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![DEPARTMENT OF SEED SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY
SST 503 [ 2+1 ]
Seed Production Principles And
Techniques In Field Crops
Submitted To :- Dr. J. N. Patel
Presented By :- Makani Dulari M.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/groundnut-250126210032-5e4e44c9/75/GROUNDNUT-introduction-types-floral-biology-pptx-1-2048.jpg)
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- 1. DEPARTMENT OF SEEDSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SST 503 [ 2+1 ] Seed Production Principles And Techniques In Field Crops Submitted To :- Dr. J. N. Patel Presented By :- Makani Dulari M.
- 2. SEED PRODUCTION INGROUNDNUT
- 3. INTRODUCTION • Common Name:- Peanut, Earthnut, Monkey’s nut, Manila nut • Scientific Name :- Arachis hypogea • Family :- Fabaceae • Origin :- Brazil • Chromosome Number :- 2n= 40 • Nutritional value :- 44 – 56 % Edible oil 22 – 30 % Edible protein also has P, Ca, Mg, K, Vitamin B2, Vitamin E
- 4. • World productionof groundnut reached a record of about 21 million tonnes. • India ranks first in the world in area (8.5 million hectares contributes about 40 % of the total world’s area) and production (8.4 million tonnes contributes about 33 % of the total world’s production). • The average productivity of groundnut in India is only about 988 kg/ha. • In India, it is grown in an area of about 85 lakh hectares with the total production of 84 lakh tonnes. • The highest productivity of groundnut (1604 kg/ha) in State of Tamil Nadu, while in Gujarat the productivity is about 1190 kg/ha.
- 5. CLASSIFICATION 1. The erector bunch type: include Arachis hypogea sub species fastigiata short duration (95-105), early manuring, and high yielding and almost free from dormancy, high germination percentage (90-95). 2. The spreading or trailing type: include Arachis hypogea sub species procumbens. Lal. Long duration (110-120 days), late maturity, high yielding ability and have dormancy (60-75%), low germination per cent (85-90).
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- 7. ANTHESIS • Groundnut isself pollinated plant. • Flowering begins 17 – 35 days after seedling emergence. • Anthesis : 5.30 Am to 7.30 Am • Anther may dehisce 7 – 8 h before flower open. • Stigma become receptive about 24 hours before anthesis.
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- 9. CLIMATE REQUIREMENT • Groundnutis a tropical plant and required a long and warm growing season. • The optimum temperature for vegetative growth is between 26 – 30 °C depending on the cultivar. • Reproductive growth is maximum at 24 – 27 °C.
- 10. LAND REQUIREMENTS • GroundnutPrefer well drained, light texture, loose, friable and sandy loam soil. • Clay or heavy soil is not suitable. • It is sensitive to soil salinity. • Prefer a soil PH 6.0 to 7.5.
- 11. SEED TREATMENT • Treat1 Kg of seed with 2 gm of thiram before sowing. • Keep the fungicide treated seed for 24 hours and use for sowing. • To break the seed dormancy of spreading type varieties , give the seed treatment of etharel.
- 12. SOWING SEASON • Kharif:- Mid June to first week of July • Summer :- Last week of January to first week of February • Rabi :- September to December
- 13. SOWING METHODS • Seedshould be sown about 5 cm deep with the help of country seed drill or they are sown behind country plough. • Broad bed and furrow method of sowing in groundnut under irrigated condition.
- 14. SEED RATE ANDSPACING • Seed Rate :- Spreading type variety : 80-100 Kg/ha Bunch type variety : 100-120 Kg/ha • Spacing :- Spreading type variety : 60cm*10cm Bunch type variety : 45cm*10cm
- 15. ISOLATION • Foundation seed: 3 m • Certified seed : 3m
- 16. FERTILIZER APPLICATION • N: P : K = 20 : 40 : 40 Kg/ha • Lime = 5 q/ha • Gypsum = 250 Kg/ha
- 17. IRRIGATION • Critical stageof irrigation : Flowering, Peg formation and Pod development • Rabi Groundnut : 3-4 irrigation • Summer Groundnut : 9 irrigation
- 18. INTERCULTURAL OPERATIONS A) Weeding:- • 28 to 40 days after sowing • Chemical weed control by fluchloralin @0.9 Kg a.i./ha as pre emergence B)Earthing Up :- • Done within 2-3 weeks • Soil is not disturbed after flowering.
