Graphics Lecture 7
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This document discusses various lighting and shading techniques used in computer graphics, including: - Ray tracing and radiosity methods that aim to approximate physical light behavior more accurately but with higher computational cost. - Phong illumination model that provides relatively fast approximations of light interactions. - Calculation of diffuse and specular reflection components in the Phong model based on surface normals, light direction, and view direction. - Different shading techniques like flat, Gouraud, and Phong shading that determine color values at polygon vertices and faces.
![Types of Light Sources
• Ambient light: no identifiable source or direction
• Diffuse light - Point: given only by point
• Diffuse light - Direction: given only by direction
• Spot light: from source in direction
– Cut-off angle defines a cone of light
– Attenuation function (brighter in center)
• Light source described by a luminance
– Each color is described separately
– I = [I r I g I b ] T (I for intensity)
– Sometimes calculate generically (applies to r, g, b)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/graphicslec7-160419043815/85/Graphics-Lecture-7-20-320.jpg)
![Diffuse Light
• Point Source
– Given by a point
– Light emitted equally in all directions
– Intensity decreases with square of distance
– Point source [x y z 1]T
• Directional Source
– Given by a direction
– Simplifies some calculations
– Intensity dependents on angle between surface
normal and direction of light
– Distant source [x y z 0]T](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/graphicslec7-160419043815/85/Graphics-Lecture-7-22-320.jpg)
![Lighting in OpenGL [1/2]
• Enabling shading
– glShadeModel(GL_FLAT)
– glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH); // Gouraud Shading only
• Using light sources
– Up to 8 light sources
– To create a light
• GLfloat light0_position[] = { 600, 40, 600, 1.0};
• glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, light0_position);
• glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);
• glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/graphicslec7-160419043815/85/Graphics-Lecture-7-51-320.jpg)
![Lighting in OpenGL [2/2]
– Changing light properties
• GLfloat light0_ambient[] = { 0.4, 0.1, 0.0, 1.0 };
• GLfloat light0_diffuse[] = { 0.9, 0.3, 0.3, 1.0 };
• GLfloat light0_specular[] = { 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0 };
• glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_AMBIENT, light0_ambient);
• glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, light0_diffuse);
• glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_SPECULAR, light0_specular);](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/graphicslec7-160419043815/85/Graphics-Lecture-7-52-320.jpg)
Graphics Lecture 7
- 1. Lighting and Shading Computer Graphics
- 2. Lighting & Shading • Approximate physical reality • Ray tracing: – Follow light rays through a scene – Accurate, but expensive (off-line) • Radiosity: – Calculate surface inter-reflection approximately – Accurate, especially interiors, but expensive (off-line) • Phong Illumination model : – Approximate only interaction light, surface, viewer – Relatively fast (on-line), supported in OpenGL
- 3. Ray Tracing
- 4. Forward Ray Tracing • Lights emit photon • Follow the photons – Trace Path (Ray) – Bounce off objects • Reflect, refract, attenuate – When a ray enters eye • Calculate intersection with view plane. • Accumulate color in the pixel • Expensive – Many rays will not intersect view plane
- 5. Backward Ray Tracing • Ray-casting: one ray from center of projection through each pixel in image plane • Illumination 1. Phong (local as before) 2. Shadow rays 3. Specular reflection 4. Specular transmission • (3) and (4) require recursion
- 6. Shadow Rays • Determine if light “really” hits surface point • Cast shadow ray from surface point to light • If shadow ray hits opaque object, no contribution • Improved diffuse reflection
- 7. Reflection & Transmission Rays • Reflection Rays – Calculate specular component of illumination – Compute reflection ray – Call ray tracer recursively to determine color – Add contributions Transmission ray Analogue for transparent or translucent surface Use Snell’s laws for refraction
- 8. Ray Casting • Simplest case of ray tracing – Required as first step of recursive ray tracing • Basic ray-casting algorithm – For each pixel (x,y) fire a ray from COP through (x,y) – For each ray & object calculate closest intersection – For closest intersection point p • Calculate surface normal • For each light source, calculate and add contributions • Critical operations – Ray-surface intersections – Illumination calculation
- 12. Radiosity • Radiosity: – The rate at which energy leaves a surface – Radiosity = (Emitted energy)+(Reflected energy) – Light sources are not treated differently in radiosity – every surface is a light source. • Radiosity method: – First determine all the light interactions in an environment in a view-independent way – Visible-surface determination and interpolative shading is used to obtain view dependent image.
