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GFAR webinar: "Farmers’ Rights: Complementarity between Researchers and Farmers"

The document outlines a webinar discussing the complementarity between farmers and researchers in the context of farmers' rights, focusing on the conservation of genetic diversity and food security. Key presentations include strategies for managing informal and formal seed systems, particularly in Peru's potato production, and the establishment of community seed banks to enhance seed diversity and availability. The overall aim is to improve smallholder farmers' livelihoods through better seed management practices and the sharing of successful strategies.

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GFAR-Secretariat@fao.org GFAR Webinar Farmers’ Rights: Complementarity between Researchers and Farmers
Presenters • Juanita Chaves (GFAR) • Jorge Andrade (CIP) • Rose Nankya (Bioversity International) • Alejandro Argumedo (Asociación ANDES) • Jeremiah Baarbé (GODAN) • Q & A Moderators: Charles Plummer/Peter Casier (GFAR)
FARMERS’ RIGHTS: HOW COMPLEMENTARITY BETWEEN RESEARCHERS AND FARMERS IMPACT THE CONSERVATION OF GENETIC DIVERSITY, FOOD SECURITY AND LIVELIHOODS OF THE POOR JUANITA CHAVES POSADA GFAR SECRETARIAT 19 SEPTEMBER, 2017
BACKGROUND • GFAR previous webinar: Farmers’ Rights: Achieving Complementarity Between the Formal and Informal Seed Systems (30 May, 2017) • Article 9 of the International Treaty (responsibility for realizing Farmers’ Rights rest with national governments)
OBJECTIVE Exchange best practices and information on how to achieve complementarity between the formal and informal systems to improve food security, conservation of plant genetic diversity and the livelihood of smallholder farmers.
EXPECTED OUTCOMES • Exchange of information, success stories and best practices • Identify challenges and possible solutions • Motivate participants, especially researchers to identify ways and tools to exchange their experiences and best practices towards achieving complementarity between the formal and informal systems
JUANITA.CHAVES@FAO.ORG Farmers at the field day, Ethiopia By Bioversity International
19 SEP 2017 Informal and formal potato seed systems in Peru: A technical perspective for improving seed quality JORGE ANDRADE-PIEDRA • WEBINAR ON FARMERS’ RIGHTS
Outline • Background • Potato in Peru • Seed degeneration • Integrated seed health strategy • Host resistance • On-farm seed management • Clean seed • Main message
10 Background Low scale farmers High biodiversity High climatic and soil variability
Potato boom in Peru Total production (t/year): •3.3 million (2000) •4.7 millio (2014) Consumption (kg/person/year) has increased: •74.6 (2007) •82.4 (2011) Yield (t/ha) has increased: •11.5 (2000) •14.8 (2014) Use of certified seed has remained very low (<0.05%)
Potato planting material (seed) • Critical input for production • Reduction of yield gap • Dissemination of new varieties • Vegetative propagation: • Bulky (1-2 t/ha) • Costly (30-40% of production cost) • Perishable (1 to 4 months) • Prone to degeneration F. Montesdeoca
FungiBacteriaViruses Insects Increase in pest incidence or severity, associated with reduction in yield or quality over successive cycles of vegetative propagation Seed degeneration Nematodes Thomas-Sharma et al., 2015
Integrated seed health strategy Resistant varieties On-farm management Clean seed Breeding Farmers’ capacity development Certification Clean seed replacemen t paradigm Thomas-Sharma et al., 2015
Resistant varieties On-farm management Clean seed Breeding Farmers’ capacity development Certification Integrated seed health strategy Thomas-Sharma et al., 2015 Integrated seed health strategy
Country Formal seed system (%) Informal seed system (%) Reference Afghanistan 0 100 Kadian et al., 2007 Bangladesh 5 95 Ilangantileke et al., 2001 Bhutan 2 98 Kadian et al., 2007 Bolivia 2 98 Hidalgo et al., 2011 China 20 80 Muthoni et al., 2013 Colombia 2-10 90-98 FPAPA, 2010; Guzmán-Barney et al., 2012 Ecuador 1-3 97-99 Thiele, 1999; ESPAC, 2012 Ethiopia 1 99 Gildemacher et al., 2009 India 20 80 Kadian et al., 2007 Indonesia 6 94 Muthoni et al., 2013 Kenya 2 98 Gildemacher et al., 2009 Pakistan 5 95 Muthoni et al., 2013 Peru 0.5 99.5 Hidalgo et al., 2011 Uganda 0.1 99.9 Gildemacher et al., 2009 Formal and informal seed systems Thomas-Sharma et al., 2015
1. Host resistance Sub tropical lowlands Temperate Tropical highlands Dry mediterranean LB Moth Frost PVY,PVX,PLRV PVY,PVX,PLRV HeatPCN Alt + LB SalinityAndean weevil Drought LB PCN Drought Frost PVY,PVX,PLRV Moth LB Heat BW Drought Salinity LB: late blight Alt:Alternaria sp. BW: bacterial wilt PCN: potato cyst nematode Mendoza, 1994 Main agroecologies and stresses PVY,PVX,PLRV
Pedigree Tuber morphology Resistance Ord CIP Number Code Female parent Male parent Skin color Flesh color Shape eye depth PVY PVX LB Abiot stress Tolerance 1 CIP309003.11 VHT-003.011 C91.612/REICHE LD-73.17 cream cream oblong shallow R R R 2 CIP309047.28 VHT-047.028 LD-54.20 C93.154 cream white oblong shallow R R MR 3 CIP309074.123 VHT-074.123 LD-10.34 92.187 cream cream oblong shallow R R MR 4 CIP309074.129 VHT4-07.129 LD-10.34 92.187 cream cream oblong shallow R S R 5 CIP309080.60 VHT-080.060 LD-10.34 LD-57.20 cream cream long oblong shallow R R MR 6 CIP309088.120 VHT-088.120 LD-30.6 LD-95.24 cream cream oblong shallow R R HR 7 CIP309093.43 VHT-093.043 LD-32.25 C93.154 cream cream long oblong shallow R R MR Drought 8 CIP309093.50 VHT-093.050 LD-32.25 C93.154 cream cream oblong shallow R R MR 9 CIP309096.118 VHT-096.118 LD-32.25 LD-39.32 cream cream oblong shallow R R MR Drought 10 CIP309103.85 VHT-103.085 LD-32.8 ZAREVO cream cream oblong shallow R R MR 11 CIP309126.64 VHT-126.064 LD-49.50 LD-39.32 cream cream long oblong shallow R R R 12 CIP309131.16 VHT-131.016 LD-73.31 C93.154 cream yellow long oblong shallow R R MR 13 CIP398017.53 391002.6 392639.31 Cream Cream Oval shallow ER R Heat 14 CIP304079.10 393075.54 Granola Cream Cream Oval shallow ER ER R Heat 15 CIP302533.40 393371.159 396272.43 Cream Cream Elliptic shallow ER ER R Heat 16 CIP304081.44 393075.54 Monalisa Cream Cream Oval shallow ER R Heat Example, clones sent to Guatemala in 2017
