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GERIATRICS AND SPECIAL NEEDS-1.pptx notes
- 1.
- 2. DEFINITION OF TERMS. aging noun The process of growing old or maturing. An artificial process for imparting the characteristics and properties of age. age noun The length of time that a person or thing has existed. The time of life when a person becomes qualified to assume certain civil and personal rights and responsibilities, usually at 18 or 21 years; legal age. verb To cause to become old or to show the signs of becoming old. To cause to mature or ripen under controlled conditions
- 3. aged adjective Beingof advanced age; old. Characteristic of old age. noun Elderly people considered as a group.
- 4. What is aging? Aging has been defined as the collection of changes that render human beings progressively more likely to die (Medawar, 1952). Aging has also been defined as a progressive functional decline, or a gradual deterioration of physiological function with age, including a decrease in fecundity (Partridge and Mangel, 1999; Lopez-Otin et al., 2013), or the intrinsic, inevitable, and irreversible age-related process of loss of viability and increase in vulnerability (Comfort, 1964).
- 5. aging isa complex process composed of several features: 1) a rapid increase in mortality with age; 2) physiological changes that typically lead to a functional decline with age; 3) increased susceptibility to certain diseases with age. So, aging is therefore defined as a progressive deterioration of physiological function, an intrinsic age-related process of loss of viability and increase in vulnerability. Geriatrics/Gerontology is the branch of biomedical sciences that studies aging
- 6. PRINCIPLES OF GERONTOLOGICALNURSING PRACTICE Aging is a natural process common to all living organisms. Various factors influence the aging process. Unique data and knowledge are used in applying the nursing process to the older populations. The elderly share similar self-care and human needs with all other human beings. Gerontological nursing strives to help older adults achieve optimum levels of physical, psychological, social and spiritual health so that they can achieve wholeness.
- 7. FACTORS INFLUENCING AGING Heredity Nutrition Health status Life experiences Environment Activity Stress produce unique
- 8. The Aging Process Aging is a process of becomings; not a state; and seeks the opportunities for growth and experiences. Each age group faces it own set of unique cognitive, psychological, social and emotional set of problems, issues and solutions. No matter what age, vulnerability still exists. Seem to have more patience for the needs of children and babies in comparison to older, ill adults.
- 9. Your personal viewon aging Your Personal View on Aging affects your interactions with older people, the type of programming you offer, how the programming is customized. Your belief systems will show in the interactions ie. Baby talk, talking slow or loud Think about your personal view on Aging… Do you feel it will be a positive or negative experience? Are you looking forward to it? Do you subconsciously change when you interact with seniors? Talk loudly or slowly?
- 10. Positive views onaging People look forward to the “Golden Years” Society has different standards that older people are held to in comparison to younger people Have more free time to spend with friends and Family Have the freedom to do the things that couldn’t be done before
- 11. Negative views onaging Poor view of turning 60 or 70 Older you get the worse off your health Children like young adults Will end up in an old age home Age discrimination (employment, healthcare, etc) Women aren’t as beautiful as they age Become more cranky Wrinkled Skin No one wants to hang out with you unless forced to You’re a burden to society
- 12. Positive stereotype onaging Older people are nice Warm, friendly people Have lots of knowledge & wisdom Older people are well off financially Free to do as they please Old Age is peaceful and fun Senior Citizens Discount
- 13. Negative Stereotypes aboutAging Many older people are: Sick, Disabled, Demented Have no sexual desire or the thought of seniors having sex is gross Drain on the medical system Old workers are not as good as younger people Families will put you in a home when you become a burden Live in poverty or cannot afford their medications
- 14. Changes in Views& Stereotypes Society’s view and attitude towards seniors is changing Changes rapidly happening because of the growth in population Many people in the younger generation will be expected to care for older adults at some point in their life ie: service providers, volunteers, healthcare workers, policy makers, government Has your views or beliefs started to change or shift as a result of these readings?
- 15. Views and stereotypes Each age group encounters it’s own set of challenges, issues, and solutions. The media plays a big role on how our opinions are formed, tv programs, magazine ads, etc Watching how our parents interact with their parents influences how we think The arguments for the positive and negative aspects of aging are real Views are ever changing and forming, your view can be changed starting now!
- 16. Aging beginsfrom day we are born Everybody experiences aging differently and the timelines are not the same for everyone A person’s genetics ( ethnic background, parents DNA, etc) Changes in cell structure contribute to the growth and decline of the body How we treat our bodies is a major factor on how we will age
- 17. Aging is normal Changes in the body and health are not bad nor should be considered a “Dis-Ease” Changes include: Sensory System Bones, Muscles, Tissues Digestion Respiratory System Brain and Central Nervous System Metabolism Heart and Circulatory System
- 18. How wetreat our bodies will affect how our bodies age Health problems occur because of misuse, overuse, and abuse to our bodies We can help the aging process by limiting the abuse and taking care of ourselves. Incorporation of vitamins, supplements, dietary changes, exercise, anti-oxidants, detoxification, positive, mental, emotional, and physical attitudes will help Evidence from studies has shown that incorporating anti- oxidants into diet will help slow down free radical damage
- 19. As weage, our bodies change in many ways that affect the function of both individual cells and organ systems. These changes occur little by little and progress inevitably over time. However, the rate of this progression can be very different from person to person. Research in aging is beginning to find out the reasons for these changes and the genetic and environmental factors that control them. Genetic and Environmental Factors Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors Cellular Changes Associated with Aging Bodily Changes Associated with Aging Changes in Height Changes in Weight Changes in Body Composition Other Changes with Aging Normal Aging and Disease Changes in the Regulation of Body Systems
- 20. Genetic andEnvironmental Factors The aging process depends on a combination of both genetic and environmental factors. Recognizing that every individual has his or her own unique genetic makeup and environment, which interact with each other, helps us understand why the aging process can occur at such different rates in different people. Overall, genetic factors seem to be more powerful than environmental factors in determining the large differences among people in aging and lifespan
- 21. Behaviors ofa Healthy Lifestyle Not smoking Drinking alcohol in moderation Exercising Getting adequate rest Eating a diet high in fruits and vegetables Coping with stress Having a positive outlook
- 22. Cellular ChangesAssociated with Aging Aging causes functional changes in cells. For example, the rate at which cells multiply tends to slow down as we age. Certain cells that are important for our immune system to work properly (called T-cell lymphocytes) also decrease with age. In addition, age causes changes in our responses to environmental stresses or exposures, such as ultraviolet light, heat, not enough oxygen, poor nutrition, and toxins (poisons) among others.
