groupdynamics-190731135037.pptx

SEMINAR ON
GROUP DYNAMICS
Presented by:
Nisha Yadav
M.Sc. Nursing 2nd year,
NINE, PGIMER
Chandigarh
Presented To:
Dr. Meenakshi Agnihotri
Associate Professor,
NINE, PGIMER
Chandigarh

• Concept of Individualization
• Aspects of individualization
• Group
• Group dynamics
• Characteristics of group
• Classification of group
• Components of group
• Development of group
• Task role description
• Role of nurse in group dynamics
OUTLINE

• An Individual is that which exists as a
distinct entity
• Individualization is the process by which ,an
individual is made independent of his/her
group.
• ‘It is the process of attaining to one’s own self.
INDIVIDUAL

• Independent
• Democratization
• Social Mobility
• Aware of one’s own specific character
• A feeling of self-glorification
• Free competition
• A kind of new evaluation
• The process of becoming different from other
people
ASPECTS OF INDIVIDUALIZATION

• Individualization as a process of learning
different from other people.
• Individualization on the level of new forms of
self regarding attitudes.
• Individualization through objects
• Individualization as a kind of deepening into
ourselves which implies receiving into our
experience of ourselves and sublimating the
individualizing forces around and within us.
KARL MANNHEIM
ASPECTS OF INDIVIDUALIZATION

CONCLUSION- according to the research results which were conducted with aim
to demonstrate present condition in care from patient point of view in nursing is
based on individualized nursing care. Individualized nursing care and applying
provided solutions by experts of nursing to achieve patient satisfaction could be
effective.

“A social group grows out of a situation which
permits meaningful inter-stimulation and
response between the individual , focusing of
attention on common situation or interest , the
development of certain common drives ,
motivation or emotions”
Gillin and Gillin
GROUP

GROUP
Two or more individual who have common object
of attention, stimulating to each other , who have
common loyalty and participate in similar
activities.
ES Bogardus
Cont.….

INTRODUCTION TO GROUP DYNAMICS
• Dynamic=Force
• It refers to the forces operating in the group.
• Its concerned with dynamic interaction of
individuals in face to face relationships.
• As a leader understanding the group
dynamic is essential in order to both
compose & guide the individuals within a
group for the purpose of successfully &
efficiently completing an assignment.

DEFINITION
• It is the social process by which people
interact face to face in small groups.
• A branch of social psychology which studies
problems involving the structure of a group.
• It’s an interaction that influence the
attitudes & behavior of people when they are
grouped with others through either choice or
accidental circumstances.

According to kurt lewin (1951), the founder of the
movement to study group scientifically the phrase
“Group Dynamics”.
The term group dynamics describes the way groups
and individual act and react to changing
circumstances.
GROUP DYNAMICS

OBJECTIVES
• Identify & analyze the social processes
that impact on group development &
performance.
• Acquire the skills necessary to intervene
& improve individual & group
performance in an organizational
context.
• Build more successful organization by
applying techniques by that provides
positive impact on goal achievement.

PRINCIPLES
• The members of the group must have a
strong sense of belonging to the group.
• Changes in one part of the group may
produce stress in other person, which can be
reduced only by eliminating or allowing the
change by bringing about readjustment in
the related parts.
• The group arises in functions owing to
common motives.
• Group survives by placing the members into
functional hierarchy & facilitating the
actions towards the goals.

Cont…
• The intergroup relations, group organization &
member participation are essential for
effectiveness of a group.
• Information relating to need for change, plan for
change & consequences of changes must be
shared by members of a group.

