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Gourd ppt
- 1. Most of thecucurbits are annuals, direct sown and propagated through seed. Long tap root system. Branched stem 3-8 branched and climbing. Leaves are simple, mostly 3-5 lobed Tendrils on axils of leaves Highly cross pollinated by honey bees. General Features of Cucurbits
- 2. Sex Form DescriptionExample Hermaphrodite A flower that has both staminate and carpellate parts. Ridge gourd Monoecious A plant has male flowers and female flowers in separate structures on the same plant. Cucumber, Musk melon, Pumpkin, Summer squash, Winter squash, water melon, Sponge gourd, Round melon, Bottle gourd, Bitter gourd, Ridge gourd Androecious Individual plant bears only staminate flowers. Cucumber , Muskmelon Gynoecious Individual plant bears only pistillate flowers. Cucumber, Bitter gourd, Musk melon, Watermelon, Ridge gourd Andromonoecious Individual plant bears both hermaphrodite and staminate flowers. Water melon, Cucumber Gynomonoecious Individual plant bears both hermaphrodite and pistillate flowers. Cucumber, Musk melon, Ridge gourd Trimonoecious Individual plant bears hermaphrodite, staminate, and pistillate flowers. Cucumber Sex Forms in Cucurbits
- 3. Crop - Bottlegourd Botanical name: Lagenaria siceraria Family : Cucurbitaceae Chromosome number : 2n = 22 Local name: Lauki (Hindi), Surakaya (Telugu), Bottle gourd is monoecious but male and female flowers are born separately in the same plant. Flowers opens in the evening.
- 4. Growth Habit Annualclimber Stem Stem is slender at young and become angular on maturity Leaves Simple, non lobed Tendrils Tendril is seen on leaf axils Flowers Flowers are solitary and appear on leaf axils Flower colour White colour Calyx 5 sepals, lobed, Corolla 5 petals; united , white in colour Androecium Stamens 3, attached to the calyx tube Gynoecium Inferior ovary; 3 carpels Sex ratio 5:1 to 15:1 (Male : Female) Morphology of Bottle gourd
- 5. Ovary 5 Calyx 5 Corolla LeafAxils Tendril 3 carpels Bottle gourd (Female flower)
- 6. Bottle gourd (Maleflower) 3 Stamens5 Calyx 5 Corolla
- 7. 7 GROWTH PHASES Periodic plantlife cycle Duration (in days) Seed germination 2-3 Seedling 3-12 Vegetative growth 12-38 Flowering and Fruiting 38-90
- 8. 8 Crucial Stages Stages Nursery stage Vegetative stage (Training) Flowering stage Fruiting stage Problems Diseases infection in nursery stage Excessive stem height in nursery stage Excessive vine growth Delay flowering Pollination issues
- 9. Cultivation: Climate andSeason Climate: Mainly warm season crops Vegetable forcing : River bed cultivation (winter) Day temperature : 180C - 300C Can’t tolerate frost and strong wind Low temperature high humidity stimulates female flower. Season: Kharif: June - July Rabi : January - February River bed: Oct – Nov In south and central India, sowing is done throughout the year. Sowing time in a year River bed Oct- Nov Kharif June-July Rabi Jan-Feb
- 10. Cultivation: Soil andField Preparation Deep, well drained soil Sandy to sandy loam pH : 5.8 – 7.5 Ploughing: 3-5 fine tilth Soil pH- 5.8-7.5 Ploughing 3-5 Bed/channal preparation Plant x Plant Row x Row 0.90m 1.50m (Stacking) 0.90m 2.0 – 3.0m Spacing
- 11. 1. Direct seeding Onraised beds, sow one to two seeds per hole at a depth of 2-3 cm. When planted in warm soil, seedlings will emerge in a week or less. Thining to one seedling when they have two true leaves. 2. Nursery raising Sow seeds in trays having 50 cells using a coco-peat that has good water-holding capacity and good drainage. Sowing one seeds per cell. Water the seedlings thoroughly every morning to maintain a moisture. The seedlings are sprayed with commercially available supplemental nutrient mixtures of NPK (19:19:19) @ 1-2 g per litre of water at 2-3 day intervals to maintain healthy growth. Seedlings are ready for transplanting 10–12 days after sowing. Transplanting The ideal transplant is a seedling with 2-3 true leaves, Transplanting should be done in the late afternoon. Cont.. Seed Rate 1.5 – 2.5 kg/ha CROP ESTABLISHMENT
- 12. Nursery raising Seeds Sowing Cotyledonleaf stage Germination Ready to transplanting Beds
- 13. Cultivation: Manure &Fertilizers Fertilizers (kg/ha) Nitrogen Phosphorus Potash 80 50 50 Application:- 25% of N, and 100% of P and K is given as basal dose 15% of N – 15 DAT 15% of N – At flowering 15% of N – After first harvesting 15% of N - After Fourth Harvesting 15% of N - After Eight Harvesting Excess nitrogen application coupled with high temperature results in reduced female flower production. Depends on the fertility status of the soil In heavy and light soils, it is desirable to add well decomposed FYM @ 15-20 t/ha at least two weeks before transplanting
- 14. 14 NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY Nutrient SymptomsRemedy Nitrogen Nitrogen deficiency symptoms begin as pale green leaves, often smaller than normal; and stunted, weak shoot growth first evident in older leaves Top dressing with inorganic nitrogen fertilizer. Foliar spray of nitrogen fertilizers @ 0.5% N. Phosphorus Phosphorus deficiency symptoms begin with reduced growth with short, thin shoots. Leaves are small, and defoliation follows starting with the lower leaves. Stunted, but normal green color Spray 1-2% super phosphate solution (10 g/ litre). Potassium Potassium deficiencies are first characterized by reduced growth, weak stems, and shoot die-back. Leaf symptoms include dull bluish-green discolorations, particularly in the interveinal areas of the leaves, General chlorosis particularly at the leaf tips and margins If fruit is getting thinner from upper side, than this is deficiency of Potash (K) Normally, about 50 kg K/ha will be adequate for the soil deficient in potassium.