1. Select the best plot 2. Select the best plants 2. On-farm seed management: Select the best Orrego et al. 2011, Gildemacher et al., 2011, 2012
3. Select the best tubers from the best plants 4. Store the tubers 30-40% yield increase
Genetic Class Pre-Basic Categ. Básic I - II Categ. Registered I - II Categ. Certified I - II Categ. Authorized I - II To be sold to farmersTo be sold to farmers Reglamento de la Ley General de Semillas, PerúReglamento de la Ley General de Semillas, Perú Non- Certified Class Certified Class NARS: INIA SeedSeed producersproducers 3. Clean seed: Certification
New regulations for seed potato production in Peru • 2008: Update of seed law • 2012: Regulations for potato seed production • 2014-2015: discussions to improve regulations • Workshops (Lima, Huancayo, Andahuaylas, Cajamarca, Cusco) • 2 categories in the Non- Certified class: declared and traditional • Waiting for final approval… (nearly 2 years)
Rapidmultiplication technologies for minituber production Conventional: 5 – 8 tub/pl Sandponics: 8 – 10 tub/pl Deep water: 25 – 30 tub/pl Aeroponics: 50 – 100 tub/pl
Main messages • Peru is the largest potato producer in South America. • The informal seed system in Peru provides most of the seed for potato production, but seed quality is low. • Seed degeneration is the main cause of poor quality seed. • CIP proposes an integrated seed health approach that combines host resistance, on-farm seed management and certified seed. • Investments should focus primarily on breeding and farmers’ capacity building for on-farm seed management, and to a lesser degree on producing certified seed.
Thank you Jorge Andrade-Piedra j.andrade@cgiar.org
Community Seed Banking for Enhanced Conservation and Use of Crop Varietal Diversity Rose Nankya, Devra I. Jarvis, Isabel L. Noriega and John W. Mulumba GFAR WEBINAR PRESENTATION 19/9/2017
Background • Local seed exchange networks that occur outside the formal breeding sector influence the diversity and evolution of PGRFA • Some of the key issues determining the use of seed by farmers are availability, quantity, quality and price. •Community seedbanks effective in providing seed and diversity to farmers
General approach taken to achieve cooperation • Identify key implementation partner(s) and contact them • Development of Memoranda of understanding to make commitments, roles and responsibilities clear • Situation analysis in the project sites • Participatory approach of beneficiary groups • Understand different perspectives of stakeholders and promote a win- win scenario • Constant touch with partners
Establishment of community seedbanks • In Uganda, Bioversity partnered with National Agriculture Research Organization specifically the Plant Genetic Resources Center • Carried out seed systems studies using participatory diagnostics - focus group discussions and household surveys • Had continuous interaction with farmers and leaders at different levels; explained objectives of the research to them • Recruited field assistants from within the target communities • This approach created confidence and trust in the communities; they co- operated and supported the research and the interventions that followed
Objectives of the seed systems studies To understand : •the seed and varieties distribution •Constraints to accessing seed and varieties •Seed selection practices •Linkage of seed systems to the crop diversity on-farm
Some findings from Seed Systems Studies • Farmers got most seed from informal sources:  in Rubaya; 2013 (87%), in 2008 (91%)  in Kabwohe; 2013 (85%), in 2008 (99%). • Farmers got seed from more than one source without quality control • There was a lot of exchange between farmers • We can assume that some of the improved varieties that farmers accessed had been developed using materials from the CGIAR centers
Common bean seed quantities and the percentage contributed by each source in 2008 and 2013 in Rubaya Quantity in kg / % of Seed
Farmers got seed from more than one source in 2008 in Rubaya NEIGHBOUR =23 4 16 3 SELF = 27 VERY LOCAL MARKET = 28 NON LOCAL MARKET =7 PARENT=3 SEED COMPANY =1 4 1 2 26 2 11 1410 LOCAL AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION =13 FRIENDS OUTSIDE THE VILLAGE =3 1 1 RELATIVE IN THE VILLAGE =3 2 11 2
Some farmers still got seed from more than one source in 2013 in Rubaya 2 Fellow Farmers Very Local Market Rukore 2 Local Agriculture Extension Kagyera Neighbor 3 1 1 1 111 2 15 13 4 Self Seed Company 1 1 NARO Friends outside village 1 Parents 1 Seed Fairs 1 10 1 4
Key constraints to accessing seed as pointed out by farmers Seed being expensive to buy and transport Varieties not available Seed quality not good Some varieties getting tired when grown every season High turnover of varieties
What are community seed banks? Community driven efforts through which farmers: Select, produce, improve and at times market seeds Pool diverse varieties Ensure some quality  Store seed in the short term to serve individual farmers or several communities Can revive rare and extinct varieties Promote and protect farmers’ rights
Functions of community seed banks  Avail seed at right time on a loan basis Control the quality of seed Avail diversity of varieties Offer choices for farmers Bring seed nearer to the people Conserve varieties Link farmers to the National gene banks and breeders Revive rare or extinct varieties Improve social cohesion Empower women Increase general farmer capacities. eg in seed production etc
Common tasks of community seedbanks i) Securing diversity through: Varieties collection Variety characterization also using traditional knowledge Seed production Storage distribution
iii)Seed Quality mangement Only good quality seed is accepted at the bank Monitoring at farm level Seed treatment while at the bank with organic materials  Moisture content testing  Germination tests ii) Empowering farmers to embrace good quality seed production practices