CURATIVE FACTORS OF GROUP
DYNAMICS
• Yalom (1985) identified 10 curative factors
that individuals can achieve through
interpersonal interactions within a group.
1. Instillation of hope
2. Universality
3. The imparting of information
4. Altruism
5. Development of socializing techniques
6. Imitative behavior

Cont…
7. Interpersonal
learning
8. Group
cohesiveness
9. Catharsis
10. Existential
factors

• A sense of we feeling
• Norms
• Customs
• Shared goals
• Mutual awareness
• Cooperation
• Good IPR
• Sense of unity
CHARACTERSTICS OF GROUP

Cooley’s Classification
Primary Group
Secondary Group
Wb Sumner And Keller Classification
In-group
Out-group
OTHER GROUP
Informal
Formal
CLASSIFICATION OF GROUP

• A primary group is a small number of persons
come into direct contact with one another .
• They meet face to face for mutual help ,
companionship and discuss on common
questions.
• They live in the presence and thought about
another.
PRIMARY GROUP

• A secondary group is one which is large in size such as a
city ,nation or political party. Here, human contacts
become superficial and undefined.
• The relationship o the members are limited in scope and
arrived at by much trial and error and in terms of self
interest calculations of the members.
SECONDARY GROUP

IN GROUPS
• The members of group will have ‘We feeling and
a common attitude and treats the group
members as one , e.g. family , group of friends.
• Based on ethnocentrism
• People exhibit good behaviour with one to
another.
WB Sumner and Keller
classification

• OUT GROUP:-
People will develop a sort of hatred feeling on a
particular group and treat the group completely
away from them.
Cont…

• INFORMAL GROUPS:-collection of people seeking
and sharing emotional traits e.g. friends , family
members.
• FORMAL GROUPS:-set of people created to do
something productive, e.g. staff , employees.
OTHER GROUPS:-

TASK GROUPS:-The task group is the one of the
most common types of work-related groups to
which nurses belong.
E.g.
• Health care planning's committees
• Nursing service committees
• Nursing team meetings
• Nursing care conference groups
• Hospital staff meetings.
TYPES OF HEALTH CARE GROUPS:-

• The main purpose of teaching groups is to
impart information to the participants.
• E.g.: teaching groups include continuing
education and client health care groups.
• Numerous subjects are often handled via the
group teaching format :-
Childbirth techniques
Birth control methods
TEACHING GROUP

• Effective parenting
• Nutrition
• Management of chronic illness such as diabetes ,
exercise for middle-aged , older adults and
instruction to family members about follow-up
care for discharged clients .
Cont..

• A self-help group is small , voluntary organization
composed of individual who share similar health,
social or daily living problem.
• Self-help group are available for a range of problems
(e.g. still birth ,parenting , pregnant adolescents ,
divorce , drug abuse , cancer, menopause ,mental
illness , diabetes, AIDS ,women’s health , caregivers
of older adults and grief).
• Alcoholic Anonymous was the first self-help group.
SELF-HELP GROUPS

• Help clients from such groups by identifying key
people who can act as facilitators.
• Share expertise with clients and help them gain
appropriate knowledge and skills.
• Inform clients and support people about existing
self-help groups available to them.
• Help out in time of crisis.
Nurse’s role in self-help groups
include the following:-

• The purpose of self-awareness and growth
groups is to develop or use interpersonal
strengths.
• The overall aim is to improve the person’s
functioning in the group to which they return,
whether job , family or community .
SELF-AWARENESS AND GROWTH
GROUPS

• Therapy groups work toward self-understanding , more
satisfactory ways of relating to or handling stress , and
changing patterns of behaviour towards health.
• Members of a therapy group are chosen by health
professionals after extensive selection interviews that
consider the pattern of personalities , behaviour ,needs
and identification of group therapy as the treatment of
choice.
THERAPY GROUPS

• Many nurses, for e.g. hospice , emergency, and
acute care nurses, experience high levels of
vocational stress.
• Various types of group support can buffer such
stress.
• Group members who know about the work of
other can encourage and challenge members to
be more creative and enthusiastic about their
work and to achieve more.
WORK-RELATED SOCIAL SUPPORT
GROUPS

GROUP
STRUCTURE
GROUP SIZE ROLES
COMMUNICAION
LENGTH OF
SESSION
COMPONENTS OF GROUP

• GROUP STRUCTURE:-A group’s underlying
order includes boundaries , communication, and
decision making process as well as authority
relationships, offers stability and helps regulate
behaviour and interactional patterns.
COMPONENTS OF GROUP

• GROUP SIZE:- preferred size is 7 to 10 members.
• LENGTH OF SESSION:-Optimum length of
session is 20-40 minutes for lower functioning
group and 60-120 minutes for higher functioning
groups (divided into time for a brief warm-up ,work
time and a brief wrap-up).
• COMMUNICATION: feedback is used to help
members identify group dynamics and
communication patterns.
• ROLES:-determined by behaviour and
responsibilities assumed by the member of group.
Cont..

