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GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
- 1. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE “ Infinitymade imaginable ” Ar. Angel Roselin
- 2. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 12-15th CE • Complete break from the Greek and Roman architectural style. • Regarded as Dark age, as the barbarians from the north ruined the art and replaced them. • It acted as the landmark of the particular town. Flying Buttress Rose Window Pointed arches Vertical Emphasis Pinnacle
- 3. CHARACTERISTICS Structural : Skeletalstone structure • Pointed Arches • Vaulting system • Flying Buttresses Visual : Light given importance Symbolic : Cathedrals as image of heaven; Scholasticism - Transition of real events into stones. General characteristics : • Focus on Verticality • Airy and Bright – Use of large stained glass windows, Rose window. • Ornamentation – Gargoyles, Pinnacle, Intricate carvings, 3 parts –Arcade, Triforium and Clerestorey.
- 4. CHARACTERISTICS Pointed Arches : Pointedarches replaced semicircular arches as:- • Focus was on verticality, to create great height. • Strength and stability of pointed arches. Exert less thrust than semi circular arches of same span. • Pointed arches creates a lighter sensation. • Solves geometrical difficulties inherent in ribbed vaults. It is impossible to align the semicircular arches to a common point in rib vaulting. Pointed arches could be leveled easily.
- 5. CHARACTERISTICS The Pointed gothicarch directs the thrust more in a vertical direction than the round arch ( Horizontal direction) . Thus in pointed arches, bulky support system is not required. Pointed Arches :
- 6. CHARACTERISTICS Vaulting system: RibVault • Organic metaphor of ribs in a body , which support tissue. • In ribbed vault, not only are the ribs spanning vaulted area traversely but each vaulted bay has diagonal ribs. • In a ribbed vault, the ribs are structural members and the spaces between them are filled with lighter, non structural materials.
- 7. CHARACTERISTICS Vaulting system: SexpartiteVault • Ribbed pointed arch system to cover a double bay. • Almost semicircular diagonal ribs.
- 8. CHARACTERISTICS Flying Buttress • FlyingButtress was used in order to avoid outward collapse of arches. • Freestanding brick or stone supports were attached to the exterior walls by an arch or half-arch. • The arches are supported by colossal freestanding piers. • It absorbs and channels the disruptive forces, such as wind and weight, safely to the ground. • These piers were erected with towers without effecting the nave and choir interior.
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- 10. CHARACTERISTICS Pinnacle • Pinnacle isan architectural ornament originally forming the cap of a buttress. It has two purposes:- • Ornamental : adding They add to the loftiness and verticality of the structure and sometimes ended with statues. • Structural : the pinnacles were very heavy and often rectified with lead, in order to enable the flying buttresses to contain the stress of the structure vaults and roof.
- 11. CHARACTERISTICS Stained Glass Window •The size of windows increased as the walls no longer remain as structural members. • The stained glass windows brought in light and visual beauty to the interiors. • Predominantly colors like red and blue was used to represent the religious stories in stained glass windows. Of this the blue symbolizes the heaven and the red represents the blood of Christ.
- 12. CHARACTERISTICS Rose Window • Acircular window which is divided into segments by stone mullions and tracery. ROSE WINDOW, CHARTES CATHEDRAL Tracery Stained Glass window NOTREDAME CATHEDRAL
- 13. CHARACTERISTICS Gargoyle • A gargoyleis a waterspout, usually carved to resemble an odd or monstrous creature, that protrudes from a structure's wall or roofline. • Many considered gargoyles the spiritual protectors of churches as well, scaring off demons and evil spirits.
- 14. CHARACTERISTICS Plan • Traditional basilicaplan 1. Narthex 2. Façade towers 3. Nave 4. Aisles 5. Transept 6. Crossing 7. Altar 8. Apse 9. Ambulatory 10. Radiating
- 15. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE FRENCH GOTHIC NotreDame Cathedral, Paris ENGLISH GOTHIC Westminster Abbey ITALIAN GOTHIC Doges Palace, Venice Hampton Court Palace, London Milan Cathedral
- 16. FRENCH GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE13th- 15th CE Geographical : The first gothic church, Abbey of St Denis was built on the outskirts of Paris surrounded by rivers by Abbot Sugar. The main objective was to represent the church as a symbol of enthusiasm, light and energy. Religious : The intention to create landmark structures that could be seen from mile. Social : The exalted position of the church in the society to have control over the commercial activities. Historical : Evolution in construction techniques to built a stone skeleton that uses lighter materials, glass. Geological : Abundance of stone in the region. ABBEY OF ST DENIS, FRANCE Erected in first half of the thirteenth century and prevalent from 1140 to 1500 AD.
