Green Infrastructure in Sustainable Urban Beach Management_MC Meeting Bozano_STSM G.Lukoseviciute (2019_03)

Green Infrastructure in Sustainable Urban Beach Management_MC Meeting Bozano_STSM G.Lukoseviciute (2019_03)

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  COST is supportedby The EU Framework Programme Horizon 2020 This presentation is based upon work from COST Action RESTORE CA16114, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). Goda Lukoševičiūtė Green Infrastructure in Sustainable Urban Beach Management Bolzano, 15/03/2019 University of Seville, Seville, Spain [email protected]
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  COST is supportedby The EU Framework Programme Horizon 2020 WG2 Increasing coastal urbanization and tourism Threats for ecosystems, cities and its resilience Focusing on the guidelines and tools of designing of new coastal urban environments From reducing the impact on the environment to contributing to the restoration of the ecological status
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  COST is supportedby The EU Framework Programme Horizon 2020 To conduct a literature review on Andalusia urban coastal situation and its management To collect data of importance and performance factors of coastal and its’ beaches SWOT analysis of current constraints and future opportunities of green infrastructure in urban planning and beach management To make a collected data comparison with similar study did in Portugal Objectives
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  COST is supportedby The EU Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Study area
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  COST is supportedby The EU Framework Programme Horizon 2020  SWOT analysis has been praised for its simplicity and practicality;  Assess internal strengths, weaknesses, externalities and threats used in the preliminary strategic decision-making phase (Johnson et al., 1989);  SWOT method is used as a decision support system;  Factors evaluated by SWOT will help organizations/municipalities to make decisions for urban and beach management action planning in terms of sustainable coastal development (Tsenkova, 2002; Schmoldt et al., 2001); SWOT as a study method
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  COST is supportedby The EU Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Strengths Diversity of attractive landscapes ‘Doñana National Park’, ‘Bahia de Cadiz Natural Park’, ‘Odiel Marshes’ and ‘Isla Cristina marshes’ Adjusted Spain’s Coast Law (22/1988) Urban society willingness to have more ecosystem diversity Presence of Littoral Plan Presence of Tourism (12/1999) and Urban Planning (7/2002) Laws with anticipation of green areas establishment Numerous NGO’s in Andalusia working for nature conservation Weaknesses Davastated natural coastal ecosystems Large areas of coastline used by residential or touristic infrastructure DPMT of Punta Umbria is heavily pressured by residential houses and touristic infrastructure Confrontation of two fundamentally opposing concepts of property rights Political disagreements An absence of specific beach policy in Spain Installed sea walls and groins as well as ports
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  COST is supportedby The EU Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Fig. 1. Coastal urbanization in the most touristic cities of Andalusia (west Mediterranean side): a – Malaga, b – Fuengirola, c - Marbella
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  COST is supportedby The EU Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Fig. 2. Urbanized Punta Umbria area of Maritime-Terrsetrial Public Domain
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  COST is supportedby The EU Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Fig. 3. Devastated natural ecosystems in urban Malagueta beach, Malaga
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  COST is supportedby The EU Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Fig. 4. Erodated urban beach due to installed groines in Marbella
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  COST is supportedby The EU Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Opportunities Coastal dune vegetation may help to stabilize dunes Plantation of coastal forests may regulate air quality and provide aesthetic value GI may help to mitigate heat waves and UHI effect GI may have a considerable potential for improving health of urban residents and tourists GI provide water regulation services GI may improve aesthetic value and human well- being GI provide economic value by provided services Threats Mediterranean coast vulnerability Flood risk Dune erosion Increasingly coastal urbanization Coastal erosion Heat waves, droughts, UHI effect Reduced beach carying capacity Overcrowding phenomenon
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  Vegetated dunes actas a sediment stabilization and soil retention in vegetation root structure, thus controlling coastal erosion and protecting recreational beaches, tourist-related business, ocean front properties and wildlife habitat (Barbier et al., 2011). Fig. 5. Presence of dunes in El Puerto de Santa Maria (above) and Isla Cristina (below) urban beaches Coastal dunes erosion mitigation
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  Coastal dunes andcoastal forests are spatially and functionally linked and it is recommended to manage them simultaneously (Bjerregaard and Grolin, 1998; McFadden, 2007). In urban areas and beaches forests play an important role due to significant ecosystem services provided, such as carbon sequestration (Jo, 2002) and though mitigating global warming, regulating air quality by removing air pollutants, such as sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone, carbon monoxide and reducing noise (Bolund and Hunhammar, 1999). Fig. 6. Presence of coastal forest in El Puerto de Santa Maria urban beache Environmental quality improvement
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  Buildings microclimate andlocal city climate regulation There is a significant and multidimensional urban forest influence on local microclimate, which includes modification of solar radiation, wind speed, air temperature, relative humidity, re-radiation (Grimmond et al., 1994; Miller, 1997). A combination of urban forests and green roofs shows the higher cooling potential in hot season in Mediterranean–continental climates because vegetation and growing plant media intercept and dissipate solar radiation (Oberndorfer et al., 2007; Alcazar et al., 2016). Fig. 7. Urban forest in Fuengirola
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  Water regulation Green roofsprovide storm-water and water run-off management service from building surfaces during rainfall events by delaying runoff until after peak rainfall and returning precipitation to the atmosphere through evapotranspiration (Oberndorfer et al., 2007; Akbari et al., 2015). Fig. 8. Green roof (Source: https://www.ecovidahomes.com/blog/tag/eco-home-
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   Aesthetic, culturaland recreational values A study in Barcelona has shown that cultural services provided by urban gardens are the most important for local residents and tourists (Cams-Calvet et al., 2016).  Health benefits  Economic benefits Previous study in Catalan coast (Spain) of economic evaluation of green ingrastructure services of Catalan coastal zone (Brenner et al., 2010) has shown that annual flow of non-market value of temperate forests was 1,328,021,174 USD/yr, as well as grassland 8,502,682 USD/yr and urban green spaces (large urban parks and other green areas) 11,292,851 USD/yr.