  iv) Promotion of farmers rights  Saving, using and exchanging seed  Promoting sharing of traditional knowledge Equitable sharing of benefits Participation in decision making
KIZIBA SEED BANK SEED QUANTIES AND NO.OF BENEFICIARIES SINCE JUNE 2010
Achievements 1500 farmers have benefited so far Distributes a ton of seed in a season Increased productivity Started a business arm to produce Quality Declared Seed Opened with 27 varieties, now has 69 varieties Facilitated another farmer group to establish their seedbank in Sheema town council
Benefits to the CGIAR and general research fraternity • Since seedbanks are linked to the National genebanks, they are good channels for increasing PGRFA materials available for research easily e.g for developing new varieties • Can be an easy channel of linking/ working with farmers for a research intervention e.g testing new varieties, participatory breeding etc • Are a source of data and information on seed systems, diversity issues etc
Lessons learnt • Seedbanks may not work for all crops • Success of community seedbanking is influenced by social, cultural and economic factors • Important to first understand the dynamics of the seed system to gauge whether community seedbanking is the most appropriate intervention in that context • Important to think about and incorporate sustainability mechanisms in the process of establishing the seedbanks • Good to think through the research and developmental questions to be addressed through seedbanking
Challenges  Community seed banks going into seed production business may threaten existence of landraces  Registration of landraces not a priority in many countries  Sustainability  Market favoring few varieties
Conclusion Community seed banks provide seed security, enable continued evolution and adaptation of crop diversity in situ, provide choices; enhance resilience to climate change and other shocks, promote farmers’ rights. Despite some challenges, they remain a viable option for improving access and use of crop diversity for food security and enhancing resilience
References 1.Nankya, R., Adokorach ,J. Mulumba JW. 2012. Seed systems, genetic vulnerability and disease movement in Uganda. pp: 287-297. In: Jarvis, DI, C Fadda, P De Santis and J Thompson, editors.2012. Damage, diversity and genetic vulnerability: The role of crop genetic diversity in the agricultural production system to reduce pest and disease damage, Proceedings of an International Symposium 15-17 February, 2011, Rabat, Morocco. Bioversity International, Rome Italy. 2 Mulumba, J. W.;Nankya, R.; Catherine Kiwuka, C.; Adokorach, J. Kyomugisha, M.; Fadda, C. and Devra, I. J. Kiziba community genebank, Uganda.; in, Veernoy, R. et al (eds) 2014. Community Seed Banks: Origins, Evolution and Prospects Pages 165 -171; http://www.routledge.com/u/routledge/SeedBanks/, http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415708067/. 4. Mulumba JW, R Nankya, J Adokorach, C Kiwuka, C Fadda, P De Santis, DI Jarvis. 2012. A risk minimizing argument for traditional crop varietal diversity use to reduce pest and disease damage in agricultural ecosystem of Uganda. Agriculture, Ecosystem and the Environment, 157: 70–86. 5. Aseete, P., Nankya, R., Mulumba, J.W. An Analysis of the common bean and banana seed/ planting materials value chains and systems in Nakaseke, Kabwohe and Rubaya sites in Uganda. Technical Report, 2014. 6. http://agrobiodiversityplatform.org/cropbiodiversity/
Acknowledgement FARMERS
Farmers’ Rights and Social Learning Lessons from the CIP – Potato Park Repatriation Agreement Alejandro Argumedo Asociación ANDES Cusco, 19 September 2017 GFAR Collective Action Webinar on Farmers’ Rights
Who I am and My Presentation • Who I am • Cusco - Peru • Asociación ANDES • Content of Presentation
Farmers’ Rights are Biocultural Rights • Andean Indigenous Farmers and Biocultural Rights • Article 9 of the IT, Article 8(j) and the Nagoya Protocol • Collective Biocultural Heritage
Potato Park: Key Information Objectives: •Improve the wellbeing and food security of the Potato Park communities through responses (based on the best of Western science and Traditional Knowledge) to key agronomic, socioeconomic and environmental pressures and limitations affecting indigenous peoples and build a resilient food and farming system
The Potato Park Methods and Key activities • Biocultural Approaches to Policy and Practices • TK-based Integrated Landscape Approach for the in situ conservation and SU of PGRFA, systematically organized as Biocultural Heritage Territory • Intervention targeted at potato populations (association with other native Andean species) • Main Activities: • Conservation of Genetic Diversity of Potatoes in a Center of Origin and Diversity (Infra/intra specific) • Conservation NUS and WCR • Conservation of Ecosystem Services • Agroecology-based Sustainable Food Production • (Agro) Biodiversity-based Economic Activities and Endogenous Development • Enhancement of Local Human and Institutional Capacities for the C&SU of Indigenous Peoples’ Biocultural Heritage • Cross fertilization between science and IK (Farmer- scientist collaboration) • Coordination and Cooperation with Government Sectors
The Potato Park – CIP Repatriation Agreement • History • Objectives • Key elements
The Potato Park – CIP Repatriation Agreement • 410 potato landraces repatriated • Collaborative research on: • climate change • integrated pest management • participatory plant breeding • participatory GIS • Wild crop relatives • In-situ management • Seed Policy
Lessons Learned (1): Engagement • Active engagement of community members, including women and youth, in the design and implementation of research activities. • Access to new knowledge by CIP and by communities • Comparison and validation of knowledge has led to improved understanding of problems and solutions, helped to build trust, and led to greater awareness and valuing of the knowledge and practices of other groups. • Use of indigenous research methodologies and communications systems and formats compatible with indigenous knowledge.
