Global Warming a global cause , it's prevention.

DR. BR AMBEDKAR NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
GROUP MEMBERS:
Rajveer singh (66)
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Submitted to :
DR. Phibe Khalkho

TABLE OF CONTENTS
• 1.Introduction to Global Warming: Causes and effects
• 2.Greenhouse Gases: Sources and Impact on Climate
• 3.The Role of Human Activities in Climate Change
• 4.Impacts of Global Warming On Ecosystems and Biodiversity
• 5.Rising Sea Levels: Consequences and Adaptation Strategies
• 6.Global Warming and Public Health: Risks and Challenges
• 7.International Efforts to Combat climate Change: Treaties and
Aggrement
• 8.Renewable Energy Solutions: Mitigating Global Warming
• 9.Conclusion

z
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
The Greenhouse effect is a
natural process that warms the
earth’s surface. When the sun’s
energy reaches the Earth’s
atmosphere, some of it is
reflected back to the space and
some is absorbed and re-
radiated by greenhouse gases.
The absorbed energy warms the
atmosphere and the surface of
the earth.

z CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING
 MAN-MADE CAUSES
 Deforestation
 Use of vehicles
 Chlorofluorocarbon
 Industrial Development
 Agriculture
 Overpopulation
 NATURAL CAUSES
 Volcanoes
 Melting Permafrost
 Forest Blazes
 Water Vapour

Volcanoes
Volcanoes are one of the largest natural contributors to
global warming. The ash and smoke emitted during
volcanic eruptions goes out into the atmosphere and
affects the climate.
Water Vapor
Water Vapor is a kind of greenhouse gas. Due to the increase in the
earth's temperature more water gets evaporated from the water bodies
and stays in the atmosphere adding to global warming
Melting Permafrost
Permafrost is there where glaciers are present. It is a frozen soil
that has environmental gases trapped in it for several years. As the
permafrost melts, it releases the gases back into the atmosphere
increasing the earth's temperature.
Forest Blazes
Forest blazes or forest fires emit a large amount of carbon-containing smoke.
These gases are released into the atmosphere and increase the earth's
temperature resulting in global warming

z
• Increase in the average temperature of the earth.
• Alterations in the ecology, including an increasing sea level and
modifying the quantity and pattern of rainfall.
• Boost the occurrence and concentration of severe climate
events, such as floods, famines, heat waves etc.
• Glacier melting, lesser summer stream flows, gen.~ extinctions
and rise in the ranges of disease vectors.
• Effects the marine life.
• The global warming is extending the distribution of mosquitoes
due to the increase in humidity levels and their frequent growth
in warmer atmosphere.

Greenhouse Gases:
Sources and Impact On
Climate

• Transportation-The transportation sector generates the largest share of greenhouse gas
emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions from transportation primarily come from burning fossil fuel for
our cars, trucks, ships, trains, and planes. Over 94% of the fuel used for transportation is petroleum
based, which includes primarily gasoline and diesel.
• Electricity production-Electric power generates the second largest share of greenhouse
gas emissions and includes emissions from electricity production used by other end use sectors (e.g.,
industry). In 2021, 60% of our electricity comes from burning fossil fuels, mostly coal and natural gas.
• Industry- Greenhouse gas emissions from industry primarily come from burning fossil fuels for
energy, as well as greenhouse gas emissions from certain chemical reactions necessary to produce
goods from raw materials.
• Agriculture-Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture come from livestock such as cows,
agricultural soils, and rice production.

• Land use and Forestary- land areas can act as a sink (absorbing
CO2 from the atmosphere) or a source of greenhouse gas emissions.
• Commercial and Residental-Greenhouse gas emissions from the
commercial and residential sector include fossil fuels burned for heat and the use of
gases for refrigeration and cooling in buildings, and non-building specific emissions
such as the handling of waste.

transportation, 28%
electricity pro., 25%
industry, 23%
agriculture, 10%
land and forestary, 12%
commercial, 13%
GREEN HOUSE EMESSION ACC. TO 2021 DATA

• Global Warming- It is the phenomenon of a gradual increase in the
average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere. The main cause for this
environmental issue is the increased volumes of greenhouse gases such as carbon
dioxide and methane released by the burning of fossil fuels, emissions from the
vehicles, industries and other human activities.
• Depletion of Ozone Layer- Ozone Layer protects the earth from harmful
ultraviolet rays from the sun. It is found in the upper regions of the stratosphere. The
depletion of the ozone layer results in the entry of the harmful UV rays to the earth’s
surface that might lead to skin cancer and can also change the climate drastically.
The major cause of this phenomenon is the accumulation of natural greenhouse
gases chl chlorofluorocarbons, carbon dioxide, methane, etc.

