H pylori poster-web

H pylori poster-web

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  Helicobacter pylori David Y.Graham and Emad M. El-Omar Supplement to Nature Publishing Group journals Helicobacter pylori is a common and important human pathogen and the primary cause of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. H. pylori is transmitted between humans and is facilitated by poor household hygiene and sanitary conditions. The pathogen causes progressive gastric mucosal inflammation that might eventuate in atrophic gastritis and gastric atrophy. For a population, elimination of H. pylori will Risk factors for gastric cancer Environmental ■ Smoking ■ Diet high in salt ■ Diet low in fresh fruit and vegetables ■ Iron deficiency Bacterial Clinical outcomes of infection Host genetics ■ Genes associated with increased risk of H. pylori infection: TLR1 ■ Genes associated with increased risk of gastric cancer: IL1B, TNF, IL8, PSCA vacA VacA essentially eliminate gastric cancer risk. For the individual, H. pylori eradication will reduce gastric cancer risk depending on the extent of damage (that is, level of risk) when eradication is accomplished. Where gastric cancer is common, H. pylori eradication should be coupled with assessment of cancer risk to identify whether surveillance for gastric cancer is indicated. oipA cagA cag PAI babA and other adhesin genes cag-encoded TFSS Pore formation BabA etc. OipA Infection H. pylori are spiral-shaped Gram-negative bacteria with polar flagella that can survive in the human gastric mucosa. The bacteria have evolved intricate mechanisms to avoid the bactericidal acid in the gastric lumen and to survive near to, to attach to, and to subvert the human gastric epithelium and immune system. Treatment of H. pylori Duodenal ulcer stomach 10–15% of infected people Antral predominant gastritis Acid secretion Asymptomatic stomach Most common phenotype Nonatrophic pangastritis Normal acid secretion Photo ■ H. pylori colonization of the stomach can result in severe gastric pathology ■ H. pylori infection is the strongest known risk factor for gastroduodenal ulcer development; infection is present in 95% of duodenal ulcers and 60–80% of gastric ulcers ■ H. pylori is also causally related to gastric adenocarcinoma ■ The pattern of gastritis predicts the risk of different outcomes, but gastritis tends to progress leading to gastric atrophy ■ The risk of serious clinical outcomes is related to interactions between the host, bacteria and environment Photo Gastric ulcer stomach 1–12% of infected people Progressive atrophy Progressive decrease in acid secretion Gastric cancer stomach 1–12% of infected people Atrophic pangastritis leading to gastric atrophy Acid secretion Normal Atrophy H. pylori infection Treatment requires antibiotics to kill the bacteria and anti-acid medications to ensure they are effective in the stomach. Which therapy? For most other infections, culture is available and specific antibiotics can be chosen. With H. pylori, this approach is generally unavailable and the doctor must use other factors to decide. Considerations Knowledge of antibiotic usage in the population and information about the presence of resistance in the region or other similar regions provides a basis for considering some antibiotics and not others. Discussion with the patient and identifying which antibiotics have been used in the past provides information about possible resistance, as H. pylori often becomes resistant when single antibiotics are used for other infections. Their prior use might exclude them from specific H. pylori therapy. History of antibiotic use? Previously treated for H. pylori? Available Susceptibility testing Tailored Rx Not available Treatment naive: no prior macrolide, fluoroquinolone, metronidazole use Concomitant therapy for 14 days or best locally approved Rx Rx failure At risk for clarithromycinmetronidazole resistance or prior treatment failure Bismuth-PPI-tetracyclinemetronidazole quadruple therapy for 10–14 days or best alternate locally approved Rx All consensus statements agree that whenever H. pylori is diagnosed it should be cured if possible. H. pylori eradication reduces gastric cancer risk. In regions where gastric cancer is common, such as Japan, it is prudent to also assess gastric cancer risk to ascertain whether marked risk remains and, thus, whether surveillance for subsequent gastric cancer might be indicated. Current available drugs Antibiotic regimen* Clarithromycin Amoxicillin Metronidazole PPI Bismuth Levofloxacin – – – – – – – Concomitant (14 days) Tetracycline – – Hybrid (14 days) Risk stratification: is surveillance needed? Diagnosis of H. pylori H. pylori is transmitted between humans and is facilitated by poor household hygiene and sanitary conditions. As such, the bacterium is disappearing in societies with good sanitation, clean water and high standards of living, but remains most common where these conditions are still lacking. Epidemiology The incidence rate of H. pylori infection is far greater in resource-constrained areas, including South America and Africa, than in industrialized countries including North America and the UK. Of note, the prevalence of H. pylori in industrialized countries is often higher among immigrant populations. Incidence of H. pylori (%) 20–30 31–40 41–50 70–80 81–90 Noninvasive (preferred) ■ Serology: IgG against H. pylori ■ Stool antigen test ■ Breath test for diagnosis of H. pylori infection 13 C Urea Urease CO2 in breath 13 CO2 + NH3 Invasive (requires endoscopy) ■ Histology: gastric biopsy samples stained for H. pylori using haematoxylin and eosin, immunohistochemistry, silver staining, Genta stain or alcian yellow–toluidine blue ■ Culture of gastric biopsy samples ■ Rapid urease test Biopsy samples from the stomach antrum Urea and pH indicator (e.g. phenol red) CO2 in blood 13 The patient is given a drink containing urea labelled with nonradioactive carbon-13. If H. pylori is present, their urease enzyme breaks down urea to form