Lessons Learned (2): Iterative learning • Collective, iterative learning in order to co-create knowledge in the research activities conducted under the agreement. • Effective collaborative learning between CIP staff, ANDES and Potato Park communities on climate conditions and trends, the movement of pests and diseases in relation to crops and altitudinal ranges, and pest control using traditional and modern methods. • The agreement is flexible to allow new findings, ideas and understanding to be incorporated, supporting the iterative learning processes. • Collective learning among the different communities of the Potato Park and ANDES was fostered through the identification and analysis of customary norms and values that guide sharing of resources and knowledge within and between communities, through consensus building and collaborative development of the agreement.
Lessons Learned (3): Capacity development • Providing initial capacity building to communities to negotiate agreements is crucial. • Capacity building is a two-way process between scientists and farmers. • Farmers provide capacity building to farmers in other communities on: • Development of biocultural protocols • Regoverning local food systems and the commons • Self-discovery learning and participatory action research
Lessons Learned (4): Challenging institutions • Scientists now recognize the value of traditional knowledge and collaborative research with communities, and community members beyond those directly involved with the project have adopted conservation plans. • Shift the values and practices of other public and private institutions not directly involved • Opening of spaces for ANDES and the Potato Park communities to work with government agencies in Peru, international processes, and scientists from other institutions and universities.
Conclusions • Active community participation in research processes, from design to analysis. • Equitable research partnership between indigenous farmers and scientists has linked science and traditional knowledge, and global and local knowledge, for a better understanding of climate change and food security problems and solutions. • Recognition and awareness of the role of farmers in conserving and improving plant genetic resources • Leading role in implementation of National Seed Law and the national catalogue of local/native crops • Repatriation agreement has provided a legal framework for protecting the rights of farmers over their traditional knowledge and natural resources • Support to the national government in the implementation of Agrobiodiversity Zones • Support to national and international indigenous networks on methods and tools for the conservation of genetic diversity, protection of IK, and the rights of farmers over their seeds and indigenous knowledge • Trust (Low Sharing of information from CIP to communities) • No institutional funding for the agreement and limited spread of the effects of institutional challenging to other CIP offices.
Agricultural data is a vital resource for ensuring food security.
Open data is data that can be freely used, re-used and redistributed by anyone - subject only, at most, to the requirement to attribute and (Open Data Handbook)
Ownership rights are a major factor in access and use of open data … stakeholders who are most vulnerable—small- scale farmers … have the least legal protection. (de Beer, 2016: 4, 14)(de Beer, 2016: 4, 14)
Ownership mechanisms
The data commons is a governance structure where all participants share responsibility for and engage equitably in the production of data.
Contributors need
A data commons must address the needs of contributors. Although contributors do not own their data, their needs can be
Firms that license data collection are ... characterized by differing business models, legal sophistication, methods and access to data, and relationships with contributors and users. • Sophisticated contract • Privacy and control • Commercial use allowed • Owned by governments • Stakeholders need to see value of shared data • Ownership by design • Market used to show value of open data
A data commons is based on governance mechanisms that enable access. • License copyright in data and databases. • Range of licenses. • Three layer design increases use. • Licenses copyright in compilations of data. • Option to require attribution or relicensing of derivatives.
We propose a set of licenses that ... can help collectors manage their relationships with contributors and consumers.
Dual License Model
Characteristics of the License
Growing traction Certification marks are commonly used to encourage participation and ensure benefit sharing ... the mark indicates best practices used throughout the value chain.
Jeremiah Baarbe, Meghan Blom, Jeremy de Beer. “A Data Commons for Food Security” (Working Paper 7, Ottawa, ON: Open AIR, 2017) Funding for this research was provided by the Canada First Research Excellence Fund through the Global Institute for Food Security, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) and the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) via the Open African Innovation Research (Open AIR) network. www.openair. org.za @afrinnov ation Jeremiah.baarbe@g mail.com
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GFAR webinar: "Farmers’ Rights: Complementarity between Researchers and Farmers"

  • 1.
    [email protected] GFAR Webinar Farmers’ Rights:Complementarity between Researchers and Farmers
  • 2.
    Presenters • Juanita Chaves(GFAR) • Jorge Andrade (CIP) • Rose Nankya (Bioversity International) • Alejandro Argumedo (Asociación ANDES) • Jeremiah Baarbé (GODAN) • Q & A Moderators: Charles Plummer/Peter Casier (GFAR)
  • 3.
    FARMERS’ RIGHTS: HOWCOMPLEMENTARITY BETWEEN RESEARCHERS AND FARMERS IMPACT THE CONSERVATION OF GENETIC DIVERSITY, FOOD SECURITY AND LIVELIHOODS OF THE POOR JUANITA CHAVES POSADA GFAR SECRETARIAT 19 SEPTEMBER, 2017
  • 4.
    BACKGROUND • GFAR previouswebinar: Farmers’ Rights: Achieving Complementarity Between the Formal and Informal Seed Systems (30 May, 2017) • Article 9 of the International Treaty (responsibility for realizing Farmers’ Rights rest with national governments)
  • 5.
    OBJECTIVE Exchange best practicesand information on how to achieve complementarity between the formal and informal systems to improve food security, conservation of plant genetic diversity and the livelihood of smallholder farmers.
  • 6.
    EXPECTED OUTCOMES • Exchangeof information, success stories and best practices • Identify challenges and possible solutions • Motivate participants, especially researchers to identify ways and tools to exchange their experiences and best practices towards achieving complementarity between the formal and informal systems
  • 7.