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  Proper management  Noiseand congestion (Tyrvainen, 2001);  Increased anxiety caused by fear of crime (Bixler and Floyd, 1997);  Lyme disease (Patz and Norris, 2004) and West Nile Virus (Zielinski-Gutierrez and Hayden, 2006);  Tall trees near properties cause too much shading and maintenance problems; Fig. 9. An example of tall trees management issues in residential house area in Marbella
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  COST is supportedby The EU Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Portugal (Algarve) Spain (Andalusia) Fig. 10. Urban beach in Portimao, Portugal Fig. 11. Urban beach in El Puerto de Santa Maria, Spain Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea and Gibraltar Strait “Sea, Sun and Sand” (3S) tourism. Algarve region represents 22% of total international tourists (2017) “Sea, Sun and Sand” (3S) tourism. Andalusia region represents 14% of total international tourists number (2018) 44% of Algarve coast are beaches. However, the coast is degrading due to anthropogenic factors 26% of Andalusia coast are beaches. The coast is degrading, particularly dunes (1/3 of coastal dunes) Atlantic coast is vulnerable due to intensive urbanization (Portimao, Albufeira, Faro) and experiences erosion of more than 1m/year as well as floods threaten coastline Due to uncontrolled urbanization Andalusia is most effected and vulnerable regions with erosion along 41% of its coastline and suffers from floods Natural areas in Algarve – Ria Farmosa natural park Numerous important natural areas: Doñana National Park , Bahía de Cádiz Natural Park, the Odiel Marshes, The Cristina Island marshesPraia de Faro is officially excluded from the public domain Punta Umbria exclusion from public domain (Law 22/1988)The existence of several institutions with responsibilities and a complex of bureaucratic process Political disagreements, absence of beach policy, Coast Law (22/1988) adjustments and legislative loopholes in coastal managementA general lack of control over land occupation Confrontation of two fundamentally opposing concepts of property rights Lack of green spaces with high risk of heat island effect Beach overcrowding UHI effect Beach overcrowding The recent dilemma of "black gold" has caused great debate The management of occupation and use of the public domain belongs to Autonomous Community of Andalusia, while urban and coastal land use planning and management belongs to City Council Urban beach management and urban planning belongs to municipalities Conducted surveys shows urban society willingness to have more ecosystem diversity The results of the surveys show that it is important for beach visitors to observe wild life, vegetation health, biodiversity and sand dune restoration
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  Fig. 12. Praiade Faro during the flood event (2018. 02)(Portugal) Coastal erosion
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  Fig. 13. Urbanbeach in Quarteira (Portugal) Fig. 14. Urban beach in Albufeira (Portugal) Urbanization
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   It isurgent and beneficial to integrate green infrastructure in Andalusia coastal cities and urban beaches due to ecological, economical and social services provided.  Absence of specific beach policy, Coast Law (22/1988) adjustments, legislative loopholes in coastal management and political interest conflict together with already heavily urbanized coastal area and human made constructions are the main weaknesses and barriers for green infrastructure integration of case study Andalusia cities. Conclusions (1/3)
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   It isrecommended to use strengths and opportunities of case studies to minimize weaknesses and mitigate threats and compensate environmental impacts by providing green infrastructure for the improvement and management of case study urban areas and beaches of Andalusia region in order to help managers in decision-makers.  Cities and its local policies are critical for native biodiversity conservation mainly through planning, conservation, and management of urban green spaces and green infrastructure integration into spatial planning may propose ecological resilience and social economic resilience of Andalusia west coast. Conclusions (2/3)
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   Andalusia needsto focus more attention on climate change threats and present weaknesses, identified in this study and improve dialogue with stakeholders, particularly scientists and municipal represents of Barcelona, Madrid or Valencia cities in order to exchange information of successful green infrastructure planning its milestones and implementing measures.  To integrate green infrastructure in Andalusia coastal cities and beaches, ecologists, managers, developers, students, and citizens – should be encouraged to join in collaborative networks to share data, engage in interdisciplinary research, and discuss urban green spaces management, design, and planning.  System approach framework (SAF) is strongly recommended for future researches, which provide several tools and methods to management and importantly with stakeholder participation throughout the process. Conclusions (3/3)
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  COST is supportedby The EU Framework Programme Horizon 2020 This presentation is based upon work from COST Action RESTORE CA16114, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). Goda Lukoševičiūtė どうもありがとう Thank you for your attention! Bolzano, 15/03/2019 [email protected]