carbon dioxide, which is exhaled. After taking the urea-based drink, the patient blows into the sample tube or bag which is then tested for an increase in the proportion of carbon dioxide containing carbon-13. A positive result indicates presence of H. pylori and the appropriate eradication therapy can then be prescribed. Aptalis Pharma Inc. is a privately held, leading specialty pharmaceutical company providing PPI PSCA TFSS TLR1 TNF For more information, visit www.aptalispharma.com. H. pylori positive If H. pylori is present, urea is converted into ammonia and carbon dioxide by their urease enzymes. The breakdown of urea increases the pH level of the solution, triggering a colour change from yellow to pink. Abbreviations innovative, effective therapies for unmet medical needs including cystic fibrosis and gastrointestinal disorders. Aptalis has manufacturing and commercial operations in the United States, the European Union and Canada. Aptalis also formulates and clinically develops enhanced pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical products for itself and others using its proprietary technology platforms including bioavailability enhancement of poorly soluble drugs, custom release profiles, and taste-masking/orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) formulations. H. pylori negative proton pump inhibitor prostate stem cell antigen type IV secretion system Toll-like receptor 1 tumour necrosis factor References 1. Malfertheiner, P. et al. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection—the Maastricht IV/ Florence Consensus Report. Low gastric cancer incidence High gastric cancer incidence Days 1–7 – Days 8–14 Bismuth (10–14 days) Test for H. pylori Pepsinogen testing in serum and eradication treatment Normal levels Low levels Endoscopy for atrophic changes Eradication treatment No atrophy Confirm eradication success – – Clarithromycin‡ (14 days) No follow-up required Moderate–severe atrophy Surveillance ■ Pepsinogens are proteolytic stomach enzymes and are useful noninvasive biomarkers of gastric atrophy ■ Pepsinogen I is present in the gastric corpus; pepsinogen II is present in the gastric corpus and antrum ■ Low serum levels of pepsinogen I or a low pepsinogen I:II ratio is associated with gastric atrophy, which is then confirmed using endoscopy European Helicobacter Study Group. Gut 61, 646–664 (2012). Latest Maastricht Guidelines consensus paper, relevant to diagnosis, treatment and indications for treatment. 2. Cancer Research UK. Stomach cancer incidence [online] http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/world/ stomach-cancer-world/ (2011). 3. The Helicobacter Foundation. Epidemiology [online] http://www.helico.com/?q=Epidemiology (2013). 4. Amieva, M. & El-Omar, E. M. Host–bacterial interactions of Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology 134, 306–323 (2008). – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Sequential (14 days) § Days 1–7 Test for H. pylori – – Days 8–14 Levofloxacin|| (14 days) – – – *All regimens are useful as tailored therapies when treating based on known antibiotic susceptibility patterns. ‡Limited to low clarithromycin-resistance areas (<5%). §Limited to low metronidazole-resistance areas (<20%). ||Limited to low fluoroquinolone-resistance areas (<5%). In the USA, the prevalence of resistance is ~15% to clarithromycin and 25% to metronidazole, but is much higher in individuals who have taken those antibiotics for other infections. If susceptibility of the pathogen is known, a number of regimens will be effective. If not, the preferred regimens in Western countries are 14-day concomitant therapy and 10–14 day bismuth-quadruple therapy. Choice depends on patient and physician preference and specific allergies or interactions with other drugs the patient is taking. As failure does not stop progression of the disease and treatment failures are common, a noninvasive test for cure is recommended. Indications for eradication ■ Confirmed H. pylori infection ■ Peptic ulcer disease ■ Gastric MALT lymphoma ■ First-degree relative of patient with gastric cancer ■ After curative endoscopic resection of primary gastric cancer ■ Non-ulcer dyspepsia ■ Long-term use of PPI therapy ■ Chronic aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy 5. Polk, D. B. & Peek, R. M. Jr. Helicobacter pylori: gastric cancer and beyond. Nat. Rev. Cancer 10, 403–414 (2010). 6. Mayerle, J. et al. Identification of genetic loci associated with Helicobacter pylori serologic status. JAMA 309, 1912–1920 (2013). 7. Graham, D. Y., Lee, Y.-C. & Wu, M.-S. Rational Helicobacter pylori therapy: Evidence-based medicine rather than medicine-based evidence. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.cgh.2013.05.028. Future medical therapies The cause of gastric cancer is known —H. pylori infection. The Japanese government approved population-wide H. pylori eradication in 2013 as part of their gastric cancer prevention programme. Hopefully, this action will prompt other governments to ask why H. pylori is not eradicated from their populations. In developing countries, the burden of H. pylori is high and reinfection following curative therapy is common. A vaccine to prevent H. pylori would potentially solve this problem. Despite a number of attempts to develop an H. pylori vaccine for humans, progress has been slow and funding has been scarce. We eagerly await a breakthrough to make this possible. Affiliations and acknowledgements Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 2002 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA (D. Y. Graham). Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine & Dentistry, Aberdeen University, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK (E. M. El-Omar). Edited by Katherine Smith. Designed by Laura Marshall. The poster content is peer reviewed, editorially independent and the sole responsibility of Nature Publishing Group. © 2013 Nature Publishing Group. http://www.nature.com/nrgastro/posters/helicobacterpylori