- 15. 15 Nutrient Symptoms Remedy Calcium Symptoms appears first on young leaves as chlorotic patches Margin of young leaves become yellow Rotting in initial Flowering phase and Buds. if fruit is thinner from lower side ,this is the deficiency of Calcium ( Ca) . Calcium deficiency can be corrected by liming the soil in the appropriate quantity. Apply calcium containing fertilizers like Calcium nitrate or calcium chloride. Sulphur Symptoms of Sulfur deficiency are much like those caused by Nitrogen Reduced leaf size, stunted growth, chlorosis, orange to purplish pigmentation and delayed maturity Sulphur deficiency can be corrected by applying fertilizers containing sulphur like Ammonium sulphate, Sulphate of Potash. Magnesium Magnesium deficiency symptoms begin with chlorosis, sometimes with red or orange coloration on the oldest leaves. As symptoms progress the older leaves shrivel and drop, the veins on the remaining leaves stay green and the interveinal areas have an orange chlorotic mottle. Spray of foliage with 1% MgSO4 solution to correct the deficiency. NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY
- 16. First irrigationis given immediately after Transplanting / sowing to enhance proper seed germination. Subsequent irrigations are given at 3-4 day intervals in summer months. In rainy season, irrigation is required only during the prolonged dry spell. Bottle gourd requires good soil moisture conditions to promote vegetative growth and to produce attractive, shining green, tender fruits of regular shape. WATER MANAGEMENT Water management strategies depends on the following aspects: Type of soil Soil water holding capability Type of irrigation Rainfall Sources of water
- 17. 17 Crucial Stages ofIrrigations Stages Nursery and early vegetative stages Flowering stage Fruiting stage Problems Excessive irrigation at seedling stage may cause damping off Stagnation of water at vegetative phase results in poor stand of growth due to soil borne diseases Rotting in initial fruits
- 18. 18 WEED MANAGEMENT Crucialstages: Early stages of plant growth Chemical management: Commercial product Chemical Name Dose (lit/acre) Time of application Roundup Glyphosate 41% SL 2.00 Pre-plant incorporation (10 days before transplanting) Stomp Xtra Pendimethalin 38.7% 0.700 Pre-emergence Gramoxone Paraquat Dichloride 24% SL 0.800 – 1.0 Pre-emergence/ Post- emergence Manual management: Remove the weeds by hand hoe at vines start spreading on beds. Two to three hoeing is given to keep down the weeds during the early stage of growth.
- 19. Harvest Bottle gourdtakes 14-16 days to reach marketable maturity after anthesis. Harvesting is done when fruits have attained good size but are tender. Tenderness of fruits is judged by their bright colour, presence of pubescence and notching of fruits with thumbnails. Depending upon hybrids, season and location bottle gourd takes 50-60 days from sowing to reach harvesting. Picking is done at 2 day intervals. Harvesting is done early in the morning or late in the evening with a sharp knife leaving a small peduncle with the fruit.
- 20. Sponge gourd Botanical name:Luffa cylindrica Family : Cucurbitaceae Chromosome number : 2n = 26 Local name: Gilki / Chikni Turai / Ghiatori / Nenua(Hindi), Jhinga (Bengali), Janhi(Oriya), Neti Beeakaya (Telugu), Heeray kayi(Kannada), Peechinga (Malayalam), Pirkanga (Tamil). Sponge gourd is monoecious but male and female flowers are born at the same node. Female flowers are born singly where as male flowers appear in clusters. One male flower from the cluster opens at one time.