- 23. Age alsointerferes with an important process called apoptosis, which programs cells to self-destruct or die at appropriate times. This process is necessary for tissues to remain healthy, and it is especially important in slowing down immune responses once an infection has been cleared from the body.
- 24. Bodily ChangesAssociated with Aging Our bodies normally change in appearance as we age. Changes in Height We all lose height as we age, although when the height loss begins and how quickly it progresses vary quite a bit among different people. Generally, our height increases until our late forties and then decreases about two inches by age 80. The reasons for height loss include the following:
- 25. changes in posture changes in the growth of vertebrae (the bones that make up the spine) a forward bending of the spine compression of the discs between the vertebrae increased curvature of the hips and knees decreased joint space in the trunk and extremities joint changes in the feet flattening of the arches The length of the bones in our legs does not change much.
- 26. Changes inWeight In men, body weight generally increases until their mid- fifties; then it decreases, with weight being lost faster in their late sixties and seventies. In women, body weight increases until the late sixties and then decreases at a rate slower than that of men. People that live in less technologically developed societies do not show this pattern of weight change. This suggests that reduced physical activity and changes in eating habits may be causes of the change in body weight rather than the aging process
- 27. Changes inBody Composition The proportion of the body that is made up of fat doubles between age 25 and age 75. Exercise programs may prevent or reverse much of the proportional decrease in muscle mass and increase in total body fat. This change in body composition is important to consider in nutritional planning and level of activity. The change in body composition also has an important effect on how the body handles various drugs. For example, when our body fat increases, drugs that are dissolved in fatty tissues remain in the body much longer than when our body was younger and more muscular
- 28. Other Changeswith Aging Normal aging in the absence of disease is a remarkably benign process. In other words, our body can remain healthy as we age. Although our organs may gradually lose some function, we may not even notice these changes except during periods of great exertion or stress. We may also experience slower reaction times.
- 29. Normal Agingand Disease Aging and disease are related in subtle and complex ways. Several conditions that were once thought to be part of normal aging have now been shown to be due to disease processes that can be influenced by lifestyle. For example, heart and blood vessel diseases are more common in people who eat a lot of meat and fat. Similarly, cataract formation in the eye largely depends on the amount of exposure to direct sunlight.
- 30. The aging body Problems Loss of elasticity Loss of fatty tissue Dry skin Nails thick & tough Hair- gray, lose Prevention Keep warm Don't bathe daily Use lotion Watch for skin tears Do not clip toenails Good skin care
- 31. musculoskeleton Problems Atrophy Decreasestrength Brittle bones Joint stiff & painful Prevention Ambulate Diet high in calcium, protein and vitamin
- 32. Nervous system-vision Glaucoma- increase pressure in eye s/sx tunnel vision halo around vision Cataracts thickening of lens blurring and dimming of lights Presbyopia loss of vision - aging Stroke Vessel changes in eyes
- 33. Warning signs ofvision loss Loss of coordination Squinting Odd color combinations Walking carefully Sensitive to a glare/light Can't see in dark
- 34. Nervous system-hearing warning signs Speaks loud Repeats self Doesn't react to sound Irritable around crowds Confused Can't hear high pitch sounds
- 35. Helping a patientwith hearing loss Speak clear and slow Face resident Turn off background sound Check hearing aid
- 36. Nervous system-touch Impairedsensation Watch for sharp objects Check temperature Position change frequently
- 37. Taste and smell Problems Decrease appetite c/o food tasteless Unaware of body odor Prevention Use spices Make food appealing Encourage hygiene
- 38. Nervous System Brain Problems Decreaseblood to brain Loss of brain cells Short memory Slow to react Confusion, dizziness Fatigue Short term memory loss Good long term memory Interventions Maintain safety Reorient pt
- 39. cardiovascular Problems Heart lessefficient Blood circulates with less force-poor circulation Can't tolerate stress, activities Decrease artery elasticity, narrows Heart has to work harder Interventions Rest breaks Avoid overexertion Moderate exercise
- 40. respiratory Problems Resp. muscleweak Lungs not as elastic Decrease strength to cough and clear airway Dyspnea Interventions Don't cover chest with heavy linens Turn q 2 hours Elevate HOB Encourage activity May need O2
- 41. RENAL SYSTEM Problems Decreasekidney fx. Decrease blood supply to kidney-shrinks Concentrated urine Bladder muscle weak Bladder size decrease Frequency/urgency Incontinence Nocturia Interventions Increase fluids Stop drinking after 6pm Bladder training Catheters
- 42. GI system Problems Decreasein- saliva & weak muscles taste & smell Peristalsis Loss of teeth Dysphagia Decrease calorie Increase constipation Interventions High fiber diet No spicy foods Special diets Supplements Allow time to eat Small, frequent meals