- 17. FRENCH GOTHIC ARCHITECTURECHARACTERISTICS • Vertical emphasis • Material – Fine limestone • High Pitched roofs • Great internal height • The wall height were divided into 4 tiers – Arcade, Gallery, triforium, Clerestorey • Excessive use of spires, pinnacles and buttresses. • Long lines of tall traceried windows. • Arches and ribs designed with independent curvatures. • Usage of Sexpartite vaults • Cut stone masonry used in vaulting system • Plan - Transept and subsidiary chapels does not project beyond the aisles. • The west fronts are highly consistent, having three portals surmounted by a rose window, and two large towers. • The east end is polygonal with ambulatory and sometimes a ring of radiating chapels. • In the south of France, many of the major churches are without transepts and some are without aisles. CHARTRES CATHEDRAL
- 18. PHASES IN FRENCHGOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Designation of styles in French gothic architecture were as :- 1. PRIMAIRE – 12th century period when lancet arches & geometrical traceried windows were commonly used. 2. SECONDAIRE – 13th century “ Rayonnant period” characterized by circular windows with wheel tracery. 3. TERTIARE – 14th & 15th century “Flamboyant” period, when flame like window tracery was used
- 19. NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL,PARIS 1163- 1345 AD
- 20. NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL,PARIS Plan : • Central Nave flanked by double aisles on each side and slight transept projection. • The length is about 4 times the width. • Ambulatory is located on the bent axial line. Slight Transept Projection Sexpartite Vault, 30m high WIDE CENTRAL NAVE Double span Buttress on three sides
- 21. NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL,PARIS Facade : West facade Western Gable hidden by a piercing screen connecting the towers. 3 recessed western portals Rose Window East facade Flying Buttresses Steeply pitched roof Central Spire at crossing
- 22. NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL,PARIS Facade : South facade Rose Window Spires Flying Buttress Pinnacle
- 23. NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL,PARIS Interior : The interior elevation is remarkable for the impression of vertical tension created by the upward thrust and relative narrowness of its volumes. Interior elevation has 4 levels • Arcade of columnar piers • Tribune ( or triforium) originally covered by transverse barrel vault, and lit by the round windows) • Decorative oculi • Small clerestory Arcade Tribune Occulus Clerestory Attempt to lighten interior by lengthening clerestory swallowing occuli.
- 24. NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL,PARIS Ornamentation: • Gargoyles • Stained glass windows (blue and violet) and Rose window • Flying Buttress • Spires • Recessed portals Statues & relief sculptures in the tympanum
- 25. ENGLISH GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Geographical: Position of England resulted in influence of continental ideas of architecture Religious : Formation of cathedrals under monastic foundations. Social : Development of the schools, colleges and educational institutions. Prosperity in commerce gave importance to middle class. Geological : The stone for building construction was transported by sea. British gothic is divided in to 3 phases: • Early gothic • Decorated gothic • Perpendicular DURHAM CATHEDRAL 1180 – 1275 AD.
- 26. EARLY GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE •Narrow pointed arches known as Lancets. These acts as structural elements in apsidal arcades like in Westminster Abbey. • Narrow windows without tracery. • Columns are composed of clusters of slender , detached shafts surrounding a central pillar , which are attached by circular moulded shaft rings. • Arches of arcades and galleries are cusped. • Circles with trefoils , quatrefoils etc. were introduced to the tracery of galleries & rose windows. • Quadripartite Vaults SALISBURY CATHEDRAL 1180 – 1275 AD.
- 27. DECORATED GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE •Detailed carvings in windows and capitals. • Window tracery: Elaborate windows are subdivided by closely spaced parallel mullions (vertical bars of stone), usually up to the level at which the arched top of the window begins. • Tall slender columns • Fan Vault - Vaulting became more elaborate, with the use of increasing number of ribs, initially for structural and then for aesthetic reasons. • Ogee arches 1250 – 1350 AD.