- 21. Growth Habit Annualclimber Stem Angular leaves Simple, Deep/Sallow lobed tendrils Tendril is seen on leaf axils Flowers Flowers are solitary and appear on leaf axils Flower colour Yellow colour Calyx 5 sepals/ lobed Corolla 5 petals, yellow in colour Androecium Stamens 5, Gynoecium Inferior ovary; 3 carpels, Sex ratio Approx. 4:1 to 10:1 (Male : Female) Morphology of Sponge gourd
- 22. Corolla Ovary Male flower Tendril Calyx 3 carpels Spongegourd (Female flower) Seeds
- 23. Sponge gourd (Maleflower) Corolla Calyx Stamens
- 24. 24 GROWTH PHASES Periodic plantlife cycle Duration (in days) Seed germination 2-3 Seedling 3-12 Vegetative growth 12-35 Flowering and Fruiting 35-80
- 25. 25 Crucial Stages Stages Nursery stage Vegetative stage (Training) Flowering stage Fruiting Problems Diseases infection in nursery stage Excessive stem height in nursery stage Excessive vine growth Delay flowering Pollination issues
- 26. Cultivation: Climate andSeason Climate: Mainly warm season crops Vegetable forcing : River bed cultivation (winter) Day temperature : 250C - 300C Can’t tolerate frost and strong wind Low temperature high humidity stimulates female flower. Season: Kharif: June - July Rabi : February - March River bed: Oct – Nov In central India, sowing is done throughout the year. Sowing time in a year River bed Oct- Nov Kharif June-July Rabi Jan-Feb
- 27. Cultivation: Soil andField Preparation Deep, well drained soil Sandy to sandy loam pH : 6 – 7 Ploughing: 3-5 fine tilth Soil pH- 6-7 Ploughing 3-5 Bed/channal preparation Plant x Plant Row x Row 0.60 - 0.90m 1.0 - 1.5m (Stacking) 0.90m 2.0 – 2.5m Spacing
- 28. 1. Direct seeding Onraised beds, sow one to two seeds per hole at a depth of 2-3 cm. When planted in warm soil, seedlings will emerge in a week or less. Thining to one seedling when they have two true leaves. 2. Nursery raising Sow seeds in trays having 50 cells using a coco-peat that has good water-holding capacity and good drainage. Sowing one seeds per cell. Water the seedlings thoroughly every morning to maintain a moisture. The seedlings are sprayed with commercially available supplemental nutrient mixtures of NPK (19:19:19) @ 1-2 g per litre of water at 2-3 day intervals to maintain healthy growth. Seedlings are ready for transplanting 10–12 days after sowing. Transplanting The ideal transplant is a seedling with 1-2 true leaves, Transplanting should be done in the late afternoon. Cont.. Seed Rate Hybrid - 1.5 – 2.0 kg/ha CROP ESTABLISHMENT
- 29. Cultivation: Manure &Fertilizers Fertilizers (kg/ha) Nitrogen Phosphorus Potash 100 50 50 Application:- 25% of N, and 100% of P and K is given as basal dose 15% of N – 15 DAT 15% of N – At flowering 15% of N – After first harvesting 15% of N - After Sixth Harvesting 15% of N - After 12th Harvesting Excess nitrogen application coupled with high temperature results in reduced female flower production. Depends on the fertility status of the soil In heavy and light soils, it is desirable to add well decomposed FYM @ 15-20 t/ha at least two weeks before transplanting
- 30. 30 NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY Nutrient SymptomsRemedy Nitrogen Nitrogen deficiency symptoms begin as pale green leaves, often smaller than normal; and stunted, weak shoot growth first evident in older leaves Top dressing with inorganic nitrogen fertilizer. Foliar spray of nitrogen fertilizers @ 0.5% N. Phosphorus Phosphorus deficiency symptoms begin with reduced growth with short, thin shoots. Leaves are small, and defoliation follows starting with the lower leaves. Stunted, but normal green color Spray 1-2% super phosphate solution (10 g/ litre). Potassium Potassium deficiencies are first characterized by reduced growth, weak stems, and shoot die-back. Leaf symptoms include dull bluish-green discolorations, particularly in the interveinal areas of the leaves, General chlorosis particularly at the leaf tips and margins. Normally, about 50 kg K/ha will be adequate for the soil deficient in potassium.
