Assistant Professor Civil Engg. Dept. – UET Lahore Email: [email protected] Lecture Handouts: https://groups.google.com/d/forum/geotech-ii_2015session Lecture # 17 08-Nov-2017
- 2. 2 FOUNDATION TYPES 1. Shallow Foundations a. D/B ≤ 1 (Terzaghi, 1943); later researchers said D/B can be up to 3-4. b. Depth generally less than 3m 2. Deep Foundations Focus of this course
- 3. 3 TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS 1. Square Footings 2. Combined Footings a. Rectangular Footings b. Trapezoidal Footings 3. Strip Footings 4. Mat/Raft Footings 5. Floating Foundations Spread Foundations The structural load is literally spread over a broad area under the building. Load is spread through a wider bottom part than the load-bearing foundation walls it supports. Most commonly used foundation type.
- 4. 4 TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS Square Footings Square in plan Used to support individual columns
- 5. 5 TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS Strip Footings L/B ≥ 5 To support wall loads
- 6. 6 TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS Combined Footings Rectangular/Trapezoidal To support two columns or machine base Rectangular Footing Trapezoidal Footing
- 7. 7 TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS Raft/Mat Footings To support a very heavy structure by spreading the contact pressure over a large area. For weak soil conditions To reduce settlements
- 8. 8 TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS Floating Foundations Weight of the structure is equal to the weight of the soil displaced by foundations Net increase of load over the soil is (nearly) zero Where deep deposits of weak soil stratum exists
- 9. 9 TYPES OF FOUNDATION FAILURE 1. Due to excessive settlement Maximum tolerable settlement – 25.4mm (1”) for square/strip footings – 50.8mm (2”) for mat footings 2. Due to shear failure in soil Focus of this chapter
- 10. 10 TYPES OF SHEAR FAILURE General Shear Failure Fully developed failure plane Sudden or catastrophic failure Bulging on ground surface adjacent to the foundation Most common type of shear failure Occur in relatively strong soils (Dense sand) Local Shear Failure Failure plane not completely defined Sudden jerks at failure Small amount of bulging might be observed Occur in sand or clay with medium compaction Punching Shear Failure Foundation sinks into soil like a punch Failure surface do not extend up to the ground surface Occurs in very loose sands weak clays
- 11. 11 SHEAR BASED DESIGN – GENERAL COMMENTS – Usually only necessary to analyze general shear failure. Local and punching shear failure can usually be anticipated by settlement analysis. Punching Shear Failure Local Shear Failure General Shear Failure
- 12. 12 Bearing pressure/ contact pressure is the contact force per unit area along the bottom of the foundation. BEARING CAPACITY – Basic Definitions – Bearing pressure/ contact pressure NSL Foundation Level P1 P2 P1 = Structural/Net load on soil P2 = Weight of overburden soil P = P1 + P2 = Total/Gross load supported by soil
- 13. 13 Ultimate Bearing Capacity (qu or qult) The ultimate bearing capacity is the gross pressure at the base of the foundation at which soil fails in shear. NSL Foundation Level P1 P2 P1 = Structural/Net load on soil P2 = Weight of overburden soil P = P1 + P2 = Total/Gross load supported by soil BEARING CAPACITY – Basic Definitions –
- 14. 14 Net Ultimate Bearing Capacity (qnu) It is the net increase in pressure at the base of foundation that cause shear failure of the soil. OR It is the structural load that can be carried by soil without undergoing shear failure. NSL Foundation Level P1 P2 P1 = Structural/Net load on soil P2 = Weight of overburden soil P = P1 + P2 = Total/Gross load supported by soil qnu = qu – γ.Df γ.Df = Overburden pressure BEARING CAPACITY – Basic Definitions –
- 15. 15 Net Safe Bearing Capacity (qns) It is the net pressure which can ‘safely’ be applied to the soil considering only shear failure. qns = qnu /FOS NSL Foundation Level P1 FOS - Factor of safety usually taken as 2.00 -3.00 BEARING CAPACITY – Basic Definitions –
- 16. 16 Gross Safe Bearing Capacity (qs) It is the maximum gross pressure which the soil can carry safely without shear failure. qs = qnu / FOS + γ.Df NSL Foundation Level P1 P2 BEARING CAPACITY – Basic Definitions –
- 17. 17 Net Allowable Bearing Capacity (qa or ABC) It is the maximum pressure which the soil can carry safely without undergoing shear failure and excessive settlement. qa is used for the design of foundation. BEARING CAPACITY – Basic Definitions –
- 18. 18 TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY THEORY Terzaghi (1943) developed the theory for continuous/strip foundations (simplest, 2D problem). BNNDNcq qfcult '5.0'' Contribution of: Shear strength Surcharge Soil self- weight Nc, Nq and Nγ → Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Factors → Depend upon friction angle (Φ) of soil.
- 19. 19 BNNDNcq qfcult '5.0'' TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY THEORY
- 20. 20 Terzaghi (1943) developed the theory for continuous/strip foundations (simplest, 2D problem). BNNDNcq qfcult '5.0'' Contribution of: Shear strength Surcharge Soil self- weight sBNNDsNcq qfccult '5.0'' General form of Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Theory sc and sγ → shape factors TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY THEORY
- 22. 23 CONCLUDED REFERENCE MATERIAL Foundation Analysis and Design (5th Edition) Joseph E. Bowles Chapter #4 Principles of Geotechnical Engineering (7th Edition) Braja M. Das Chapter #16