    [email protected] Farmers at thefield day, Ethiopia By Bioversity International
  • 8.
    19 SEP 2017 Informaland formal potato seed systems in Peru: A technical perspective for improving seed quality JORGE ANDRADE-PIEDRA • WEBINAR ON FARMERS’ RIGHTS
  • 9.
    Outline • Background • Potatoin Peru • Seed degeneration • Integrated seed health strategy • Host resistance • On-farm seed management • Clean seed • Main message
  • 10.
    10 Background Low scale farmers Highbiodiversity High climatic and soil variability
  • 11.
    Potato boom inPeru Total production (t/year): •3.3 million (2000) •4.7 millio (2014) Consumption (kg/person/year) has increased: •74.6 (2007) •82.4 (2011) Yield (t/ha) has increased: •11.5 (2000) •14.8 (2014) Use of certified seed has remained very low (<0.05%)
  • 12.
    Potato planting material(seed) • Critical input for production • Reduction of yield gap • Dissemination of new varieties • Vegetative propagation: • Bulky (1-2 t/ha) • Costly (30-40% of production cost) • Perishable (1 to 4 months) • Prone to degeneration F. Montesdeoca
  • 13.
    FungiBacteriaViruses Insects Increase in pestincidence or severity, associated with reduction in yield or quality over successive cycles of vegetative propagation Seed degeneration Nematodes Thomas-Sharma et al., 2015
  • 14.
    Integrated seed healthstrategy Resistant varieties On-farm management Clean seed Breeding Farmers’ capacity development Certification Clean seed replacemen t paradigm Thomas-Sharma et al., 2015
  • 15.
    Resistant varieties On-farm management Clean seed Breeding Farmers’capacity development Certification Integrated seed health strategy Thomas-Sharma et al., 2015 Integrated seed health strategy
  • 16.
    Country Formal seed system (%) Informalseed system (%) Reference Afghanistan 0 100 Kadian et al., 2007 Bangladesh 5 95 Ilangantileke et al., 2001 Bhutan 2 98 Kadian et al., 2007 Bolivia 2 98 Hidalgo et al., 2011 China 20 80 Muthoni et al., 2013 Colombia 2-10 90-98 FPAPA, 2010; Guzmán-Barney et al., 2012 Ecuador 1-3 97-99 Thiele, 1999; ESPAC, 2012 Ethiopia 1 99 Gildemacher et al., 2009 India 20 80 Kadian et al., 2007 Indonesia 6 94 Muthoni et al., 2013 Kenya 2 98 Gildemacher et al., 2009 Pakistan 5 95 Muthoni et al., 2013 Peru 0.5 99.5 Hidalgo et al., 2011 Uganda 0.1 99.9 Gildemacher et al., 2009 Formal and informal seed systems Thomas-Sharma et al., 2015
  • 17.
    1. Host resistance Subtropical lowlands Temperate Tropical highlands Dry mediterranean LB Moth Frost PVY,PVX,PLRV PVY,PVX,PLRV HeatPCN Alt + LB SalinityAndean weevil Drought LB PCN Drought Frost PVY,PVX,PLRV Moth LB Heat BW Drought Salinity LB: late blight Alt:Alternaria sp. BW: bacterial wilt PCN: potato cyst nematode Mendoza, 1994 Main agroecologies and stresses PVY,PVX,PLRV
  • 18.
    Pedigree Tuber morphologyResistance Ord CIP Number Code Female parent Male parent Skin color Flesh color Shape eye depth PVY PVX LB Abiot stress Tolerance 1 CIP309003.11 VHT-003.011 C91.612/REICHE LD-73.17 cream cream oblong shallow R R R 2 CIP309047.28 VHT-047.028 LD-54.20 C93.154 cream white oblong shallow R R MR 3 CIP309074.123 VHT-074.123 LD-10.34 92.187 cream cream oblong shallow R R MR 4 CIP309074.129 VHT4-07.129 LD-10.34 92.187 cream cream oblong shallow R S R 5 CIP309080.60 VHT-080.060 LD-10.34 LD-57.20 cream cream long oblong shallow R R MR 6 CIP309088.120 VHT-088.120 LD-30.6 LD-95.24 cream cream oblong shallow R R HR 7 CIP309093.43 VHT-093.043 LD-32.25 C93.154 cream cream long oblong shallow R R MR Drought 8 CIP309093.50 VHT-093.050 LD-32.25 C93.154 cream cream oblong shallow R R MR 9 CIP309096.118 VHT-096.118 LD-32.25 LD-39.32 cream cream oblong shallow R R MR Drought 10 CIP309103.85 VHT-103.085 LD-32.8 ZAREVO cream cream oblong shallow R R MR 11 CIP309126.64 VHT-126.064 LD-49.50 LD-39.32 cream cream long oblong shallow R R R 12 CIP309131.16 VHT-131.016 LD-73.31 C93.154 cream yellow long oblong shallow R R MR 13 CIP398017.53 391002.6 392639.31 Cream Cream Oval shallow ER R Heat 14 CIP304079.10 393075.54 Granola Cream Cream Oval shallow ER ER R Heat 15 CIP302533.40 393371.159 396272.43 Cream Cream Elliptic shallow ER ER R Heat 16 CIP304081.44 393075.54 Monalisa Cream Cream Oval shallow ER R Heat Example, clones sent to Guatemala in 2017
  • 19.
    1. Select thebest plot 2. Select the best plants 2. On-farm seed management: Select the best Orrego et al. 2011, Gildemacher et al., 2011, 2012
  • 20.
    3. Select thebest tubers from the best plants 4. Store the tubers 30-40% yield increase
  • 21.
