![• Nouns ending in - y preceded by a consonant is formed
into a plural by changing -y to -ies.[Substantivos acabados
em - y precedidos por consoante, vão para o plural
trocando o -y por -ies.]
Examples: lady, ladies; city, cities; army, armies
Nouns ending in -y preceded by a vowel form their plurals
by adding -s.[Substantivos terminados em -y precedidos
por vogal, fazem plural adicionando -s.]
Example: boy, boys; day, days](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/grammar-111218150530-phpapp01/75/Grammar-8-2048.jpg)
![• Most nouns ending in - o preceded by a consonant is
formed into a plural by adding -es.[Muitos substantivos
que acabam em -o precedidos por uma consoante,
formam plural com a adição de -es.]
Example: hero; heroes; grotto, grottoes
Some nouns ending in -f or -fe are made plural by
changing -f or -fe to -ves.[Alguns substantivos que
acabam em -f ou -fe fazem plural trocando o -f ou -fe
por -ves
Example: beef, beeves; wife, wives.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/grammar-111218150530-phpapp01/75/Grammar-9-2048.jpg)
![The definite article - the
The definite article the is the same for all
genders in singular and in plural.
the boy, the girl, the cat, the computers
If the following word begins with a vowel,
we speak [di ], if the following word begins
with a consonant, we speak [ da ].](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/grammar-111218150530-phpapp01/75/Grammar-19-2048.jpg)
![[da] [di]
the following word starts the following word starts
with a spoken consonant with a spoken vowel
the girl the English girl
the book the blue book
the school the old school
the unit the uncle
Here a consonant is Here a vowel sound is
pronounced at the pronounced at the
beginning of the word. beginning of the word.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/grammar-111218150530-phpapp01/75/Grammar-20-2048.jpg)
![ FORM
[had + past participle]
Examples:
You had studied English before you moved to
New York.
Had you studied English before you moved to
New York?
You had not studied English before you moved
to New York.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/grammar-111218150530-phpapp01/75/Grammar-33-2048.jpg)
Uploaded bygabbildu
Grammar
This document provides examples of sentences using different tenses and forms in English, including the present simple, present continuous, indefinite and definite articles, frequency adverbs, and plural nouns. It compares the structures for questions, negatives, and third-person singular forms. Overall, the document serves as a reference for some common grammatical structures in English.
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Grammar
- 1.
- 3. I am from Seattle. He is from Toronto. She It We are from Japan. You They
- 4. am not (I'mnot) from Seattle. I He is not (isn't) from Toronto. She It We are not (aren't) from Japan. You They
- 5. Where am I from? Where is he from she it Where are we from? you they
- 7. The plural formof most nouns is created simply by adding the letter s. more than one snake = snakes more than one ski = skis more than one Barrymore = Barrymores Words that end in -ch, x, s or s-like sounds, however, will require an -es for the plural: more than one witch = witches more than one box = boxes more than one gas = gases more than one bus = buses more than one kiss = kisses more than one Jones = Joneses
- 8. • Nouns endingin - y preceded by a consonant is formed into a plural by changing -y to -ies.[Substantivos acabados em - y precedidos por consoante, vão para o plural trocando o -y por -ies.] Examples: lady, ladies; city, cities; army, armies Nouns ending in -y preceded by a vowel form their plurals by adding -s.[Substantivos terminados em -y precedidos por vogal, fazem plural adicionando -s.] Example: boy, boys; day, days
- 9. • Most nounsending in - o preceded by a consonant is formed into a plural by adding -es.[Muitos substantivos que acabam em -o precedidos por uma consoante, formam plural com a adição de -es.] Example: hero; heroes; grotto, grottoes Some nouns ending in -f or -fe are made plural by changing -f or -fe to -ves.[Alguns substantivos que acabam em -f ou -fe fazem plural trocando o -f ou -fe por -ves Example: beef, beeves; wife, wives.
- 10. Simple Present Tense Howdo we make the Simple Present Tense? There are three important exceptions: 1.For positive sentences, we do not normally use subject + auxiliary + main verb the I sing auxiliary. verb 2.For the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), we do base add s to the main verb or es to the auxiliary. 3.For the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary, even for questions and negatives.
- 11. Look at theseexamples with the main verb like: subject auxiliary main verb verb + I, you, we, like coffee. they He, she, it likes coffee. - I, you, we, do not like coffee. they He, she, it does not like coffee. ? Do I, you, we, like coffee? they Does he, she, it like coffee?