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- 21. ROUGING • It isan important field operation needed for maintenance of genetic purity. • It is done from seedling stage upto harvesting based on habitat leaf foliage colour, flower characters, pod characters and seed characters. • The off types that deviate from the original characters are removed from the plot and are destroyed.
- 22. FIELD INSPECTION • Aminimum two inspection shall be made 1. First Inspection : Made just prior to and during flowering. 2. Second Inspection : A pre harvest or harvest inspection may be conducted as the crop reaches at maturity.
- 23. HARVESTING • Maturity indices:- - Leaves are Yellowing - Spotting of leaves - Dropping of old leaves - Seed are seperated from the shell of the pod
- 24. HARVESTING METHOD • Bunchtype :- By pulling • Spreading type :- By local plough or blad harrow
- 25. POST HARVEST OPERATIONS •Stripping :- The pods are stripped from plant for its collection either manually or with groundnut stripper. • Pod grading :- Mechanically injured, immatured, shrivelled, insect / diseased infected, germinated and the undersized pods are removed by grading them with groundnut pod grader using 8.8 mm – 9 mm round perforated metal sieves.
- 26. • Pod verification:- For evaluation of genetic purity, the pods are verified for their variation as off type based on number of seed / pod, beak character, length and size of pod etc. • Decordication :- The pods are decordicated before sowing using groundnut decordicator. • Drying :- Pods should be dried to 7-8% moisture content either by sundrying.
- 27. • Pod Storage:- - Pod storage is the general practice of seed storage in groundnut because the kernels lose their viability faster than pods. - The pods can be dry dressed with thiram or bavistin @ 4 g kg-1 of pod for better storage. - The pods can also be treated with chlorine based halogen mixture @ 3 g kg-1 of pod.
- 28. FIELD STANDARDS FS CS Offtype(%) 0.10 0.50
- 29. SEED STANDARD Parameters FSCS Physical purity 96 96 Innert matter (%) 4 4 Other crop seed None None Weed seed None None ODV None None Germination (%) 70 70 Moisture content 9 9
- 30. VARIETIES • Spreading type:- GAUG 10, GG 11, GG 12, GG 13, GJG 17 • Semi-spreading types :- GG-20, GJG-22 • Bunch type :- GG 2, GG 4, GG 5, GG 7, TG 27
- 31. QUESTIONS • Groundnut iswhich type of crop ? A.Cross pollinated B. Self pollinated C.Day neutral D.None of this Answer :- Self Pollinated
- 32. • Soil pHrequired for Groundnut ? A.5-6 B.6-7.5 C.7-8 D.4-5 Answer :- 6 – 7.5
- 33. • How muchpercentage of edible oil in groundnut ? A.44 - 56 B.40 – 50 C.42 - 45 D.40 – 42 Answer :- 44 - 56
- 34. • Physical purityof groundnut seed ? A.94 B.95 C.96 D.98 Answer :- 96
- 35. • Origin ofgroundnut ? A.India B.China C.Brazil D.South America Answer :- Brazil
- 36. • How muchpercentage of edible protein in groundnut ? A.22 – 30 B.25 – 30 C.30 – 35 D.36 – 40 Answer :- 22 - 30
- 37. • Family ofgroundnut ? A.Poaceae B.Fabaceae C.Solanaceae D.Malvaceae Answer :- Fabaceae
- 38. • Germination percentageof groundnut ? A.65 B.70 C.75 D.80 Answer :- 70
- 39. • Field standardfor Certified seed ? A.0.1 B.0.3 C.0.5 D.0.7 Answer :- 0.5
- 40. SUMMARY • Introduction • Classification •Anthesis • Climate requirement • Land requirement • Seed treatment • Sowing • Seed rate and Spacing • Isolation
- 41. • Irrigation • Fertilizerapplication • Intercultural operations • Pests and Diseases • Field Inspection • Harvesting • Post harvest operations • Field standard • Seed standard • Questions