GROUP DEVELOPMENT
• There are several theories as to why
groups develops.
A classic theory
Social exchange theory
Social identity theory

1. A CLASSIC THEORY
• Developed by George Homans, suggests
that groups develop based on activities
interactions, and sentiments.
• Basically, the theory means that when
individuals share common activities, they
will have more interaction and will
develop attitudes (positive or negative)
toward each other.
• The major clement in this theory is the
interaction of the individuals involved.

2. SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
• Offers an alternative explanation for group
development.
• According to this theory individuals form
relationships based on the implicit
expectation of mutually beneficial exchanges
based on trust and felt obligation.
• Thus, a perception that exchange
relationships will be positive is essential if
individuals are to be attracted to and affiliate
with a group.

3. SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY
• Offers another explanation for group formation.
• Simply put, this theory suggests that individuals
get a sense of identity and self-esteem based
upon their membership in salient groups.
• The nature of the group may be demographically
based, culturally based, or organizationally
based.
• Individuals are motivated to belong to and
contribute to identity groups because of the
sense of belongingness and self-worth
membership in the group imparts.

Cont…
• According to Tuckman's theory, there are
five stages of group development: forming,
storming, norming, performing, and
adjourning.
• During these stages group members must
address several issues and the way in which
these issues are resolved determines
whether the group will succeed in
accomplishing its tasks.

1. Forming
• This stage is usually characterized by some
confusion and uncertainty.
• The major goals of the group have not been
established. The nature of the task or
leadership of the group has not been
determined (Luthans, 2005).
• Thus, forming is an orientation period when
members get to know one another and share
expectations about the group.
• Members lean the purpose of the group as
well as the rules to be followed.

Forming cont…
• The forming stage should not be rushed because
trust and openness must be developed.
• These feelings strengthen in later stages of
development.
• Individuals are often confused during this stage
because roles are not clear and there may not be
a strong leader.

2. Storming
• In this stage, the group is likely to see
then highest level of disagreement and
conflict.
• Members often challenge group goals and
struggle for power.
• Individuals often vie for the leadership
position during this stage of
development.

Storming cont…
• This can be a positive experience for all groups if
members can achieve
cohesiveness through resolution.
• Members often voice concern and criticism in
this phase.
• If members are not able to resolve the conflict,
then the group will often disband or continue in
existence but will remain ineffective and never
advance to the other stages.

3. Norming
• This stage is characterized by the recognition
of individual differences and shared
expectations.
• Hopefully, at this stage the group members
will begin to develop a feeling of group
cohesion and identity, cooperative effort
should begin to yield results.
• Responsibilities are divided among members
and the group decides how it will evaluate
progress.

4. Performing
• Performing, occurs when the group has
matured and attains a feeling of
cohesiveness.
• During this stage of development,
individuals accept one another and conflict
is resolved through group discussion.
• Members of the group make decisions
through a rational process that is focused on
relevant goals rather than emotional issues.

5. Adjourning
• Not all groups experience this stage of
development because it is characterized by the
disbandment of the group.
• Some groups are relatively permanent (Luthans,
2005). Reasons that groups disband vary with
common reasons being the accomplishment of
the task or individuals deciding to go their own
ways.
• Members of the group often experience feelings
of closure and sadness as they prepare to leave.

Conclusion-The team work can bring quality in the services for
patients in providing services efficiently and effectively provide team
are formed well and their capacity building is done and conflicts are
managed well.
Failure of team work and communication has resulted in patient
mortality .

