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Similar to Grade 9: Quarter 4 Biodiversity notes.pptx
Grade 9: Quarter 4 Biodiversity notes.pptx
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- 2. Species diversity • thenumber of species and abundance of every species in a given community • Today, millions of different species of living organisms are identified and named while more species remain to be discovered. • Some of them live in your body, some outside your body and others in remote places that you cannot see, in short, in every corner of the world
- 3. Biodiversity • from thewords “biological diversity” • It describes how varied living things are in a certain area - plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms as well as the community they form and the habitat they are living in Species • A group of organisms makes a population • made up of organisms that can reproduce fertile offspring.
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- 8. Species richness isthe simplest measurement of species diversity. It relates to the number of species inhabiting a given area or habitat Species evenness measures how many individual organisms belong to each species. It refers to the similarity in numbers or equal abundance of species in a particular area
- 9. TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY •Sequence ofcategories in increasing or decreasing order. •‘Taxonomy’ -Greek Word “taxis” meaning arrangement or division -“nomos” meaning method
- 12. Archaea Domain: Kingdom Archaebacteria •Microscopic • no nucleus and even organelles • They live and settle in diverse places, some even in the most extreme environments • Methanogens, halophiles, and thermophiles are examples of Archaebacteria. • Thermophiles can live in places with high temperature. These include volcanic hot springs with temperatures from 80 to 110˚C.
- 13. Bacteria Domain: KingdomEubacteria • unicellular and microscopic • do not have true nucleus and organelles and are regarded as the true bacteria • Members of Domains Eubacteria and Archaebacteria are called prokaryotes because of they lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- 14. Domain Eukarya • havea true nucleus and structures called organelles that are surrounded with by membranes • keep their genetic material in a nucleus and include the plants, animals, fungi, and protists
- 15. Kingdom • In thelate century 18th century, studies of organisms resulted in only two-kingdom classification system • with the invention of the microscope and with more evidences gathered about different forms of life, various scientists have proposed three to four, then five, and later six or even eight-kingdom classification.
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- 19. ARCHEBACTERIA • Body: unicellular organisms,they don’t have bodies and have different shapes. Some of them have a tail to move around and others don’t move. • Reproduction: by dividing. • Nutrition: some make their own food and others have a substance that breaks down animal and plant matter. Rod-shaped (bacillus) bacteria Coccus-shaped bacteria
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- 22. Kingdom Protista (protists)- divided into two major divisions Protozoans- animal-like protists; unicellular eukaryotic organisms (ex. amoeba, euglena, paramecium, trichomonas) Algae- plant-like protists; multicellular eukaryotic organisms; some are photosynthetic; mostly are aquatic (ex. green algae, red algae)
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- 25. PROTISTA • Body: unicellularor multicellular. Some of them don’t move, others use pseudopods or false feet and others use cilia. • Reproduction: in two ways: spores or dividing (algae) • Nutrition: some make their own food and others take it from the environment. Some algae carry out photosyntesis. Amoebae Algae
- 26. Kingdom Fungi- theywere once considered plants but scientists discovered that they cannot produce their own food; non-photosynthetic; multicellular eukaryotic organisms Example: molds, yeast, mushrooms; disease- causing fungi like athlete’s foot and ringworm
- 28. FUNGI • Body: mostare multicellular: they have a cap, stem and a network of hyphae. Some are unicelular, like yeast and mould. • Reproduction: through spores. • Nutrition: they have a substance that breaks down animal and plant matter, they take the nutrients from the decaying matter. Moulds Mushrooms
- 29. Kingdom Plantae (plants)- generally called producers because they can make their own food through the process called photosynthesis; multicellular eukaryotic organisms Example: non-flowering plants such as mosses and ferns flowering plants which could be fruit-bearing or cone-bearing
- 30. Angiosperms or flowering plantsgrow flowers. - Fruit grows from the flowers - Seeds grow inside the fruit. SEED PLANTS NON- SEED PLANTS Gymnosperms or conifers produce cones. - Seeds grow inside the cones. - Some conifer seeds are called nuts Ferns have special leaves called fronds. Ferns are anchored to the ground by their roots. Mosses produce capsules. They don’t have roots, they have rhizoids. Mosses absorb water and nutrients through the rhizoids, stems and leaves
- 31. Kingdom Animalia (animals)-multicellular eukaryotic organisms Invertebrates- animals that do not have backbones (ex. insects, arachnids, corals, sponges, worms, mollusks, crustaceans) Vertebrates- animals that have backbones (ex. fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals)
- 34. The next stepis to group animals by class. Can you name two animals for each class?
- 35. Every class needs alittle order! The class ‘Mammals’ has 26 orders in all. Here are five examples.
- 36. Families come next. The order ‘Primates’is organised into 13 families. We are part of the family called Hominidae family Family - Hominidae (great apes)
- 37. Animals in the samegenus are very closely related. Genus - Homo Our genus is called ‘Homo’ and includes all great apes that showed evidence of tool use, language and culture leading up to our own species.
- 38. We made it!The species is each type of animal. Our species is ‘Sapiens’ and we are the only surviving species of the homo genus. Species - Sapiens
- 39. Binomial Nomenclature • TheSwedish scientist, Linnaeus, also devised a simplified system of naming organisms based on their classification: the first name shows the genus and the second the species to which the organism belongs, as in Panthera leo (the lion). This naming system is called binomial nomenclature. • Therefore, our official title is Homo Sapien.