• Runaway Greenhouse Effect-This phenomenon occurs when the
planet absorbs more radiation than it can radiate back. Thus, the heat lost from the
earth’s surface is less and the temperature of the planet keeps rising.
• Smog and Air Pollution-Smog is formed by the combination of smoke
and fog. It can be caused both by natural means and man-made activities.
In general, smog is generally formed by the accumulation of more greenhouse gases
including
nitrogen and sulfur oxides. The major contributors to the formation of smog aare
automobile and industrial emissions, agricultural fires, natural forest fires aand the
reaction of these chemicals among themselves.

• Acidification of Water Bodies-Increase in the total amount of
greenhouse gases in the air has turned most of the world’s water bodies acidic. The
greenhouse gases mix with the rainwater and fall as acid rain. This leads to the
acidification of water bodies.
Also, the rainwater carries the contaminants along with it and falls into the river,
streams and th lakes thereby causing their acidification.

The Role of Human Activities
in Climate Change

Climate variability – variations in climate patterns, beyond individual
weather events, that occur within smaller timeframes, such as a month, a
season or a year that are generally attributed to natural causes
CO2 equivalent - a unit of measurement that compares the number of
metric tons of CO2 emissions with the same global warming potential as one
metric ton of another greenhouse gas
Greenhouse effect – a phenomenon that occurs when gases in the
atmosphere trap heat emitted by the planet
Greenhouse gases – a set of naturally occurring and man-made gases in
earth’s atmosphere that trap heat, while allowing sunlight to pass through;
many greenhouse gases are extremely long-lived, with some remaining
airborne for tens to hundreds of years after being released

Greenhouse Effect
The atmosphere’s ability to trap thermal energy or heat is called
the greenhouse effect. Normally, the greenhouse effect is an
essential process that keeps our planet temperate and habitable.
Because human activities produce additional thermal energy and
emit greenhouse gases into the atmosphere—increasing the
amount of heat being trapped—global warming occurs.
The following graph shows how the rise in global temperature
correlates with the rise of CO2 in the atmosphere.

Human Activities & Climate Change
Human activities are responsible for almost all of the increase in
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere over the last 150 years. The
largest source of greenhouse gas emissions from human activities in
the United States is from burning fossil fuels for electricity, heat, and
transportation. To slow climate change, we will need to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions.
Different greenhouse gases have different global warming potentials
(i.e. how long they remain in the atmosphere, how strongly they
absorb energy, and how they contribute to warming the earth). To
make the calculations easier, scientists estimate emissions in tons of
CO2 equivalent.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Using electricity, disposing of waste, driving
to school, and many of our other daily
activities emit greenhouse gases into the
atmosphere. The greenhouse gases are
water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide
(CO2), methane (CH4), ozone (O3),
nitrous oxide (N2O), and
chlorofluorocarbons. Some greenhouse
gases occur naturally, others are man-
made.

IMPACTS OF GLOBAL
WARMING ON BIODIVERSITY
AND ECOSYSTEM

HABITAT LOSS AND
FRAGMENTATION
• Rising temperatures can lead to the loss and fragmentation of habitats critical for
various species.
• For example, melting polar ice caps threaten the habitats of polar bears, while
coral bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures endangers the ecosystems
dependent on coral reefs.
Shifts in Species Distribution
• Many species are forced to move to higher latitudes or elevations as
temperatures change, disrupting existing ecosystems and potentially leading to
competition with or predation upon native species.

LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY
• The combination of habitat loss, shifting ecosystems, and changing
environmental conditions can lead to a loss of biodiversity.
• Species unable to adapt or migrate face extinction, resulting in reduced genetic
diversity and ecosystem stability.
Altered Ecosystem Services
• Ecosystem services, such as pollination, water purification, and carbon
sequestration, are disrupted by global warming.
• For example, changes in precipitation patterns can affect water availability,
leading to droughts or floods that impact agriculture, water supplies, and human
livelihoods.

INCREASED EXTINCTION RISK
• Many species are unable to adapt quickly enough to the rapid pace of
climate change, increasing the risk of extinction.
• This is particularly concerning for specialized species with narrow habitat
requirements.
Changes in Phenology
• Global warming can alter the timing of biological events such as flowering,
migration, and hibernation, leading to mismatches between species
interactions (e.g., predator-prey relationships) and disrupting ecosystem
functioning.

OCEAN ACIDIFICATION
• Increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere lead to higher levels of
carbon dioxide being absorbed by the oceans, resulting in ocean
acidification.
• This can have detrimental effects on marine life, particularly organisms
with calcium carbonate shells such as corals, shellfish, and plankton.
Increased Disease Spread
• Warmer temperatures can facilitate the spread of diseases among
species, as pathogens and vectors expand their ranges into new areas.
• This can have cascading effects on ecosystem dynamics and species
populations.

Rising sea level
What is rising sea level ?
Sea levels are rising due to melting ice and
thermal expansion related to global warming.

THE KEY MECHANISMS LINKING GLOBAL
WARMING TO SEA LEVEL RISE INCLUDE:
1.Thermal Expansion: As the Earth's temperature rises due to the
enhanced greenhouse effect, the oceans absorb heat. The absorbed
heat causes the water molecules to expand, leading to an increase in
the volume of the ocean. This process, known as thermal expansion,
is a significant contributor to rising sea levels.
2.Melting Ice: Higher global temperatures lead to the melting of ice
from glaciers, ice caps, and polar ice sheets. This melted ice adds
freshwater to the oceans, contributing to an increase in sea level. The
two main ice sheets of concern are in Greenland and Antarctica,
which contain vast amounts of ice that, if melted, would substantially
raise sea levels.

International effort to combat
climate change : Treaties and
Agreement
Efforts to combat climate change involve various
treaties and agreements among nations. Some
significant international agreements include:
1. United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC)
2. Kyoto Protocol
3. Paris Agreement
4. Montreal Protocol
5. Kigali Amendment

Brief explanation of the treaties &
agreements
• (UNFCCC): Adopted in 1992, it's the foundational
treaty that sets the overall framework for
intergovernmental efforts to tackle climate change.
• Kyoto Protocol: Established in 1997 under the
UNFCCC, it set binding targets for industrialized
countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
• Paris Agreement: Adopted in 2015, it aims to limit
global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius
above pre-industrial levels, with efforts to limit the
temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius.

• Montreal Protocol: primarily aimed at addressing
ozone depletion, it indirectly contributes to climate
change mitigation by phasing out substances that
deplete the ozone layer, which are also potent
greenhouse gases.
• Kigali Amendment: An amendment to the Montreal
Protocol agreed upon in 2016, it aims to phase down
the production and consumption of
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are potent
greenhouse gases used mainly in refrigeration and air
conditioning.

Renewable Energy
Solutions:-Mitigating
Global Warming

Renewable Energy
• Maine is endowed with plentiful bioenergy, wind, hydropower,
ocean, and other renewable energy resources.
• Non-hydro renewables are responsible for 32% of in-state
generation, a higher percentage than in any other state in the
nation.

Renewable Energy
• Maine is home to the country’s first tidal energy device to
generate electricity for the power grid and first working
offshore wind turbine (as of 2014).

Solar Energy
We use solar thermal energy systems to
• heat water for use in homes, buildings, or swimming pools
• heat the inside of homes, greenhouses, and other buildings
• heat fluids to high temperatures in solar thermal power plants
Solar photovoltaic devices, or solar cells, change sunlight
directly into electricity.

