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Group behaviour.ppt
- 2. “Two or more individuals, interacting and interdependent, who have come together to achieve particular objectives.” Robbins (1998) Definitions Of A Group
- 3. The interactions that take place among the members of a group are called group dynamics. Groups are the basic fundamental units of an organization. It is a primary source of social identity for employees.
- 4. Nature of groups The term group dynamics was coined by Kurt Lewin in 1930s. There are three views regarding the nature of groups. 1. Normative:- How a group is to be organized and how its activities are to be carried out.
- 5. 2. Group dynamics consists of a set of techniques like role plays, brainstorming, sensitivity training, team building, Johari window and self managed teams. 3. Regarding internal nature of groups- how groups are formed, their structure, processes and their functioning. How groups affects the individual members, other groups and the org. as a whole.
- 6. Dynamics of group formation Acc. to the Theory of Propinquity- , people associate with one another due to geographical proximity. Ex. People in the same office. Acc to the Balance theory- people who have similar attitudes toward certain objects and goals tend to form a group.
- 7. Acc. to the Exchange theory- the reward-cost outcomes of interactions serve as the basis for group formation. Affiliations and associations takes place when rewards are greater than the costs incurred. Most important reason to form group is to to satisfy social needs.
- 8. Types of Groups- formal and Informal Formal defined by the organisation’s structure, with designated work assignments establishing tasks. the behaviours that members should engage in are stipulated by and directed toward organisational goals.
- 9. Formal groups are further classified into Command groups and Task groups. Command groups are relatively permanent in nature. Task groups are formed to carry out specific tasks. They are temporary in nature.
- 10. Informal alliances that are neither formally structured nor organisationally determined. natural formations in the work environment that appear in response to the need for social contact.
- 11. Informal groups are divided into- Friendship and Interest groups Friendship groups are permanent in nature. Formed because of cordial relationships that the members share. Interest groups are relatively temporary and are organized around a common activity or interest.
- 12. Stages of Group development The five –stage model Punctuated Equilibrium model
- 13. Stage I: Forming - great deal of uncertainty about the group’s structure, purpose and leadership. Stage 2: Storming - intragroup conflict. Resistance to the constraints that the group imposes on individuality. Conflict over who will control the group. Stage 3: Norming - close relationships develop and the group demonstrates cohesiveness. Strong sense of group identity and camaraderie. Stage 4: Performing - structure is fully functional and accepted. Emphasis is on performing the task. Stage 5: Adjourning - group prepares for its disbandment. Attention is directed towards wrapping up activities. The Five stage- model
- 14. Punctuated Equilibrium Model Studies have confirmed that groups do not develop in a universal sequence of stages BUT the timing of when groups form and change the way they work is Highly consistent: 1. The first meeting sets the group’s direction. 2. The first phase of group activity is one of inertia. 3. A transition takes place at the end of the first phase which occurs exactly when a group has used up half its allotted time. 4. The transition initiates major changes. 5. A second phase of inertia follows the transition. 6. The group’s last meeting is characterised by markedly accelerated activity.
- 15. Group Structure It helps shape the behavior of its members, predict the behavior and guide the performance of the group as a whole. Structural variables are: 1.Formal leadership 4.Group status 2.Roles 5.Group size 3.Norms 6.Composition of the group
- 16. Formal leadership Leader’s behavior has a significant impact on the group behavior and performance Style of a leader is imitated by the members of the group.
- 17. Roles Set of behavior pattern which an individual occupying a certain position in society is expected to display. Dimensions of role are: Role Identity: Attitudes and behavior of an individual gives rise to role identity Role perception: Involves understanding how one is supposed to behave in a particular role.
- 18. Role Expectations: how an individual is expected to behave in a given situation. Role conflict: An individual who is required to perform diverse roles in life may find that compliance with one role hinders his compliance with another role.
- 19. Norms Acceptable standards of behaviour within a group that are shared by the group’s members. 1. Norms related to performance 2. Norms related to appearance 3. Norms related to informal social arrangements. 4. Norms that regulate the allocation of resources.
- 20. Status A socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others.
- 21. Size of a group 12 or more are good for obtaining diverse input. Approx. 7 members tend to be more effective for taking action. Groups of 5-7 members exercise the best elements of both small and large groups. Social Loafing - The tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually.
- 22. Composition of a group Most group activities require a variety of skills and knowledge. Research studies show that heterogeneous groups (those composed of dissimilar individuals in terms of gender, personalities, opinions, abilities, skills and perspectives) are likely to perform more effectively.
- 23. Group demography - The degree to which members of a group share a common demographic attribute such as age, sex, race, educational level or length of service in the organisation, and the impact of this attribute on turnover. Cohorts are individuals who hold a common attribute. Research has shown that turnover is higher among those with dissimilar experiences because of communication problems, conflict, and power struggles.
- 24. Group Tasks Large groups facilitate pooling of information e.g. addition of a diverse perspective to a problem- solving committee. When the task is to co-ordinate and implement a decision, larger groups are not so effective. Therefore, the size-performance relationship is moderated by the group’s task requirements.
- 25. Group Processes The processes that go on within a work group e.g. communication patterns, group decision processes, leader behaviour, power dynamics, conflict interactions etc. Processes are important to understanding work group behaviour e.g. Synergy. (Social loafing is negative synergy.)
- 26. Social Facilitation effect Tendency of people show significant improvement in the performance of the task when they are performing it in front of others than they are performing it in private.