harvahhhhhhhjjjjjjkkkkjjjjjjjjjkkkkrd.pdf

Citing & Referencing:
Harvard Style

Contents
1. What is referencing? 1
2. Why should I reference? 1
3. What should I reference? 2
4. What is a citation? 2
5. How do I write citations using
the Harvard style? 3
5.1 Citing one author 3
5.2 Citing two or three authors 3
5.3 Citing four or more authors 4
5.4 Citing works by the same author written in the same year 4
5.5 Citing from chapters written by different authors 4
5.6 Secondary referencing 4
5.7 Citing a direct quotation 5
5.8 Citing an image/illustration/table/diagram/
photograph/figure/picture5
5.9 Citing from works with no obvious author 6
5.10 Citing from multimedia works 6
5.11 Citing from an interview or personal communication 6
5.12 Tips on good quotation practice 7
6. How do I write a reference? 9
7. How do I write a reference list? 12
8. Example of a reference list 12
9. What is a bibliography? 15
10. How to write references for your
reference list and bibliography:
Harvard style 15
11. Sources of further help 24

What is
referencing?
1
There are many styles that can be used for referencing. When you are given coursework
or dissertation guidelines, check which style of referencing your lecturer or department
asks you to use. If you don’t check, and you use a style that is not the one stated in
your guidelines, you could find you lose marks.
This guide introduces you to the Harvard referencing style, which uses an ‘author-date’
approach. If your lecturer or department does not ask you to use any particular style,
we would recommend using Harvard. It’s easy to learn, simple to use, and when you
get stuck, there is lots of advice available to help you out.
When you begin your research for any piece of work, it is important that you record the details
of all the information you find. You will need these details to provide accurate references, and
to enable you to locate the information again at a later date, should it be necessary to do so.
Section 6 of this guide will help you identify what information you need, regardless of which
referencing style you choose to use.
1. WHAT IS REFERENCING?
It is a method used to demonstrate to your readers that you have conducted a thorough and
appropriate literature search, and reading. Equally, referencing is an acknowledgement that
you have used the ideas and written material belonging to other authors in your own work.
As with all referencing styles, there are two parts: citing, and the reference list.
2. WHY SHOULD I REFERENCE?
Referencing is crucial to you to carry out successful research, and crucial to your readers
so they can see how you did your research. Knowing why you need to reference means
you will understand why it is important that you know how to reference.

What is
referencing?
2
1. Accurate referencing is a key component of good academic practice and enhances
the presentation of your work: it shows that your writing is based on knowledge
and informed by appropriate academic reading.
2. You will ensure that anyone reading your work can trace the sources you have used in
the development of your work, and give you credit for your research efforts and quality.
3. If you do not acknowledge another person’s work or ideas, you could be accused of plagiarism.
Plus your lecturers are very keen to see good reference lists. Impress them with the quality
of the information you use, and your references, and you will get even better marks.
3. WHAT SHOULD I REFERENCE?
You should include a reference for all the sources of information that you use when writing
or creating a piece of your own work.
4. WHAT IS A CITATION?
When you use another person’s work in your own work, either by referring to their ideas,
or by including a direct quotation, you must acknowledge this in the text of your work.
This acknowledgement is called a citation. When you are using the Harvard style, your
citation should include:
1. The author or editor of the cited work
2. The year of publication of the cited work

3
3
Using the
Harvard style
5. HOW DO I WRITE CITATIONS USING THE HARVARD STYLE?
There are a number of rules relating to citations depending on the number of authors
of a work, and if you are citing a quotation.
5.1 Citing one author
A recent study investigated the effectiveness of using Google Scholar to find medical
research (Henderson, 2005).
or
Henderson (2005) has investigated the effectiveness of Google Scholar in finding
medical research.
5.2 Citing two or three authors
If the work has two or three authors, include all names in your citation. For more than three
authors, see section 5.3.
Recent research indicates that the number of duplicate papers being published is
increasing (Errami Garner, 2008).
Evidence shows that providing virtual laboratory exercises as well as practical laboratory
experience enhances the learning process (Barros, Read Verdejo, 2008).

4
4
5.3 Citing four or more authors
If the work has four or more authors/editors the abbreviation ‘et al.’ should be used after
the first author’s name. It is also acceptable to use ‘et al.’ after the first author if the work
has three authors.
Social acceptance of carbon capture and storage is necessary for
the introduction of technologies (van Alphen et al., 2007).
5.4 Citing works by the same author written in the same year
If you cite a new work which has the same author and was written in the same year as an earlier
citation, you must use a lower case letter after the date to differentiate between the works.
Communication of science in the media has increasingly come under focus, particularly
where reporting of facts and research is inaccurate (Goldacre, 2008a; Goldacre, 2008b).
5.5 Citing from chapters written by different authors
Some books may contain chapters written by different authors. When citing work from such
a book, the author who wrote the chapter should be cited, not the editor of the book.
5.6 Secondary referencing
Secondary references are when an author refers to another author’s work and the primary
source is not available. When citing such work the author of the primary source and the author
of the work it was cited in should be used.
According to Colluzzi and Pappagallo (2005) as cited by Holding et al. (2008) most
patients given opiates do not become addicted to such drugs.
Secondary referencing
You are advised that
secondary referencing should
be avoided wherever possible
and you should always try
to find the original work. If it
is not possible to obtain the
original work please note that
you reference the secondary
source not the primary
resource, only reference the
source that you have used.
Using the
Harvard style

