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Guidance and Counselling
This document discusses the importance of guidance and counseling services in helping individuals live happy, balanced, and effective lives. It notes that people differ in psychological attributes and individual differences can be measured and studied to explain and predict behavior. Individual difference psychology examines how people are similar and differ in their thinking, feeling, and behavior. Some key individual differences discussed include locus of control, self-monitoring, self-esteem, needs for achievement, affiliation, and power, attitudes, values, and defense mechanisms.
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Guidance and Counselling
- 1. UNIT II Psychological Basesof Counselling: Human behaviour and Individual differences – Defense Mechanisms – Maladjustment – Mental health – Integrated Personality. Sociological bases: Social Nature of Human beings – Nature of Human relationships – Increasing complexity of today’s world – Conflict of Values.
- 3. If the commitmentof a society is to make every individual live a happy, balanced and effective life, guidance and counselling services have to be given priority in the plans and programmes of social service.
- 4. •People vary ona range of psychological attributes •It is possible to measure and study these individual differences •individual differences are useful for explaining and predicting behaviour and performance Individual difference psychology examines how people are similar and how they differ in their thinking, feeling and behaviour.
- 5. Gender differences -hunters=men,gatherers=women Intelligence differences - caste, class, education, etc. Personality differences - job specialisations
- 6. LOCUS OF CONTROL- how much control they have over situations they are in and over what happens to them External locus of control Internal locus of control SELF- MONITORING - try to control the way they present themselves to others. SELF- ESTEEM - pride in themselves and their capabilities. TYPE A and TYPE B personalities: NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT, AFFILIATION and POWER ATTITUDES AND VALUES
- 7. The desire toperform challenging tasks well and to meet one's own high standards is the need for achievement. The desire to establish and maintain good relations with others is the need for affiliation. Need for power is the desire to exert emotional and behavioural control or influence over others. NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT, AFFILIATION and POWER
- 8. Attitudes are relativelystable clusters of feelings, beliefs, and behavioural dispositions or intensions towards some specific objects. ATTITUDES AND VALUES
- 9. Defense mechanism, inpsychoanalytic theory is a group of mental processes that enables the mind to reach compromise solutions to conflicts that it is unable to resolve. The process is usually unconscious, and the compromise generally involves concealing from oneself internal drives or feelings that threaten to lower self-esteem or provoke anxiety. The term was first used in Sigmund Freud’s paper “The Neuro- Psychoses of Defence” (1894).