    Genetic Class Pre-Basic Categ. Básic I -II Categ. Registered I - II Categ. Certified I - II Categ. Authorized I - II To be sold to farmersTo be sold to farmers Reglamento de la Ley General de Semillas, PerúReglamento de la Ley General de Semillas, Perú Non- Certified Class Certified Class NARS: INIA SeedSeed producersproducers 3. Clean seed: Certification
  • 22.
    New regulations forseed potato production in Peru • 2008: Update of seed law • 2012: Regulations for potato seed production • 2014-2015: discussions to improve regulations • Workshops (Lima, Huancayo, Andahuaylas, Cajamarca, Cusco) • 2 categories in the Non- Certified class: declared and traditional • Waiting for final approval… (nearly 2 years)
  • 23.
    Rapidmultiplication technologies forminituber production Conventional: 5 – 8 tub/pl Sandponics: 8 – 10 tub/pl Deep water: 25 – 30 tub/pl Aeroponics: 50 – 100 tub/pl
  • 24.
    Main messages • Peruis the largest potato producer in South America. • The informal seed system in Peru provides most of the seed for potato production, but seed quality is low. • Seed degeneration is the main cause of poor quality seed. • CIP proposes an integrated seed health approach that combines host resistance, on-farm seed management and certified seed. • Investments should focus primarily on breeding and farmers’ capacity building for on-farm seed management, and to a lesser degree on producing certified seed.
  • 25.
  • 26.
    Community Seed Bankingfor Enhanced Conservation and Use of Crop Varietal Diversity Rose Nankya, Devra I. Jarvis, Isabel L. Noriega and John W. Mulumba GFAR WEBINAR PRESENTATION 19/9/2017
  • 27.
    Background • Local seedexchange networks that occur outside the formal breeding sector influence the diversity and evolution of PGRFA • Some of the key issues determining the use of seed by farmers are availability, quantity, quality and price. •Community seedbanks effective in providing seed and diversity to farmers
  • 28.
    General approach takento achieve cooperation • Identify key implementation partner(s) and contact them • Development of Memoranda of understanding to make commitments, roles and responsibilities clear • Situation analysis in the project sites • Participatory approach of beneficiary groups • Understand different perspectives of stakeholders and promote a win- win scenario • Constant touch with partners
  • 29.
    Establishment of communityseedbanks • In Uganda, Bioversity partnered with National Agriculture Research Organization specifically the Plant Genetic Resources Center • Carried out seed systems studies using participatory diagnostics - focus group discussions and household surveys • Had continuous interaction with farmers and leaders at different levels; explained objectives of the research to them • Recruited field assistants from within the target communities • This approach created confidence and trust in the communities; they co- operated and supported the research and the interventions that followed
  • 30.
    Objectives of theseed systems studies To understand : •the seed and varieties distribution •Constraints to accessing seed and varieties •Seed selection practices •Linkage of seed systems to the crop diversity on-farm
  • 31.
    Some findings fromSeed Systems Studies • Farmers got most seed from informal sources:  in Rubaya; 2013 (87%), in 2008 (91%)  in Kabwohe; 2013 (85%), in 2008 (99%). • Farmers got seed from more than one source without quality control • There was a lot of exchange between farmers • We can assume that some of the improved varieties that farmers accessed had been developed using materials from the CGIAR centers
  • 32.
    Common bean seedquantities and the percentage contributed by each source in 2008 and 2013 in Rubaya Quantity in kg / % of Seed
  • 33.
    Farmers got seedfrom more than one source in 2008 in Rubaya NEIGHBOUR =23 4 16 3 SELF = 27 VERY LOCAL MARKET = 28 NON LOCAL MARKET =7 PARENT=3 SEED COMPANY =1 4 1 2 26 2 11 1410 LOCAL AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION =13 FRIENDS OUTSIDE THE VILLAGE =3 1 1 RELATIVE IN THE VILLAGE =3 2 11 2
  • 34.
    Some farmers stillgot seed from more than one source in 2013 in Rubaya 2 Fellow Farmers Very Local Market Rukore 2 Local Agriculture Extension Kagyera Neighbor 3 1 1 1 111 2 15 13 4 Self Seed Company 1 1 NARO Friends outside village 1 Parents 1 Seed Fairs 1 10 1 4
  • 35.
    Key constraints toaccessing seed as pointed out by farmers Seed being expensive to buy and transport Varieties not available Seed quality not good Some varieties getting tired when grown every season High turnover of varieties
  • 36.
    What are communityseed banks? Community driven efforts through which farmers: Select, produce, improve and at times market seeds Pool diverse varieties Ensure some quality  Store seed in the short term to serve individual farmers or several communities Can revive rare and extinct varieties Promote and protect farmers’ rights
  • 37.
    Functions of communityseed banks  Avail seed at right time on a loan basis Control the quality of seed Avail diversity of varieties Offer choices for farmers Bring seed nearer to the people Conserve varieties Link farmers to the National gene banks and breeders Revive rare or extinct varieties Improve social cohesion Empower women Increase general farmer capacities. eg in seed production etc
  • 38.
    Common tasks ofcommunity seedbanks i) Securing diversity through: Varieties collection Variety characterization also using traditional knowledge Seed production Storage distribution
  • 39.
    iii)Seed Quality mangement Onlygood quality seed is accepted at the bank Monitoring at farm level Seed treatment while at the bank with organic materials  Moisture content testing  Germination tests ii) Empowering farmers to embrace good quality seed production practices
  • 40.
      iv) Promotionof farmers rights  Saving, using and exchanging seed  Promoting sharing of traditional knowledge Equitable sharing of benefits Participation in decision making
  • 41.
    KIZIBA SEED BANKSEED QUANTIES AND NO.OF BENEFICIARIES SINCE JUNE 2010
  • 42.
    Achievements 1500 farmers havebenefited so far Distributes a ton of seed in a season Increased productivity Started a business arm to produce Quality Declared Seed Opened with 27 varieties, now has 69 varieties Facilitated another farmer group to establish their seedbank in Sheema town council
  • 43.