- 28. PERPENDICULAR GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE •Impression of a cage of stone and glass. • Emphasis on vertical lines, and is known as “International Gothic, rectilinear or Later Gothic style • Slimmer stone mullions give way to stained glass craftsmanship. • Windows with tracery – The mullions of windows are carried vertically into the arch moulding of the windows. Upper portion is also divided into rectangle compartments called as panel tracery. • Wall surfaces is divided into vertical panels. • Hammer beam roofs • Fan Vault 1250 – 1350 AD.
- 29. EVOLUTION OF ENGLISHVAULTING SYSTEM • Intermediate ribs known as “Tiercerons” were inserted between the transverse & diagonal ribs. Ridge ribs were introduced to resist the thrust of the tiercerons. Ridge ribs Tiercerons
- 30. EVOLUTION OF ENGLISHVAULTING SYSTEM • Elaboration of the vaulting with more number of ribs is characteristic of this period. More additional intermediate ribs were introduced as at the Exeter cathedral. Lierne ribs • Lierne ribs are ribs other than ridge rib that does not start from the springing of the vault.
- 31. EVOLUTION OF ENGLISHVAULTING SYSTEM • In this type of vault the rising ribs are formed at equal angles on the surface of an inverted concave cone. Hence all ribs are of equal curvature & they are connected at different heights by horizontal lierne ribs. • The vault followed the outline of an inverted concave , the vault followed the outline of an inverted concave pyramid. The introduction of more ribs resulted in polygonal pyramids with ribs of different curves. In the 15th century, All ribs are of similar curvature resulting in fan vaulting. Inverted concave pyramid
- 32. EVOLUTION OF ENGLISHVAULTING SYSTEM Rib and Panel Vault Rib and Panel Vault with Intermediate ribs Rib and Panel Vault with additional Intermediate ribs Lierne Vault Lierne Stellar Vault Fan Vault
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- 34. WESTMINSTER ABBEY, LONDON •Example of Early English Gothic which has contributions of the Early English, the Decorated the Perpendicular & the Decorated, the Perpendicular & the Tudor. • Plan: Chevet at apsidal end Length of nave is 511 feet
- 35. WESTMINSTER ABBEY, LONDON •Facade: North Rose window with traceries of geometric pattern French Gothic Portal Flying Buttress Clerestory lighting Steep pitch roof Lancet Windows
- 36. WESTMINSTER ABBEY, LONDON •Interior: Emphasis on vertical axis Slender columns Vaulting with intermediate ribs. Lancet windows creating a sense of soaring height
- 37. WESTMINSTER ABBEY, LONDON •Interior: Henry VII Chapel Fan Vault Lace like tracery is really constructed on half concealed transverse arches. A conoidal web is built up with the pendants as the center, with the traceried arch across the nave connecting the center points.
- 38. HAMPTON COURT PALACE,LONDON 1515 to 1521 AD
- 39. HAMPTON COURT PALACE,LONDON • Thomas Wolsey built The Hamptons court palace, which is considered to be the finest palace in England from 1515 to 1521 AD. • It is located on the banks of R. Thames & is entered through the grand avenue of the Bushley park. • Hampton court also has the world famous hedge maze which was planted over 60 acres of riverside gardens. Plan: Built around three courts Trophy gate
- 40. HAMPTON COURT PALACE,LONDON Facade: Tudor arch Red brick Battlemented parapets Angled Turrets Oriel window
- 41. ITALIAN GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Geographical: Influenced by German gothic style by the connection of Italy and Germany by the Brenner pass. The work in Venice was influenced by oversea trade with east. Religious : Decline of the power of Pope in 13th CE which resulted in the “ Schism” that separated the Protestants and Catholics. Social : The rivalry between the small city states in Italy lead to the construction of large cathedrals Historical : In spite of internal turmoil, Italy led Europe in Arts, Learning & trade and the revival known as the Renaissance took place nearly a century in advance of the other countries. Geological : Northern Italy produced fine quality brick and terracotta, central Italy adopted marble cladding in zebra patterns and south Italy was famous for multicolored marble such as the Sicilian marble. Climatic: Temperate climate in Northern Italy, its churches have typical gothic features. But the more sunny climate in central & southern Italy resulted in the churches having smaller windows & thicker walls to keep away the heat. 1200 – 1450 AD.