- 31. 31 Nutrient Symptoms Remedy Calcium Symptoms appears first on young leaves as chlorotic patches Margin of young leaves become yellow Rotting in initial Flowering phase and Buds. Calcium deficiency can be corrected by liming the soil in the appropriate quantity. Apply calcium containing fertilizers like Calcium nitrate or calcium chloride. Sulphur Symptoms of Sulfur deficiency are much like those caused by Nitrogen Reduced leaf size, stunted growth, chlorosis, orange to purplish pigmentation and delayed maturity Sulphur deficiency can be corrected by applying fertilizers containing sulphur like Ammonium sulphate, Sulphate of Potash. Magnesium Magnesium deficiency symptoms begin with chlorosis, on the oldest leaves. As symptoms progress the older leaves shrivel and drop, the veins on the remaining leaves stay green and the interveinal areas have an orange chlorotic mottle. Spray of foliage with 1% MgSO4 solution to correct the deficiency. NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY
- 32. First irrigationis given immediately after Transplanting / sowing to enhance proper seed germination. Subsequent irrigations are given at 4-6 day intervals in summer months. In rainy season, irrigation is required only during the prolonged dry spell. WATER MANAGEMENT Water management strategies depends on the following aspects: Type of soil Soil water holding capability Type of irrigation Rainfall Sources of water
- 33. 33 Crucial Stages ofIrrigations Stages Nursery and early vegetative stages Flowering stage Fruiting stage Problems Excessive irrigation at seedling stage may cause damping off Stagnation of water at vegetative phase results in poor stand of growth due to soil borne diseases Rotting in initial fruits
- 34. 34 WEED MANAGEMENT Crucialstages: Early stages of plant growth Chemical management: Commercial product Chemical Name Dose (lit/acre) Time of application Roundup Glyphosate 41% SL 2.00 Pre-plant incorporation (10 days before transplanting) Stomp Xtra Pendimethalin 38.7% 0.700 Pre-emergence Gramoxone Paraquat Dichloride 24% SL 0.800 – 1.0 Pre-emergence/ Post- emergence Manual management: Remove the weeds by hand hoe at vines start spreading on beds. Two to three hoeing is given to keep down the weeds during the early stage of growth.
- 35. Harvest Sponge gourdtakes 12-14 days to reach marketable maturity after anthesis. Harvesting is done when fruits have attained good size but are tender. Depending upon hybrids, season and location sponge gourd takes 40-45 days from sowing to reach harvesting. Picking is done at alternate days interval. Harvesting is done early in the morning or late in the evening with a sharp knife leaving a small peduncle with the fruit.
- 36. Ridge gourd Botanical name:Luffa acutangula Family : Cucurbitaceae Chromosome number : 2n = 26 Local name: Dhar Turai / Turai (Hindi), Beeakaya (Telugu), Ridge gourd is grown for immature and tender fruits. Delayed harvesting renders the fruits highly fibrous. Female flowers are born singly where as male flowers appear in clusters.
- 37. Growth Habit Annualclimber Stem Angular leaves Simple, sallow lobed tendrils Tendril is seen on leaf axils Flowers Flowers are solitary and appear on leaf axils Flower colour Yellow/Creamy colour Calyx 5 sepals/ lobed, united at the base. Corolla 5 petals, yellow/Creamy in colour Androecium Stamens 3 Gynoecium Inferior ovary; 3 carpels Sex ratio 5:1 to 12:1 (Male : Female) Morphology of Ridge gourd
- 38. Ovary Leaf Axils Tendril Corolla Carpels Calyx Ridge gourd(Female flower)
- 39. Male flower Female flower 3Stamens Ridge gourd (Male flower)
- 40. 40 GROWTH PHASES Periodic plantlife cycle Duration (in days) Seed germination 2-3 Seedling 3-10 Vegetative growth 10-38 Flowering and Fruiting 38-80
- 41. 41 Crucial Stages Stages Nursery stage Vegetative stage (Training) Fruiting stage Problems Diseases infection in nursery stage Excessive stem height in nursery stage Excessive vine growth Delay flowering Pollination issues
- 42. Cultivation: Climate andSeason Climate: Mainly warm season crops Day temperature : 240C - 300C Can’t tolerate frost and strong wind Low temperature high humidity stimulates female flower. Season: Kharif: June - July Rabi : February - March River bed (Winter): Oct – Nov In south and central India, sowing is done throughout the year. Sowing time in a year River bed Oct- Nov Kharif June-July Rabi Jan-Feb
- 43. Cultivation: Soil andField Preparation Deep, well drained soil Sandy to sandy loam pH : 6 – 7.5 Ploughing: 3-5 fine tilth Soil pH- 6-7.5 Ploughing 3-5 Bed/channal preparation Plant x Plant Row x Row 0.60 - 0.90m 1.0 - 1.5m (Stacking) 0.90m 2.0 – 2.5m Spacing
- 44. 1. Direct seeding Onraised beds, sow one to two seeds per hole at a depth of 2-3 cm. When planted in warm soil, seedlings will emerge in a week or less. Thining to one seedling when they have two true leaves. 2. Nursery raising Sow seeds in trays having 50 cells using a coco-peat that has good water-holding capacity and good drainage. Sowing one seeds per cell. Water the seedlings thoroughly every morning to maintain a moisture. The seedlings are sprayed with commercially available supplemental nutrient mixtures of NPK (19:19:19) @ 1-2 g per litre of water at 2-3 day intervals to maintain healthy growth. Seedlings are ready for transplanting 10–12 days after sowing. Transplanting The ideal transplant is a seedling with 1-2 true leaves, Transplanting should be done in the late afternoon. Cont.. Seed Rate 2 – 2.5 kg/ha CROP ESTABLISHMENT
- 45. Cultivation: Manure &Fertilizers Fertilizers (kg/ha) Nitrogen Phosphorus Potash 60 50 50 Application:- 25% of N, and 100% of P and K is given as basal dose 15% of N – 15 DAT 15% of N – At flowering 15% of N – After first harvesting 15% of N - After Sixth Harvesting 15% of N - After 12th Harvesting Excess nitrogen application coupled with high temperature results in reduced female flower production. Depends on the fertility status of the soil In heavy and light soils, it is desirable to add well decomposed FYM @ 15-20 t/ha at least two weeks before transplanting
- 46. 46 NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY Nutrient SymptomsRemedy Nitrogen Nitrogen deficiency symptoms begin as pale green leaves, often smaller than normal; and stunted, weak shoot growth first evident in older leaves Top dressing with inorganic nitrogen fertilizer. Foliar spray of nitrogen fertilizers @ 0.5% N. Phosphorus Phosphorus deficiency symptoms begin with reduced growth with short, thin shoots. Leaves are small, and defoliation follows starting with the lower leaves. Stunted, but normal green color Spray 1-2% super phosphate solution (10 g/ litre). Potassium Potassium deficiencies are first characterized by reduced growth, weak stems, and shoot die-back. Leaf symptoms include dull bluish-green discolorations, particularly in the interveinal areas of the leaves, General chlorosis particularly at the leaf tips and margins. Normally, about 50 kg K/ha will be adequate for the soil deficient in potassium.