    Benefits to theCGIAR and general research fraternity • Since seedbanks are linked to the National genebanks, they are good channels for increasing PGRFA materials available for research easily e.g for developing new varieties • Can be an easy channel of linking/ working with farmers for a research intervention e.g testing new varieties, participatory breeding etc • Are a source of data and information on seed systems, diversity issues etc
  • 44.
    Lessons learnt • Seedbanksmay not work for all crops • Success of community seedbanking is influenced by social, cultural and economic factors • Important to first understand the dynamics of the seed system to gauge whether community seedbanking is the most appropriate intervention in that context • Important to think about and incorporate sustainability mechanisms in the process of establishing the seedbanks • Good to think through the research and developmental questions to be addressed through seedbanking
  • 45.
    Challenges  Community seedbanks going into seed production business may threaten existence of landraces  Registration of landraces not a priority in many countries  Sustainability  Market favoring few varieties
  • 46.
    Conclusion Community seed banksprovide seed security, enable continued evolution and adaptation of crop diversity in situ, provide choices; enhance resilience to climate change and other shocks, promote farmers’ rights. Despite some challenges, they remain a viable option for improving access and use of crop diversity for food security and enhancing resilience
  • 47.
    References 1.Nankya, R., Adokorach,J. Mulumba JW. 2012. Seed systems, genetic vulnerability and disease movement in Uganda. pp: 287-297. In: Jarvis, DI, C Fadda, P De Santis and J Thompson, editors.2012. Damage, diversity and genetic vulnerability: The role of crop genetic diversity in the agricultural production system to reduce pest and disease damage, Proceedings of an International Symposium 15-17 February, 2011, Rabat, Morocco. Bioversity International, Rome Italy. 2 Mulumba, J. W.;Nankya, R.; Catherine Kiwuka, C.; Adokorach, J. Kyomugisha, M.; Fadda, C. and Devra, I. J. Kiziba community genebank, Uganda.; in, Veernoy, R. et al (eds) 2014. Community Seed Banks: Origins, Evolution and Prospects Pages 165 -171; http://www.routledge.com/u/routledge/SeedBanks/, http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415708067/. 4. Mulumba JW, R Nankya, J Adokorach, C Kiwuka, C Fadda, P De Santis, DI Jarvis. 2012. A risk minimizing argument for traditional crop varietal diversity use to reduce pest and disease damage in agricultural ecosystem of Uganda. Agriculture, Ecosystem and the Environment, 157: 70–86. 5. Aseete, P., Nankya, R., Mulumba, J.W. An Analysis of the common bean and banana seed/ planting materials value chains and systems in Nakaseke, Kabwohe and Rubaya sites in Uganda. Technical Report, 2014. 6. http://agrobiodiversityplatform.org/cropbiodiversity/
  • 48.
  • 50.
    Farmers’ Rights and Social Learning Lessonsfrom the CIP – Potato Park Repatriation Agreement Alejandro Argumedo Asociación ANDES Cusco, 19 September 2017 GFAR Collective Action Webinar on Farmers’ Rights
  • 51.
    Who I amand My Presentation • Who I am • Cusco - Peru • Asociación ANDES • Content of Presentation
  • 52.
    Farmers’ Rights are Biocultural Rights • AndeanIndigenous Farmers and Biocultural Rights • Article 9 of the IT, Article 8(j) and the Nagoya Protocol • Collective Biocultural Heritage
  • 53.
    Potato Park: Key Information Objectives: •Improvethe wellbeing and food security of the Potato Park communities through responses (based on the best of Western science and Traditional Knowledge) to key agronomic, socioeconomic and environmental pressures and limitations affecting indigenous peoples and build a resilient food and farming system
  • 54.
    The Potato Park Methodsand Key activities • Biocultural Approaches to Policy and Practices • TK-based Integrated Landscape Approach for the in situ conservation and SU of PGRFA, systematically organized as Biocultural Heritage Territory • Intervention targeted at potato populations (association with other native Andean species) • Main Activities: • Conservation of Genetic Diversity of Potatoes in a Center of Origin and Diversity (Infra/intra specific) • Conservation NUS and WCR • Conservation of Ecosystem Services • Agroecology-based Sustainable Food Production • (Agro) Biodiversity-based Economic Activities and Endogenous Development • Enhancement of Local Human and Institutional Capacities for the C&SU of Indigenous Peoples’ Biocultural Heritage • Cross fertilization between science and IK (Farmer- scientist collaboration) • Coordination and Cooperation with Government Sectors
  • 55.
    The Potato Park– CIP Repatriation Agreement • History • Objectives • Key elements
  • 56.
    The Potato Park– CIP Repatriation Agreement • 410 potato landraces repatriated • Collaborative research on: • climate change • integrated pest management • participatory plant breeding • participatory GIS • Wild crop relatives • In-situ management • Seed Policy
  • 57.
    Lessons Learned (1): Engagement •Active engagement of community members, including women and youth, in the design and implementation of research activities. • Access to new knowledge by CIP and by communities • Comparison and validation of knowledge has led to improved understanding of problems and solutions, helped to build trust, and led to greater awareness and valuing of the knowledge and practices of other groups. • Use of indigenous research methodologies and communications systems and formats compatible with indigenous knowledge.
  • 58.
    Lessons Learned (2): Iterativelearning • Collective, iterative learning in order to co-create knowledge in the research activities conducted under the agreement. • Effective collaborative learning between CIP staff, ANDES and Potato Park communities on climate conditions and trends, the movement of pests and diseases in relation to crops and altitudinal ranges, and pest control using traditional and modern methods. • The agreement is flexible to allow new findings, ideas and understanding to be incorporated, supporting the iterative learning processes. • Collective learning among the different communities of the Potato Park and ANDES was fostered through the identification and analysis of customary norms and values that guide sharing of resources and knowledge within and between communities, through consensus building and collaborative development of the agreement.