- 13. Classical Radiosity Method • Divide surfaces into patches (elements) • Model light transfer between patches as system of linear equations • Important assumptions: – Reflection and emission are diffuse • Recall: diffuse reflection is equal in all directions • So radiance is independent of direction – No participating media (no fog) – No transmission (only opaque surfaces) – Radiosity is constant across each element – Solve for R, G, B separately
- 14. Radiosity Example Wire-frame model Resulting Image
- 15. Radiosity Pipeline Scene Geometry Form Factor Calculation Reflectance property Solution of Radiosity eqn Viewing Condition VisualizationRadiosity Image
- 16. Radiosity Equations • Radiosity = amount of energy leaving a surface per unit area, per unit time ( W / m2 ). • Form factori–j = ratio of energy leaving surface j that arrives at surface i. • The Radiosity problem : – Estimate the form factors – Solve for the entire scene. ipatchtorelative jpatchoffactorFormF ipatchoftyReflectivi ipatchofEmmisivityE ipatchofsRadiositieB A A FBEB ij i i i nj i j ijjiii ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ += − ≤≤ −∑ ρ ρ 1 surfacesotherfrom surfacethisreachingEnergyFB nj ijj ⇒∑≤≤ − 1 surfacethisbyemmittedEnergyEi ⇒ surfacethisby reflectedEnergyFB nj ijji ⇒∑≤≤ − 1 ρ Surface patch i
- 18. Calculating Form Factor The form factor from differential surface dAi to dAj is: ∫ ∫ ∫ = = = i j j A A ijij ji i j-i A jij ji j-di jij ji dj-di dAdAH rA F dAH r F dAH r dF 2 2 2 coscos1 coscos coscos π θθ π θθ π θθ otherwise0,dAfromvisibleisdAifH AtoAfromfactorformF AtodAfromfactorformF dAtodAfromfactorformdF jiij jij-i jij-di jidj-di ,1= = = =
- 19. Geometric Ingredients • Three ingredients – Normal vector m at point P of the surface – Vector v from P to the viewers eye – Vector s from P to the light source m s v P
- 20. Types of Light Sources • Ambient light: no identifiable source or direction • Diffuse light - Point: given only by point • Diffuse light - Direction: given only by direction • Spot light: from source in direction – Cut-off angle defines a cone of light – Attenuation function (brighter in center) • Light source described by a luminance – Each color is described separately – I = [I r I g I b ] T (I for intensity) – Sometimes calculate generically (applies to r, g, b)
- 21. Ambient Light • Global ambient light – Independent of light source – Lights entire scene • Local ambient light – Contributed by additional light sources – Can be different for each light and primary color • Computationally inexpensive
- 22. Diffuse Light • Point Source – Given by a point – Light emitted equally in all directions – Intensity decreases with square of distance – Point source [x y z 1]T • Directional Source – Given by a direction – Simplifies some calculations – Intensity dependents on angle between surface normal and direction of light – Distant source [x y z 0]T
- 23. Spot Lights • Spotlights are point sources whose intensity falls off directionally. – Requires color, point direction, falloff parameters d P α β Intensity at P = I cosε (β)
- 24. Based on modeling surface reflection as aBased on modeling surface reflection as a combination of the following components:combination of the following components: Used to model objects that glowUsed to model objects that glow A simple way to model indirect reflectionA simple way to model indirect reflection The illumination produced by dull smooth surfacesThe illumination produced by dull smooth surfaces The bright spots appearing on smooth shinyThe bright spots appearing on smooth shiny surfacessurfaces Phong illumination model
- 25. • Ideal diffuse reflection – An ideal diffuse reflector, at the microscopic level, is a very rough surface (real-world example: chalk) – Because of these microscopic variations, an incoming ray of light is equally likely to be reflected in any direction over the hemisphere – What does the reflected intensity depend on? Diffuse Reflection
- 26. Computing Diffuse Reflection • Independent of the angle between m and v • Does depend on the direction s (Lambertian surface) ms ms• = diffusesourcediffuse II ρ )0,max( ms ms• = diffusesourcediffuse II ρ Diffuse Reflection Coefficient Adjustment for ‘inside’ face )cos(θρdiffusesourcediffuse II = Therefore, the diffuse component is:
- 27. Specular Reflection • Shiny surfaces exhibit specular reflection – Polished metal – Glossy car finish • A light shining on a specular surface causes a bright spot known as a specular highlight • Where these highlights appear is a function of the viewer’s position, so specular reflectance is view dependent