- 47. 47 Nutrient Symptoms Remedy Calcium Symptoms appears first on young leaves as chlorotic patches Margin of young leaves become yellow Rotting in initial Flowering phase and Buds. Calcium deficiency can be corrected by liming the soil in the appropriate quantity. Apply calcium containing fertilizers like Calcium nitrate or calcium chloride. Sulphur Symptoms of Sulfur deficiency are much like those caused by Nitrogen Reduced leaf size, stunted growth, chlorosis, orange to purplish pigmentation and delayed maturity Sulphur deficiency can be corrected by applying fertilizers containing sulphur like Ammonium sulphate, Sulphate of Potash. Magnesium Magnesium deficiency symptoms begin with chlorosis, on the oldest leaves. As symptoms progress the older leaves shrivel and drop, the veins on the remaining leaves stay green and the interveinal areas have an orange chlorotic mottle. Spray of foliage with 1% MgSO4 solution to correct the deficiency. NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY
- 48. First irrigationis given immediately after Transplanting / sowing to enhance proper seed germination. Subsequent irrigations are given at 4-6 day intervals in summer months. In rainy season, irrigation is required only during the prolonged dry spell. WATER MANAGEMENT Water management strategies depends on the following aspects: Type of soil Soil water holding capability Type of irrigation Rainfall Sources of water
- 49. 49 Crucial Stages ofIrrigations Stages Nursery and early vegetative stages Flowering stage Fruiting stage Problems Excessive irrigation at seedling stage may cause damping off Stagnation of water at vegetative phase results in poor stand of growth due to soil borne diseases Rotting in initial fruits
- 50. 50 WEED MANAGEMENT Crucialstages: Early stages of plant growth Chemical management: Commercial product Chemical Name Dose (lit/acre) Time of application Roundup Glyphosate 41% SL 2.00 Pre-plant incorporation (10 days before transplanting) Stomp Xtra Pendimethalin 38.7% 0.700 Pre-emergence Gramoxone Paraquat Dichloride 24% SL 0.800 – 1.0 Pre-emergence/ Post- emergence Manual management: Remove the weeds by hand hoe at vines start spreading on beds. Two to three hoeing is given to keep down the weeds during the early stage of growth.
- 51. Harvest Ridge gourdtakes 12-14 days to reach marketable maturity after anthesis. Harvesting is done when fruits have attained good size but are tender. Depending upon hybrids, season and location Ridge gourd takes 45-50 days from sowing to reach harvesting. Picking is done at alternate days interval. Harvesting is done early in the morning or late in the evening with a sharp knife leaving a small peduncle with the fruit.
