Downloaded 1,295 times
Uploaded byPRAMODA G
Gondwana supergroup
The document provides information on the Gondwana Supergroup, a geological formation found in India. It discusses the distribution, lithology, stratigraphic classification, and economic significance of the Gondwana Supergroup. The formation consists of 6-7 km of fluviatile and lacustrine deposits, including sandstones, shales, clays, conglomerates and coal seams. It is divided into lower and upper divisions based on fossil evidence. Major coal deposits are found in the Barakar and Raniganj formations, and iron ore, clay and building stone are also economically extracted from the Gondwana Supergroup.
In this document
Powered by AI
Introduction to the Gondwana Supergroup seminar, covering contents like distribution and economic significance.
Definition of Gondwana and its derivation, along with the concept of supergroup in geology.
A geographical representation of the Gondwana basin in Peninsular India.
Lithology of the Gondwana supergroup, including deposits, types of rocks (sandstone, shale, etc.), and glacial deposits.
Details on topography of Gondwana, sediment distribution in basins, and stratigraphic classifications.
Explanations of the two-fold and three-fold classification systems of Gondwana based on flora.
Descriptions of the Talchir and Karharbari formations, including composition and fossil findings.
Details of Barakar Formation and Barren Measures, emphasizing economic significance and composition.Overview of Raniganj and Panchet formations, their rock types and coal seam significance.Description of rock units in the Supra-Panchet formation, with specifics on Satpura basin dimensions.
Details of the Son-Mahanadi valley coalfields, length, and locations of coalfields.
Overview of sedimentation in Pranhita-Godavari Valley, its structure, and fault patterns.
Geological characteristics and coalfield distribution in Wardha Valley and Rajmahal Hills.
Information about the floral and faunal presence identified in Gondwana formations.
Coal and minerals found in Gondwana, including iron ore and clay, with mentions of coalfield distributions.
List of significant coal mining regions within the Gondwana territory, including Ganga and Damodar valleys.
Summary of the geological significance and floral evolution of the Gondwana formations discussed.
Books and publications referenced to support the analysis and findings on Gondwana geology.
Closing slide thanking the participants of the seminar on Gondwana Supergroup.
More Related Content
Similar to Gondwana supergroup
Gondwana supergroup
- 1.
- 2. Contents • Introduction • Distribution •Lithology • Topography • Stratigraphic Classification • Economic Significance • Conclusion • Reference
- 3. Gondwana • The term“Gondwana” was coined by H.B. Medlicott in 1872. • It was derived from the kingdom of the Gonds, a great and ancient tribe who still inhabit in the Central Provinces (Madhya Pradesh). Supergroup • The term supergroup may be use for several associated groups or for associated groups and formations with significant lithological properties in common. Introduction
- 4. A map ofGondwana basin of Peninsular India N
- 5. LITHOLOGY • The GondwanasuperGroup is made up of 6 to 7 km thick succession of mainly fluviatile and lacustrine deposits. • However, a glacial deposit occurs at the base and the intercalations of the fossiliferous marine beds occur both in the lower and upper parts of the succession. • The chief rock types are sandstones ,shales, clays, conglomerates and coal seams. • In addition to these rocks the upper Gondwana succession contain about 600 meter thick lavaflows of basalt.
- 6. TOPOGRAPHY • The rocksof Gondwana are found occupying basin shaped depressions in the older formation and such depressions sometimes, though not always, nor even generally correspond to the existing river valleys. The Gondwana beds were originally deposited on an uneven surface.
- 7. • A majorpart of the Gondwana sediments are confined to the three tracts, which include Koel- Damodar, Son- Mahanadi and Pranhita - Godavari basins. • The Gondwana Supergroup is divided into two major divisions based on their lithological and palaeontological evidences. (i) Two-fold classification by W.T. Blanford, divided into lower and upper Gondwanas, characterised by the Glossopteris and Ptilophyllum. (ii) Three-fold classification by Hughes, who identified a mixed flora called Dicroidium in between the Glossopteris and Ptilophyllum floras. Stratigraphic Classification
- 8.
- 9.
- 10. Talchir Formation: • Thisformation rests unconformably over the basement of either Archaean gneisses and schists or Proterozoic age. • Boulder bed/ tillite, rhythmite, khaki green needle shale and light green sandstone are constitute in this formation. • Presence of a few plant fossils of seed ferns Gangamopteris cyclopteroides andand Glossopteris indica.
- 11. Karharbari Formation: • Conglomerates,pebble beds, coarse to very coarse grained pebbly sandstone, siltstone, shale and thin streaks and bands of coal are present. • Contains of coal seams in a few basins and the plant fossil Gondwanidium burriada biozone is considered as characteristic of this formation.
- 12. Barakar Formation • A250m thick Barakar Formation • The china-clay deposits of the formation are often of economic significant. Barren Measures Formation • It is represented by alternating units of cross- bedded ferruginous sandstone, micaceous siltstone and ferruginous shale. • The latter rock unit is called Ironstone Shale in the Raniganj coalfield.