Solar Energy
The two main benefits of using solar energy are
• Systems do not produce air pollutants or carbon dioxide.
• Systems on buildings have minimal impact on the environment.
The main limitations of solar energy are
• The amount of sunlight that arrives at the earth's surface is not constant. The amount of sunlight
varies depending on location, time of day, season of the year, and weather conditions.
• The amount of sunlight reaching a square foot of the earth's surface is relatively small, so a large
surface area is necessary to absorb or collect a useful amount of energy.

Wind Energy
• Wind turbines operate on a simple principle. The energy in
the wind turns two or three propeller-like blades around a
rotor. The rotor is connected to the main shaft, which spins a
generator to create electricity.

Wind Energy
• Wind turbines are mounted on a tower to capture the most
energy. At 100 feet or more above ground, they can take
advantage of faster and less turbulent wind.
• Wind turbines can be used to produce electricity for a single
home or building, or they can be connected to an electricity
grid for more widespread electricity distribution.

Wind Energy
• Advantages of Wind Energy
– Clean and renewable source of power
– Cost effective
– Rapid growth of industry, large potential
• Disadvantages of Wind Energy
– Wind reliability
– Threat to wildlife
– Noise and visual pollution

Tidal Energy
• Tidal Stream Generator
– Makes use of the kinetic energy of moving water to power turbines, in
a similar way to wind turbines that use wind to power turbines.
• Tidal Barrage
– Tidal barrages make use of the potential energy in the difference in
height between high and low tides.

Tidal Energy
• Advantages
– Clean fuel source compared to fossil fuels
– Domestic source of energy
• Disadvantages
– Tidal power can have effects on marine life.
• The turbines can accidentally kill swimming sea life with the
rotating blades.
• Some fish may no longer utilize the area if threatened with a
constant rotating or noise-making object.
• Installing a barrage may change the shoreline within the
bay or estuary, affecting a large ecosystem that depends on tidal
flats.

Wave Energy
• Ocean waves contain tremendous energy
potential.
• Wave power devices extract energy from the
surface motion of ocean waves or from
pressure fluctuations below the surface.

Wave Energy
• Advantages
– Renewable
– Environmentally friendly compared to fossil fuel energy
– Variety of designs to use
– Less energy dependence from foreign governments
• Disadvantages
– Can affect the marine environment
– May disturb private or commercial shipping
– Dependent on wavelength for best operation
– Poor performance in rough weather
– Visual/noise issues

Geothermal Energy
• (geo = earth and thermal = heat), geothermal energy comes
from heat produced by the Earth.

Geothermal Energy
• Direct geothermal energy can be accessed in areas where hot
springs/geothermal reservoirs are near the surface of the
Earth.
• Geothermal heat pumps utilizes a series of underground
pipes, an electric compressor and a heat exchanger to absorb
and transfer heat.
• Geothermal power plants also harness the heat of the Earth
through hot water and steam. In these plants, heat is used to
generate electricity.

Geothermal Energy
• Advantages
– Renewable energy
– Cleaner than burning fossil fuels
• Disadvantages
– Cost of drilling, researching proper areas
– Requires a suitable location

Biofuels
• The two most common types of biofuels
are ethanol and biodiesel.

Biofuels
– Ethanol is an alcohol.
– Ethanol is mostly used as a fuel additive to cut down a vehicle's
carbon monoxide and other smog-causing emissions.

Biofuels
• Biodiesel is made by combining alcohol (usually methanol)
with vegetable oil, animal fat, or recycled cooking greases.
• It can be used as an additive to reduce vehicle emissions
(typically 20%) or in its pure form as a renewable alternative
fuel for diesel engines.

Biofuels
• Advantages
– Easy to source
– Renewable
– Reduces greenhouse gases
– Reduced dependence on foreign energy
• Disadvantages
– Higher cost of production (lower supply than gasoline)
– Monoculture
– Shortage of food
– Water Use

.Talent management remains a critical aspect of
organizational success, requiring ongoing attention and
investment.
• .By adopting holistic talent management strategies,
organizations can effectively nurture their workforce,
drive innovation, and maintain a competitive edge in
the market.
• .As we navigate through evolving trends and
challenges, the ability to attract, develop, and retain
top talent will remain paramount for organizations
aiming to thrive in the future.

Renewable Energy 101
National Geographic (~3:17)

Global Warming a global cause , it's prevention.

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