- 52. Pumpkin Botanical name: Cucurbitamoschata Family : Cucurbitaceae Chromosome number : 2n = 40 Local name: Kashiphal, Sitaphal, Halwa Kaddoo and Lal kaddoo. Pumpkin is one of the few vegetables possessing a long shelf life. Mature and ripe fruits have strong flavour and long shelf life Long and hot days favour production of male flowers
- 53. Growth Habit Annualclimber Stem Stem is slender at young and become angular on maturity leaves Simple, non lobed tendrils Tendril is seen on leaf axils Flowers Flowers are solitary and appear on leaf axils Flower colour Yellow colour Calyx 5 sepals/ lobed, united at the base. Corolla 5 petals; united , yellow in colour Androecium Stamens 3, attached to the calyx tube Gynoecium Inferior ovary; 3 carpels, Sex ratio 5:1 to 15:1 (Male : Female) Morphology of Pumpkin
- 54. Calyx Corolla Ovary Ovary Leaf Axils Tendril Pumpkin Flower MaleFlower Female Flower
- 55. 55 GROWTH PHASES Periodic plantlife cycle Duration (in days) Seed germination 2-3 Seedling 3-12 Vegetative growth 12-40 Flowering and Fruiting 40-90
- 56. 56 Crucial Stages Stages Nursery stage Vegetative stage Fruiting stage Problems Diseases infection in nursery stage Excessive stem height in nursery stage Excessive vine growth Delay flowering Pollination issues
- 57. Cultivation: Climate andSeason Climate: Mainly warm season crops Day temperature : 200C - 300C Can’t tolerate frost Low temperature high humidity stimulates female flower. Season: Kharif: June - July Rabi : Jan - March River bed (Winter): Oct – Nov. Sowing time in a year River bed Oct- Nov Kharif June-July Rabi Jan-Feb
- 58. Cultivation: Soil andField Preparation Deep, well drained soil Sandy to sandy loam pH : 6 – 7 Ploughing: 3-5 fine tilth Soil pH- 6-7 Ploughing 3-5 Bed/channal preparation Plant x Plant Row x Row 0.60 - 1.0m 3.0 – 4.5m Spacing
- 59. 1. Direct seeding Onraised beds, sow one to two seeds per hole at a depth of 2-3 cm. When planted in warm soil, seedlings will emerge in a week or less. Thining to one seedling when they have two true leaves. 2. Nursery raising Sow seeds in trays having 50 cells using a coco-peat that has good water-holding capacity and good drainage. Sowing one seeds per cell. Water the seedlings thoroughly every morning to maintain a moisture. The seedlings are sprayed with commercially available supplemental nutrient mixtures of NPK (19:19:19) @ 1-2 g per litre of water at 2-3 day intervals to maintain healthy growth. Seedlings are ready for transplanting 10–12 days after sowing. Transplanting The ideal transplant is a seedling with 1-2 true leaves, Transplanting should be done in the late afternoon. Cont.. Seed Rate 1.5 – 2.5 kg/ha CROP ESTABLISHMENT
- 60. Cultivation: Manure &Fertilizers Fertilizers (kg/ha) Nitrogen Phosphorus Potash 100 50 50 Application:- 50% of N, and 100% of P and K is given as basal dose 25% of N – After 35 DOS 25% of N – After 60 DOS Depends on the fertility status of the soil In heavy and light soils, it is desirable to add well decomposed FYM @ 15-20 t/ha at least two weeks before transplanting
- 61. 61 NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY Nutrient SymptomsRemedy Nitrogen Nitrogen deficiency symptoms begin as pale green leaves, often smaller than normal; and stunted, weak shoot growth first evident in older leaves Top dressing with inorganic nitrogen fertilizer. Foliar spray of nitrogen fertilizers @ 0.5% N. Phosphorus Phosphorus deficiency symptoms begin with reduced growth with short, thin shoots. Leaves are small, and defoliation follows starting with the lower leaves. Stunted, but normal green color Spray 1-2% super phosphate solution (10 g/ litre). Potassium Potassium deficiencies are first characterized by reduced growth, weak stems, and shoot die-back. Leaf symptoms include dull bluish-green discolorations, particularly in the interveinal areas of the leaves, General chlorosis particularly at the leaf tips and margins. Normally, about 50 kg K/ha will be adequate for the soil deficient in potassium.
- 62. 62 Nutrient Symptoms Remedy Calcium Symptoms appears first on young leaves as chlorotic patches Margin of young leaves become yellow Rotting in initial Flowering phase and Buds. Calcium deficiency can be corrected by liming the soil in the appropriate quantity. Apply calcium containing fertilizers like Calcium nitrate or calcium chloride. Sulphur Symptoms of Sulfur deficiency are much like those caused by Nitrogen Reduced leaf size, stunted growth, chlorosis, orange to purplish pigmentation and delayed maturity Sulphur deficiency can be corrected by applying fertilizers containing sulphur like Ammonium sulphate, Sulphate of Potash. Magnesium Magnesium deficiency symptoms begin with chlorosis, on the oldest leaves. As symptoms progress the older leaves shrivel and drop, the veins on the remaining leaves stay green and the interveinal areas have an orange chlorotic mottle. Spray of foliage with 1% MgSO4 solution to correct the deficiency. NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY
- 63. First irrigationis given immediately after Transplanting / sowing to enhance proper seed germination. Subsequent irrigations are given at 4-6 day intervals in summer months. In rainy season, irrigation is required only during the prolonged dry spell. WATER MANAGEMENT Water management strategies depends on the following aspects: Type of soil Soil water holding capability Type of irrigation Rainfall Sources of water
- 64. 64 Crucial Stages ofIrrigations Stages Nursery and early vegetative stages Flowering stage Fruiting stage Problems Excessive irrigation at seedling stage may cause damping off Stagnation of water at vegetative phase results in poor stand of growth due to soil borne diseases Rotting in initial fruits
- 65. 65 WEED MANAGEMENT Crucialstages: Early stages of plant growth Chemical management: Commercial product Chemical Name Dose (lit/acre) Time of application Roundup Glyphosate 41% SL 2.00 Pre-plant incorporation (10 days before transplanting) Stomp Xtra Pendimethalin 38.7% 0.700 Pre-emergence Gramoxone Paraquat Dichloride 24% SL 0.800 – 1.0 Pre-emergence/ Post- emergence Manual management: Remove the weeds by hand hoe at vines start spreading on beds. Two to three hoeing is given to keep down the weeds during the early stage of growth.