- 13. Raniganj Formation: • Consistsof sandstones, shale and coal seams, the sandstones being fine-grained than those in the Barakar Formation. • Valuable coal-seams occur in these strata only in the Raniganj coalfield. Panchet formation: • The formation comprises of greenish, buff and brownish sandstones and shales in the lower part, and greyish micaceous and feldspathic sandstones and shales in the upper part. • The lower sandstones are often false-bedded and contain no coal seams or carbonaceous matter.
- 14. Supra -Panchet (Mahadeva): •Maximum development of Supra -Panchet is found in the Bokaro basin, where it attains a thickness of 600m in the Luga Hill section. • Ferruginous sandstone, conglomerate, pebble beds and red clay are prominent rock units of this formation. Satpura Basin: • The Satpura basin is spindle-shaped with a length to breadth ratio of 4:1. • The entire area is about 1200 sq. km. • It constitutes of sandstone, coal, carbonaceous clay, shale etc.
- 15.
- 16. Son- Mahanadi valley •About 575 km long funnel-shaped Gondwana tract of Son Valley basin in the northwest and NW-SE trending Mahanadi Valley basin in the SE. • Most of the coalfields are located in Rewa-Chattishgarh areas. • The coalfields of Son Valley part include Singrauli, Sohagpur, Sonhat, Ramkola, Tatapani etc. • The coalfields of Mahanadi Valley are Korba, Hasdo- Arand and Mand-Raigarh.
- 17.
- 18. Pranhita-Godavari Valley • TheNW-SE trending Pranhita- Godavari Valley is unique as it preserves about 3000 m thick sediments deposited in a time span of 200 Ma from late Carboniferous/ early Permian to Cretaceous. • Most of the coalfields are located along the western margin at Sirpur, Chelpur, Pasara, Lingala, Bellampalli, etc. whereas Cherla and Manuguru are located in the east. • Three prominent faults pattern are identified in the Pranhita- Godavari Gondwana basin – (i) NNW-SSE trending syndepositional faults that controlled sedimentation and grabens/ half-grabens development. (ii) NW-SE faults that imparted echelon fabric to south western margin, and (iii) the NE-SW transverse faults, oriented parallel to the grain of the eastern Ghat Mobile belt transecting the Godavari valley basin into different sub-blocks.
- 19. Wardha Valley • TheGondwana rocks of the Godavari Valley extend northwest ward into the Wardha valley of Maharashtra. • Important coalfields are located in an area of about 4150 sq. km. having similar geological succession to that of the Godavari Valley. • The Wardha coal field is a broad anticline plunging NNW.
- 20. Rajmahal Hills • Itis situated in the north eastern part of the Jharkhand State, preserve Gondwana Formation comprising Talchir, Barakar and Dubrajpur Formations. • These are overlain by the Rajmahal Formation made up of a series of basaltic lava flows and associated inter- trapping beds. • The Rajmahal Traps are predominantly composed of fine grained to coarsely crystalline dolerite. • These Traps are plateau basalts characterised by the absence or rare occurrence of olivine.
- 21. Distribution of basaltsand Gondwana sediments as exposed in the Rajmahal Hills, Jharkhand State
- 22.
- 23. Fauna-reported from KotaFormation of Krishna-Godavari tract
- 24. Economic significance inthe Gondwanas • Coal. The Barakar and Raniganj Formation of the Damuda Group constitute the most important coal bearing rock formations. All of the Gondwana coal is of bituminous variety. • Iron Ore. About 760m thick ferruginous shales, known as the “Iron stones shales”. These shales form a diposit of sideritic iron ore which contains about 40-50% iron. • Clay. The clays of various types are found in abundance in the Gondwana rocks. These clays are used for making refractory bricks, pottery and china ware. • StoneBuildings. The Gondwana sandstones is generally of inferior quality. However, some of it is being used as building stone.
- 25. Cont….. • Most ofthe gondwana cole is found in the Damuda series. • Gondwana land comprises India, Australia, Africa, S. America and Antartica • Reserves of grade- A in Gondwana coalfields on India. Non- cooking coal production in almost all the states other than Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland are graded on the bases of useful heat value in kcal/ kg. coal from Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland are not graded.
- 26. Coal Mines • Gangavalley • Damodar valley • Kaveri delta • Narmada valley
- 27. Conclusion • Talchir andkarharbari formations(permo- caroniferrous)records an abrupt change over from glacio marine to terrestrial fluviolacustrine depositional envoirnment • The lower Gondwana is characterised by Glossopteris flora whereas the upper Gondwana is characterised by Ptilophyllum flora. • The lower Gondwana consists of predominantly Upper Palaeozoic rocks whereas the lower Gondwana basin comprises essentially of the Mesozoic rocks.
- 28. Reference • Geology ofIndia, Volume 2 by R. Vaidyanadhan and M. Ramakrishna, Pages-615-661. • Geology of India and Burma by M.S. Krishnan, 6th Edition, Pages 239-298. • Fundamentals of Historical Geology and Stratigraphy of India by Ravindra Kumar, Pages 176-193.
- 29.