- 28. Specular Reflection • Perfect specular reflection (perfect mirror) – Snell’s law • The smoother the surface, the closer it becomes to a perfect mirror • Non-perfect specular reflection: Phong Model – most light reflects according to Snell’s Law – as we move from the ideal reflected ray, some light is still reflected
- 29. Non-Ideal Specular Reflectance: Phong Model An illustration of this angular falloff θ m s r
- 30. Phong Lighting θ m s r vφ The Specular Intensity, according to Phong model: )(cos ϕρ f specularsourcespecular II = Specular Reflection Coefficient Shininess factor f specularsourcespecular II • = vr vr ρ
- 31. Phong Lighting Examples •These spheres illustrate the Phong model as s and f are varied:
- 32. Blinn and Torrence Variation • In Phong Model, r need to be found – computationally expensive • Instead, halfway vector h = s + v is used – angle between m and h measures the falloff of intensity β m s h v f specularsourcespecular II • = mh mh ρ
- 33. Combining Everything • Simple analytic model: – diffuse reflection + – specular reflection + – ambient Surface
- 34. The Final Combined Equation • Single light source: m s r v Viewer φ θθ f sspddaa phongIlambertIII )(×+×+= ρρρ • = ms ms ,0maxlambert • = mh mh ,0maxphong
- 35. Adding Color • Consider R, G, B components individually • Add the components to get the final color of reflected light f srsprdrdrarar phongIlambertIII )(×+×+= ρρρ f sgspgdgdgagag phongIlambertIII )(×+×+= ρρρ f sbspbdbdbabab phongIlambertIII )(×+×+= ρρρ
- 36. Shading Models
- 37. Applying Illumination • We have an illumination model for a point on a surface • Assuming that our surface is defined as a mesh of polygonal facets, which points should we use?
- 38. Polygon Shading Flat Shading Gouraud Shading Phong Shading Smooth Shading Types of Shading Model
- 39. Flat Shading • For each polygon – Determines a single intensity value – Uses that value to shade the entire polygon • Assumptions – Light source at infinity – Viewer at infinity – The polygon represents the actual surface being modeled
- 40. Wire-frameWire-frame ModelModel Flat Shading Flat ShadingFlat Shading
- 41. Smooth Shading • Introduce vertex normals at each vertex – Usually different from facet normal – Used only for shading – Think of as a better approximation of the real surface that the polygons approximate • Two types – Gouraud Shading – Phong Shading (do not confuse with Phong Lighting Model)
- 42. Gouraud Shading • This is the most common approach – Perform Phong lighting at the vertices – Linearly interpolate the resulting colors over faces • Along edges • Along scanlines
- 43. Gouraud Shading xright ys ytop ybott xleft color1 color2 color3 color4y4 ( ) bott botts left yy yy colorcolorcolorcolor − − −+= 4 141 ( ) bott botts right yy yy colorcolorcolorcolor − − −+= 2 121 ( ) rightleft left leftrightleftx xx xx colorcolorcolorcolor − − −+=
- 44. Wire-frame ModelWire-frame Model Gouraud Shading Flat ShadingFlat ShadingGouraud ShadingGouraud Shading
- 45. Gouraud Shading • Artifacts – Often appears dull – Lacks accurate specular component • If included, will be averaged over entire polygon C1 C2 C3 Can’t shade the spot light
- 46. Phong Shading ys x m1 m2 m3 m4 mleft mright m Interpolate normal vectors at each pixel
- 47. Wire-frame ModelWire-frame Model Phong Shading Flat ShadingFlat ShadingGouraud ShadingGouraud ShadingPhong ShadingPhong Shading
- 48. If a highlight does not fall on a vertex Gouraud shading may miss it completely, but Phong shading does not. Phong vs Gouraud Shading
- 49. Shading Models (Direct lighting) • Flat Shading – Compute Phong lighting once for entire polygon • Gouraud Shading – Compute Phong lighting at the vertices and interpolate lighting values across polygon • Phong Shading – Interpolate normals across polygon and perform Phong lighting across polygon
- 51. Lighting in OpenGL [1/2] • Enabling shading – glShadeModel(GL_FLAT) – glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH); // Gouraud Shading only • Using light sources – Up to 8 light sources – To create a light • GLfloat light0_position[] = { 600, 40, 600, 1.0}; • glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, light0_position); • glEnable(GL_LIGHT0); • glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);
- 52. Lighting in OpenGL [2/2] – Changing light properties • GLfloat light0_ambient[] = { 0.4, 0.1, 0.0, 1.0 }; • GLfloat light0_diffuse[] = { 0.9, 0.3, 0.3, 1.0 }; • GLfloat light0_specular[] = { 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0 }; • glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_AMBIENT, light0_ambient); • glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, light0_diffuse); • glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_SPECULAR, light0_specular);