- 66. Harvest Pumpkin takes 30-35days to reach marketable maturity after anthesis. Fruits are harvested when they are fully ripe and vines start drying. On maturity, colour of pumpkin fruits changes from green to yellow, orange yellow or straw coloured. Depending upon hybrids, season and location Pumpkin takes 80- 90 days from sowing to reach harvesting. The colour of peduncle also changes to straw. The fruits are not pulled from the vines but are harvested using sharp knife leaving a stub attached to the fruit to ensure better keeping quality.
- 67. Disease Pathogen Conditionsfor disease development Symptoms Management Damping of seedlings Pythium spp. Cool soil temperatures, excess soil moisture, and delayed seedling emergence. Seedlings turn dull green and cotyledons droop. Water-soaked lesions develop on the hypocotyls at the soil line and seedlings wilt and collapse. Apron (Metalaxyl 35%) @ 2g/kg seeds treatment Ridomil gold (Mancozeb 64% wp) @1g/litre Bavistin @1g/litre of water applied for drenching. Collar rot Rhizoctonia solani Cool soil temperatures, excess soil moisture, and delayed seedling emergence. Young seedlings are similar to those caused by Pythium species. Radicles and cotyledons may become brown and soft after germination, but fail to emerge. PLANT PROTECTION Common Diseases
- 68. Disease Pathogen Conditionsfor disease development Symptoms Management Powdery Mildew Erysiphe cichoracearum Sphaerotheca fulginea High relative humidity favours infection while low humidity and dry conditions promote colony growth. White to dirty grey, powdery fungal growth develops on leaf surfaces, petioles and stems. Yellow spots may from on upper leaf surfaces opposites powdery colonies Cabrio top (Pyraclostrobin 50% + Metiram 55%) @ 3g/litre Karathane (Dinocap 48% EC) 1ml/litre Sulfex (Sulphure80%WP) @3g/litre Downy mildew Pseudoperonospora cubensis Humid conditions and frequent rains favour the disease. Angular, yellow spots on the upper leaf surface. Spots bounded by the leaf veins. Spots enlarge and yellowing of the leaf, followed by the brown discoloration. Ridomil gold (Mancozeb 64% wp) @3g/litre Kavach (Chlorothalonil 78%wp) @3g/litre Amistar (Azoxystrobin 23 %) @2ml/litre of water Cont..
- 69. Cont.. Disease Pathogen Conditionsfor disease development Symptoms Management Anthracnose Colletotrichum orbiculare Disease favour warm weather Brown lesions with dark spots inside on leaves and petioles, main stem and fruit. Kavach (Chlorothalonil 78%wp) @2g/litre Cabrio top (Pyraclostrobin 50%) 1g/litre Amistar(Azoxystrobin 23%SC) 0.5ml/litre of water Spraying 7-10 day interval Fusarium Wilt Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium wilt is favored by warm soil temperatures Infection of older plants can cause yellowing (starting in the older leaves), stunting, or wilting, and once wilting occurs, death may result in 3 to 5 days. Affected plants may develop a lesion on the lower stem. Blitox (Copper oxycloride) @3g/litre Bavistin (Carbendazim) @ 1g/litre of water used as drenching in the soil Cont..
- 70. Disease Pathogen Conditionsfor disease development Symptoms Management Alternaria Blight Alternaria cucumerna Warm moist weather Especially leaf wetness which allow spores time to time germinate and penetrate the leaf cuticle. Yellow spots appears on leaves which turn brown and finally turn black on aging. They usually start from margins and produce concentric rings. Kavach (Chlorothalonil 78%wp) @2g/litre Cabrio top (Pyraclostrobin 50%) 1g/litre Amistar(Azoxystrobin 23%SC) 0.5ml/litre of water Spraying 7-10 day interval Cercospora leaf spot Cercospora citrullina The spores are airborne and may be carried great distances on moist winds. Infection requires free water and is favoured by 26°-32°C temperatures. The organism causes spots that are circular to irregularly circular the centres may be white, tan or light brown. Chlorosis may surround the lesions, coalesce and eventually turn the leaf yellow. Kavach (Chlorothalonil 78%wp) @2g/litre Cabrio top (Pyraclostrobin 50%) 1g/litre Amistar(Azoxystrobin 23%SC) 0.5ml/litre of water Spraying 7-10 day interval Cont..