THE INITIATOR introduces new
ideas to the group . Develops a
reputation for often having a novel
point of view concerning problems,
goals or solutions
THE INFORMATION SEEKER
asks for clarification , for themselves
and for others , about the issue being
discussed . A critical thinker.
THE OPINION SEEKER also asks
for clarification but it is more
connected to values and feelings of
group and how outcomes might affect
them.
THE INFORMATION GIVER
offers the facts which are authoritative
and often relate to their own
experience.
THE OPINION GIVER states their
belief about the suggestion made. The
emphasis is on what they believes
should happen ,not so much on the
facts.
THE ELABORATOR revisits and
spells out previous suggestions trying
to assist group cohesion.
TASK ROLE AND DESCRIPTION

THE COORDINATOR tries to pull
ideas together so they are by the group
.They may initiate the people into sub-
groups.
THE ENERGIZER prods the group
to action and stimulates ‘higher
quality activity’.
THE PROCEDURAL
TECHNICIAN expedites group
movement by doing movement by
doing things for group e.g. passing out
materials or setting up chairs.
THE RECORDER writes down
suggestion and fills the role of ‘’group
memory’’
Cont.…

THE ROLE OF THE GROUP LEADER
• A person who is not in a position of
authority, who is outranked and is new to
the organization can still be a leader.
• Managing or Leading - refers to a
person's ability to successfully lead a
group of people.
• Organizations have realized that more
leading characteristics are needed to be
more competitive in the work world.

Cont…
• Success of an organization or the individual
person (nurse) can be examined and fostered
through mentoring other nurses in reaching a
professional or personal goal (i.e. furthering
their education or obtaining certifications in
specialized procedures or areas of nursing), in
attaining a leadership role (i.e. charge nurse or
supervisor) or being rewarded in performance
(recognition or raises)

Cont…
• The nurse leader provides an atmosphere that
allows open communication members.
• What are the characteristics that may affect
attitudes and behaviors of the group members?
• Group size, gender composition, race, ethnicity
and age among group.
• Cohesion - refers to the degree of attraction and
motivation to stay in the group.
• Commitment - refers to a person's feelings and
how they identify and are attached to the group's
goals or activities.

ROLE OF NURSE MANAGER IN GROUP
DYNAMICS
• Knowledge of group dynamics is needed
by nurse managers to improve leadership
competencies and facilitates group
discussions and communication.
• Groups are a common feature of a
majority of experiences of all nurses in
such roles are outcome management,
team co-ordination and teaching of
students, patients and families.

Cont…
• The nurse manager usually has following
role in group dynamics:
Supervise and manage the overall
performance of staff in department.
Analyzing, reporting, giving recommendations
and developing strategies on how to improve
quality and quantity of nursing care.
Achieve business and organization goals,
visions and objectives.
Involved in employee selection, career
development, succession planning and
periodic training.

Cont…
Working out compensations & rewards.
Responsible for the growth & increase in
the organizations’ finance & earning.
Identifying problems, creating choice &
providing alternative courses of actions.

CONCLUSION
• Group dynamics refers to the understanding of
the behaviors of people in groups, such as task
groups, that are trying to solve a problem or
make a decision.
• Group norms are followed & collective pressure
is exerted to ensure the effectiveness of the
group.
• The group provides a measure of support &
reassurance. Moreover, as a group, learners may
also learn collectively for change action

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Basvantthappa B.T. Nursing Administration.1st Edition. New Delhi:
Jaypee Brothers; 2000.
2. Rebecca Samson. Leadership & management in nursing practice &
education. Jaypee Publication. New Delhi. Page No. 50-55. 3.IGNOU.
Nursing Administration & management Vol. 4. Page no. 47-50.
3. Berman A, Snyder S,Frandsen G.Kozier &Erb’s Fundamentals of
Nursing.10th ed.julie Levin Alexander;2016:425-434. Available from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine -and
demtistry/individualization. Retrieved on 28-09-2020.
4. Rasooli AS,Zamanzadeh V,Rahmani A,Shahbazpoor M.Patient point of
view about nurses’ support of individualized Nursing care in training
Hospitals Affiliated with Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.journal of
caring sciences.2013,8,27;2:203-209.
5. Sinha A.The Role of team effectiveness in quality of health
care.Intergrative journal of global health.2017.1:1. Available from
https://www.iedunote.com/organizational -behaviour. Retrieved on 29-
09-2020.
6. Available from https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/group-dynamics.
Retrieved on 29-09-2020.

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