- 12. Howdo weuse the Simple Present Tense? We use the simple present tense when: the action is general the action happens all the time, or habitually, in the past, present and future the action is not only happening now the statement is always true
- 13. The present progressive is formed by combining the verb "to be" with the present participle. (The present participle is merely the "-ing" form of a verb.) I am studying. I am studying with María. In English, present progressive can be used to describe what is happening now, or what will happen in the future. I am studying now. I am studying with María tonight.
- 14. Present Continuous Forms Positive Negative Question •I am speaking. •I am not speaking. •Am I speaking? •You are speaking. •You are not •Are you speaking? •We are speaking. speaking. •Are we speaking? •They are speaking. •We are not •Are they speaking? •He is speaking. speaking. •Is he speaking? •She is speaking. •They are not •Is she speaking? •It is speaking. speaking. •Is it speaking? •He is not speaking. •She is not speaking. •It is not speaking.
- 15. The indefinite article- a The indefinte article is the a is the same for all genders. a boy, a girl, a cat The indefinte article has no plural form. a boy - boys We use an if the following word starts with a vowel. the following word starts the following word starts with a consonant with a vowel a boy an aunt a school an old school a girl an American girl
- 16. Mind the pronunciationof the following word. a unit an uncle This u sounds like a This u sounds like a consonant, so we vowel, so we use an. use a.
- 17. Use of theindefinite article a/an - before phrases of time and measurements (per week/weekly) We have English 4 times a week. I go on holiday twice a year. Our car can do 220 kilometres an hour. Tomatoes are $2 a kilo.
- 18. before phrases ofjobs My father is a car mechanic. with a noun complement He is a good boy. before phrases of nationality Bruce Springsteen is an American.
- 19. The definite article- the The definite article the is the same for all genders in singular and in plural. the boy, the girl, the cat, the computers If the following word begins with a vowel, we speak [di ], if the following word begins with a consonant, we speak [ da ].
- 20. [da] [di] the following word starts the following word starts with a spoken consonant with a spoken vowel the girl the English girl the book the blue book the school the old school the unit the uncle Here a consonant is Here a vowel sound is pronounced at the pronounced at the beginning of the word. beginning of the word.
- 21. without the definitearticle with the definite article general words (indefinite) general words (definite) Life is too short. I've read a book on the life of Bill Clinton. I like flowers. I like the flowers in your garden. names of persons on the singular, relatives family names in the plural Peter and John live in London. The Smiths live in Chicago. Aunt Mary lives in Los Angeles. public buildings, institutions, means of transport public buildings, institutions, means of transport (indefinite) (definite) Mandy doesn't like school. The school that Mandy goes to is old. We go to school by bus. The bus to Dresden leaves at 7.40. Some people go to church on Sundays. The round church in Klingenthal is famous. names of countries in the singular; summits of names of countries in the plural; mountain ranges; mountains; continents; towns regions Germany, France; the United States of America, the Netherlands; the Mount Whitney, Mount McKinley; Highlands, the Rocky Mountains, the Alps; the Middle Africa, Europe; East, the west of Australia Cairo, New York single islands groups of islands Corfu, Bermuda, Sicily the Bahamas, the British Isles, the Canaries parks; lakes; streets name with of-phrase; oceans; seas; rivers the Statue of Liberty, the Tower (of London), the Isle Central Park, Hyde Park; of Wight; Lake Michigan, Loch Ness; the Atlantic (Ocean); 42nd Street, Oxford Street the Mediterranean (Sea); the Nile, the Rhine, the Suez Canal months, days of the week (indefinite) months, days of the week (definite) The weekend is over on Monday morning. I always remember the Monday when I had an July and August are the most popular months for accident. holidays. The August of 2001 was hot and dry.
- 22. 100% always, constantly usually, normally frequently, regularly often 50% sometimes occasionally rarely, infrequently seldom hardly ever 0% never
- 23. Adverbs of indefinitefrequency Examples: •never, seldom, sometimes, often, always Adverbs of indefinite frequency mainly go in MID position in the sentence. They go before the main verb (except the main verb "to be"): •We usually go shopping on Saturday. •I have often done that. •She is always late. Occasionally, sometimes, often, frequently and usually can also go at the beginning or end of a sentence: •Sometimes they come and stay with us. •I play tennis occasionally. Rarely and seldom can also go at the end of a sentence (often with "very"): •We see them rarely. •John eats meat very seldom.
- 24. Adverbs of definitefrequency Examples: hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly every second, once a minute, twice a year once, twice, once or twice, three times Adverbs of definite frequency, like all adverbs of definite time, typically go in END position. Look at these examples: Most companies pay taxes yearly. The manager checks the toilets every hour. The directors meet weekly to review progress. Sometimes, usually for reasons of emphasis or style, some adverbs of definite frequency may go at the FRONT, for example: Every day, more than five thousand people die on our roads.