  • 59.
    Lessons Learned (3): Capacitydevelopment • Providing initial capacity building to communities to negotiate agreements is crucial. • Capacity building is a two-way process between scientists and farmers. • Farmers provide capacity building to farmers in other communities on: • Development of biocultural protocols • Regoverning local food systems and the commons • Self-discovery learning and participatory action research
  • 60.
    Lessons Learned (4): Challenginginstitutions • Scientists now recognize the value of traditional knowledge and collaborative research with communities, and community members beyond those directly involved with the project have adopted conservation plans. • Shift the values and practices of other public and private institutions not directly involved • Opening of spaces for ANDES and the Potato Park communities to work with government agencies in Peru, international processes, and scientists from other institutions and universities.
  • 61.
    Conclusions • Active communityparticipation in research processes, from design to analysis. • Equitable research partnership between indigenous farmers and scientists has linked science and traditional knowledge, and global and local knowledge, for a better understanding of climate change and food security problems and solutions. • Recognition and awareness of the role of farmers in conserving and improving plant genetic resources • Leading role in implementation of National Seed Law and the national catalogue of local/native crops • Repatriation agreement has provided a legal framework for protecting the rights of farmers over their traditional knowledge and natural resources • Support to the national government in the implementation of Agrobiodiversity Zones • Support to national and international indigenous networks on methods and tools for the conservation of genetic diversity, protection of IK, and the rights of farmers over their seeds and indigenous knowledge • Trust (Low Sharing of information from CIP to communities) • No institutional funding for the agreement and limited spread of the effects of institutional challenging to other CIP offices.
  • 63.
    Agricultural data isa vital resource for ensuring food security.
  • 64.
    Open data isdata that can be freely used, re-used and redistributed by anyone - subject only, at most, to the requirement to attribute and (Open Data Handbook)
  • 66.
    Ownership rights area major factor in access and use of open data … stakeholders who are most vulnerable—small- scale farmers … have the least legal protection. (de Beer, 2016: 4, 14)(de Beer, 2016: 4, 14)
  • 67.
  • 69.
    The data commonsis a governance structure where all participants share responsibility for and engage equitably in the production of data.
  • 70.
  • 71.
    A data commons mustaddress the needs of contributors. Although contributors do not own their data, their needs can be
  • 72.
    Firms that licensedata collection are ... characterized by differing business models, legal sophistication, methods and access to data, and relationships with contributors and users. • Sophisticated contract • Privacy and control • Commercial use allowed • Owned by governments • Stakeholders need to see value of shared data • Ownership by design • Market used to show value of open data
  • 73.
    A data commonsis based on governance mechanisms that enable access. • License copyright in data and databases. • Range of licenses. • Three layer design increases use. • Licenses copyright in compilations of data. • Option to require attribution or relicensing of derivatives.
  • 74.
    We propose aset of licenses that ... can help collectors manage their relationships with contributors and consumers.
  • 75.
  • 76.
  • 77.
    Growing traction Certification marks arecommonly used to encourage participation and ensure benefit sharing ... the mark indicates best practices used throughout the value chain.
  • 78.
    Jeremiah Baarbe, MeghanBlom, Jeremy de Beer. “A Data Commons for Food Security” (Working Paper 7, Ottawa, ON: Open AIR, 2017) Funding for this research was provided by the Canada First Research Excellence Fund through the Global Institute for Food Security, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) and the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) via the Open African Innovation Research (Open AIR) network. www.openair. org.za @afrinnov ation Jeremiah.baarbe@g mail.com
  • 79.

Editor's Notes

  • #9 To change the cover photo in this template, right click and select “Change Picture…”
  • #55 Structure and Functions Policies and practices based on the profound links between nature and culture and the value of diversity for resilience can support creativity, encourage better adapted responses, and empower people to value their identity and knowledge
  • #57  The agreement is one of the few examples where the usually separated formal and informal seed systems are collaborating directly for mutual benefit
  • #62 Policies and practices based on the profound links between nature and culture and the value of diversity for resilience can support creativity, encourage better adapted responses, and empower people to value their identity and knowledge
  • #66 complementarity
  • #69 Three categories of stakeholders participate in the community of data production and use; they are the key members in the data commons (Manovich, 2012: 460). Contributors provide access to the phenomenon being captured. They are often farmers, landholders, and front-line workers. Collectors gather data and make it available. Typically comprised of firms, intermediaries, and governments, collectors are the legal owners of the data and are responsible for opening access through licensing
  • #71 AFBF (2014) “more than 81 percent believe they retain ownership of their farm data. Engagement Contracts of adhesion = no negotiating or ability for contributors to ensure their needs are met Privacy and control Fundamental human right, e.g. United States, Canada, EU. But no international consensus. Linked – privacy is the ability to control who has access. Privacy concerns for farmers But when data is anonymized, control stops. Access to data
  • #72 Of these stakeholders, the open data literature primarily focuses on the relationship between collectors and consumers. Failing to meet contributors’ needs is inefficient because it can lead to alienation, an erosion of trust, and a loss of access to data. This power divide creates risks for farmers and results in coercive data collection tactics. As farmers understand these risks they may withdraw from data collection or seek open access options that meet their needs. “Fully 77.5 percent of farmers surveyed said they feared regulators and other government officials might gain access to their private information without their knowledge or permission. Nearly 76 percent of respondents said they were concerned others could use their information for commodity market speculation without their consent”
  • #78 Certification marks are trademarks that a certifying organization can issue to entities that meet qualifying standards. The marks tell customers that certified products comply with standards that they care about In the data commons, a certification mark would indicate to contributors, collectors, and consumers: (1) that the data is sourced equitably; (2) that the collector offers open data; and (3) which collectors use the back-tofront license. Use of the mark will motivate collectors to participate in the commons by drawing positive attention to their data collection practices while building trust with contributors and consumers.