- 42. ITALIAN GOTHIC ARCHITECTURECHARACTERISTICS • Less emphasis on verticality. • Material – Depending on location. • Northern Italy – Brick masonry and clad with marble • Southern Italy -multicolored marble such as the Sicilian marble. • Central Italy - marble cladding in zebra patterns • Plan is regular and symmetrical with large central nave. • Triforium is omitted and clerestorey windows are reduced to circular windows. • Low pitched roofs or flat to accommodate walkways on top. To hide the roof steep gable end walls and elaborate facades were adopted. SIENNA CATHEDRAL • Absence of pinnacles, Bell towers and flying buttresses. • Opaque wall decoration in fresco & mosaic was preferred to translucent stained glass. • Pointed arch arcades supported by the slender columns of Corinthian capitals. • Columns are widely placed and capitals have very simple decorations, usually not figurative. • Piers were formed usually of four pilasters combined back to back. • Doorways are richly molded and flanked by half columns.
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- 44. MILAN CATHEDRAL • Influencedby German gothic architecture. One of the largest church, second to the St. Peters Basilica, Rome. • Plan: Latin cross plan and have nave 157m long and 16.75 wide. Polygonal apse; No lateral chapels Nave terminates in semicircle of columns TRANSEPT 95M WIDE Octagonal tower with domical vault
- 45. MILAN CATHEDRAL • Facade: Brickfaced with White Marble Windows with tracery Pinnacles and spires on delicate Flying Buttress
- 46. MILAN CATHEDRAL • Interior:Impressive by the dimness & mystery resulting from lack of light. • Outermost aisle rises to a height of 72 feet, which makes the entire interior into one vast hall on a monumental scale with great emphasis of the vertical axis. 45 m high nave interior Small clerestory lighting Absence of Triforium Cross Vault Stained Glass window
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- 48. • It servedfor centuries as the home of the elected Doge & as center of government, with law courts, senate, civil administration, prison etc. • Plan: This palace comprises of the residence of the Doge & other public offices arranged around a courtyard. commerce was protected by her navy. DOGE’S PALACE, VENICE Canal connecting the lagoon Ground Floor - law offices, the chancellery & the naval offices. First Floor - residence, grand councils chamber & the ballot chamber. Second Floor - ambassadors hall, inquisitors hall, & the senate.
- 49. • Facade: Thispalace comprises of the residence of the Doge & other public offices arranged around a courtyard. commerce was protected by her navy. DOGE’S PALACE, VENICE Arcade of Pointed arches Balcony with pointed arches with the addition of delicate quatrefoils (four- lobed cutouts) just above them. Stone wall faced with white and rose colored marble punctuated by a row of large, pointed windows.
- 50. ENGLISH AND ITALIANGOTHIC ARCHITECTURE • Less emphasis on verticality. • Material – Depending on location. Brick masonry cladded with marble. • Low pitched roofs or flat to accommodate walkways on top. To hide the roof steep gable end walls and elaborate facades were adopted • Triforium is omitted and clerestorey windows are reduced to circular windows. • Columns are widely placed and capitals have very simple decorations, usually not figurative. Piers were formed usually of four pilasters combined back to back. • Pointed arch arcades supported by the slender columns of Corinthian capitals. • Absence of pinnacles, Bell towers and flying buttresses. • Opaque wall decoration in fresco & mosaic was preferred to translucent stained glass. • Doorways are richly molded and flanked by half columns. English Gothic Italian Gothic • Vertical emphasis • Materials - stone for building construction was transported by sea. Wood used in roofing systems. • High pitched roof due to the climatic conditions of the region. • Narrow pointed arches known as Lancets. These acts as structural elements in apsidal arcades like in Westminster Abbey. Narrow windows without tracery. • Columns are composed of clusters of slender , detached shafts surrounding a central pillar , which are attached by circular moulded shaft rings. • Arches of arcades and galleries are cusped. Circles with trefoils , quatrefoils etc. were introduced to the tracery of galleries & rose windows. • Pinnacles, Bell towers and flying buttresses are present. • Use of translucent Stained glass windows • Quadripartite Vaults, Fan vaults and use of wooden roofs.