- 26. Adjectives describeor give information about nouns or pronouns. For example:- The grey dog barked. (The adjective grey describes the noun "dog".) The good news is that the form of an adjective does not change. It does not matter if the noun being modified is male or female, singular or plural, subject or object. Some adjectives give us factual information about the noun - age, size colour etc (fact adjectives - can't be argued with). Some adjectives show what somebody thinks about something or somebody - nice, horrid, beautiful etc (opinion adjectives - not everyone may agree). If you are asked questions with which, whose, what kind, or how many, you need an adjective to be able to answer.
- 27. There are differenttypes of adjectives in the English language: Numeric: six, one hundred and one Quantitative: more, all, some, half, more than enough Qualitative: colour, size, smell etc. Possessive: my, his, their, your Interrogative: which, whose, what Demonstrative: this, that, those, these !Note - The articles a, an, and the and the possessives my, our, your, and their are also adjectives.
- 28. Use 1)action finished in the past I visited Berlin last week. 2) series of completed actions in the past First I got up, then I had breakfast 3) together with the Past Progressive/Continuous - The Simple Past interrupted an action which was in progress in the past. They were playing cards when the telephone rang.
- 29. Signal words yesterday, last week, a month ago, in 2002 Form - with regular verbs: infinitive + -ed - with irregular verbs: 2nd column of the table of the irregular verbs Examples Affirmative sentences: regular verbs irregular verbs I played football. I went to the cinema. We visited Alaska last We were in Rome year. yesterday.
- 30. Negative sentences: You mustnot negate a full verb in English. Always use the auxiliary did (Simple Past of to do) for negations. I played football. I didn't play football. He didn't play football. Questions: Use the auxiliary did (Simple Past of to do). Did you play football?
- 31. Positive Negative Question I / he / she / I was I was not Was I it speaking. speaking. speaking? you / we / You were You were not Were you they speaking. speaking. speaking?
- 32. put emphasis onthe course of an action in the past Example: He was playing football. two actions happening at the same time (in the past)Example: While she was preparing dinner, he was washing the dishes. action going on at a certain time in the pastExample: When I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang. Signal Words of Past Progressive when, while, as long as
- 33. FORM [had+ past participle] Examples: You had studied English before you moved to New York. Had you studied English before you moved to New York? You had not studied English before you moved to New York.
- 34. Positive Negative Question •I had finished. •I had not finished. •Had I finished? •You had finished. •You had not •Had you finished? •We had finished. finished. •Had we finished? •They had finished. •We had not •Had they finished? •He had finished. finished. •Had he finished? •She had finished. •They had not •Had she finished? •It had finished. finished. •Had it finished? •He had not finished. •She had not finished. •It had not finished.
- 35. The Past Perfectexpresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past. Examples: •I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai. •I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet. •Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times. •Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand? •She only understood the movie because she had read the book.
- 36. With Non-Continuous Verbsand some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past. Examples: •We had had that car for ten years before it broke down. •By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years. •They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years.
- 37. Functions and examples - will 1. We use 'will' to give or ask for information or facts about the future. Her parents will be here in about an hour. All her friends will come to her wedding. 2. We use 'will' for plans or decisions made at the time of speaking. "We need some paper for the photocopier." "Okay, I'll go and get some." "What would you like to eat?" "I'll have a pizza please." 3. We use 'will' to predict the future. I think it will rain tomorrow. Al Pacino will win the award for Best Actor. Do you think Brazil will win the World Cup? 4. We use 'will' to predict the present. Don't phone her now, she'll be busy. 5. We use 'will' to offer to do something. I'll take you to the airport tomorrow. That suitcase looks heavy, I'll carry it for you.
- 38. 6. We use'will' to agree to do something. Okay, I'll come with you 7. We use 'will' to promise to do something. I promise I won't tell anyone you broke the window 8. We use 'will' to make requests (or give orders). Will you open the door for me please? Will you marry me? Will you shut up please? 9. We use 'will' to refuse to do something or talk about refusals. No, I won't cook your dinner, you can cook it yourself. I've asked him but he won't do it.
- 39. Functions and examples- going to 1. We use 'going to' for plans or decisions made before speaking. Is John coming home soon? - Yes, I'm going to meet him at the airport tomorrow. I'm going to watch TV in a minute, because my favourite programme is on. 2. We use 'going to' to predict the future based on present evidence. Look at the sky. It's going to rain soon. Germany have just scored. England are going to lose again.