- 71. Disease Bacterial pathogen Conditions fordisease development Symptoms Management Angular leaf spot Pseudomonas syringae Temperatures of 24- 26oC high humidity, and excessive nitrogen fertilization favour disease devel prolonged leaf wetness favours infection. Small angular water soaked spots may develop on the leaves. The spots are confined by leaf veins and appear tan on the upper surface and gummy or shiny below. Blitox (Copper oxycloride) @3g/litre Used as soil drenching at the root zone of the plant Gummy stem blight Didymella bryoniae Develops in humid conditions and in free moisture on leaf surfaces. The most significant contributor to establishing the infection is how long plant surfaces remain wet. Continued leaf moisture helps lesions grow. Symptoms on stems consist of blackened lesions that may crack and produce a gummy, amber coloured sap. Leaf symptoms include browning of leaf margins, and some of the affected margins can have V-shaped lesions, often with a yellow halo. Copper hydroxide + Mancozeb in ratio of 1:1 i.e, @2g/litre Switch @1.5ml/litre Used as soil drenching at the root zone of the plant Cont..
- 72. Virus Vector SymptomsManagement Mosaic (Cucumber mosaic virus) Aphids Symptoms first appear on younger leaves, which curl downward and become mottled, distorted and reduced in size. Plants may become stunted with shortened internodes, resulting in a rosette-like appearance of the youngest leaves. Spray of Actara (Thiomethoxam 25% WP ) @ 5g/15litre of water Confidor (Imidachloprid) @ 0.5 ml/lit Dantotsu(Clothianidin 50% WDG ) @ 5-7g/15lit of Water Water melon virus (Papaya ring spot virus) Aphids Leaves of affected plants show mosaic blisters and distinct vein banding(lighter colour between veins with tissue adjacent to veins remaining green) In severe cases, leaf narrowing and distortion may be observed. Spray of Actara (Thiomethoxam 25% WP ) @ 5g/15litre of water Confidor (Imidachloprid) @ 0.5 ml/litre of water Dantotsu(Clothianidin 50% WDG ) @ 5-7g/15litre of Water Cont..
- 73. Disease Vector SymptomsManagement Zucchini yellow mosaic Aphids Leaves of the affected plants show yellow mosaic (dark green bubbles on the leaf contrast with the lighter green of the rest of the leaves) severe malformation, serration and extreme reduction in the size of leaf. Spray of Actara (Thiomethoxam 25% WP ) @ 5g/15litre of water Confidor (Imidachloprid) @ 0.5 ml/litre of water Dantotsu(Clothianidin 50% WDG ) @ 5-7g/15litre of Water Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus Soil & seeds Early symptoms include vein clearing and crumpling on young leaves while mature leaves become bleached and chlorotic. Mottling and mosaic on leaves, fruit mottling and distortion. Soil and seed treatment Cont..
- 74. Disease Vector SymptomsManagement Beet Pseudo-Yellows Virus Whitefly First appear on older leaves as yellow spots which develop into yellow blotchy raised areas between veins, while the veins themselves remain green. Spray of Actara (Thiomethoxam 25% WP ) @ 5g/15litre of water Confidor (Imidachloprid) @ 0.5 ml/litre of water Dantotsu(Clothianidin 50% WDG ) @ 5-7g/15litre of Water Lutio virus Aphids First appear on older leaves. Yellowing leaves while the veins themselves remain bold dark green.
- 75. Insect Damage Control Fruitfly (Bacterocera cucurbitae) The maggots feed on the pulp of fruits as well as on the immature seeds and cause premature dropping of fruits. Cover developing fruits with paper immediately after pollination. Spraying of Karate (lambda Cyhalothrin 5% EC) @ 2 ml /litre Cypermil (Cypermethrin10%EC) @ 2ml/litre of water. Aphid (Aphis gossypii) Aphid are found on the shoots and also on ventral leaf surface sucking the vital sap from the tissues. The affected part turn yellow get curled. The aphid also exude honey dew. Spray Actara (Thiomethoxam 25% WP ) @ 5g/15litre of water Confidor (Imidachloprid) @ 0.5 ml/lit or Dantotsu(Clothianidin 50% WDG ) @ 5- 7g/15lit of Water Cont.. Common Insects
- 76. Insect Damage Control RedPumpkin Beetle (Avlacophora foveicollis) Adult beetle eats the leaves, makes hole on foliage and causes damage on roots and leaves. Spraying of Karate (lambda Cyhalothrin 5% EC) @ 2 ml /litre Cypermil (Cypermethrin10% EC) @ 2ml/lit of water . Leaf miner (Liriomyza sativa) Leaf miner upper and lower leaf surfaces creating winding and whitish tunnels that are initially narrow but then widen as the larvae grow. Spraying of Abamectin 1.9% EC @ 1ml/litre water Cont..
- 77. Insect Damage Control SpiderMites (Tetranychus urticae ) Mites suck the cell sap resulting in production of white patches between vein and leaves. Infected leaves turn yellowing and fall of pre maturely. Spraying of Abamectin 1.9% EC @1ml/liter of water Cont..
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