5
5
5.7 Citing a direct quotation
If a direct quote from a book, article, etc., is used you must:
• Use single quotation marks (double quotation marks are usually used
for quoting direct speech).
• State the page number
Simons, Menzies and Matthews (2001) state that the principle of effective stress
is ‘imperfectly known and understood by many practising engineers’ (p.4).
5.8 Citing an image/illustration/table/diagram/photograph/figure/picture
You should provide an in-text citation for any images, illustrations, photographs, diagrams,
tables or figures that you reproduce in your work, and provide a full reference as with
any other type of work.
They should be treated as direct quotes in that the author(s) should be acknowledged
and page numbers shown; both in your text where the diagram is discussed or introduced,
and in the caption you write for it.
In-text citation:
Table illustrating checklist of information for common sources (Pears Shields,
2016:p.21).
or
‘Geological map of the easternmost region of São Nicolau’ (Ramalho et al., 2010:p.532).
Using the
Harvard style

6
6
5.9 Citing from works with no obvious author
If you need to cite a piece of work which does not have an obvious author, you should use
what is called a ‘corporate’ author. For example, many online publications will not have
individually named authors, and in many cases the author will be an organisation or company.
A national strategy is creating a framework to drive improvements in dementia services
(Department of Health, 2009).
If you are unable to find either a named or corporate author, you should use ‘Anon’ as
the author name.
5.10 Citing from multimedia works
If you need to cite a multimedia work, you would usually use the title of the TV programme
(including online broadcasts) or video recording, or title of the film (whether on DVD or video)
as the author. If a video is posted on YouTube or other video-streaming service then you
should reference the person that uploaded the video (note this might be a username).
Therefore, your citation should use the title that you identify as the author.
5.11 Citing from an interview or personal communication
Always use the surname of the interviewee/practitioner as the author.
If there is no author
Be careful: if you cannot find
an author for online work, it
is not a good idea to use this
work as part of your research.
It is essential that you know
where a piece of work has
originated, because you need
to be sure of the quality and
reliability of any information
you use.
Using the
Harvard style

7
7
5.12 Tips on good quotation practice
Quotations longer than two lines should be inserted as a separate, indented paragraph.
Smith (2004) summarises the importance of mathematics to society and the knowledge
economy, stating that:
‘Mathematics provides a powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit
for abstraction, generalization and synthesis. It is the language of science and
technology. It enables us to probe the natural universe and to develop new
technologies that have helped us control and master our environment, and
change societal expectations and standards of living.’ (p.11)
or
A recent UK report summarised the importance of mathematics to society and the
knowledge economy, stating that:
‘Mathematics provides a powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit
for abstraction, generalization and synthesis. It is the language of science and
technology. It enables us to probe the natural universe and to develop new
technologies that have helped us control and master our environment, and
change societal expectations and standards of living.’ (Smith 2004: p.11)
Using the
Harvard style

What is
referencing?
8
8
If you want to insert a long quotation (over two lines) but do not to want include all of the
text, you can remove the unnecessary text and replace with ‘...’.
As summarised by Smith (2004):
‘Mathematics provides a powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit for
abstraction, generalization and synthesis ... It enables us to probe the natural
universe and to develop new technologies that have helped us control and master
our environment, and change societal expectations and standards of living.’ (p.11)
You should only do this when you use a quotation taken from one paragraph.
Smith (2004) provides a number of reasons as to why mathematics is important,
stating that it is:
‘a powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit for abstraction, generalization
and synthesis ... [and] enables us to probe the natural universe and to develop new
technologies that have helped us control and master our environment, and change
societal expectations and standards of living.’ (p.11)
Inserting words
When you use quotations
within your text, sometimes
you may want to insert one
or two words in the quotation
so that your complete
sentence is grammatically
correct. To indicate that you
have inserted words into a
quotation, these have to be
enclosed in square brackets.
Writing skills
At your academic level you
will be expected to develop
your writing skills, and
this includes being able to
discuss and demonstrate
an understanding of other
people’s work and ideas in
your own words. This is called
paraphrasing. It is much
better to paraphrase than to
use many quotations when
you write.
Using the
Harvard style

9
How to
reference
6. HOW DO I WRITE A REFERENCE?
To write your own references you need different bits of information about each item that
you read when you are researching a piece of work. These bits of information are called
‘bibliographic’ information.
For all types of references the key bits of information you need to start with are:
1. Author or editor
2. Date of publication/broadcast/recording
3. Title of the item
This will form the basis of each reference you have to write. You may find that some items
are not as straightforward as others, so be aware of the following:
1. Author/editor: This means the primary (main) person who produced the item you are
using. If you are using a website or web page, and there isn’t an author, you can use
what is called a ‘corporate author’. This will usually be the name of the organisation
or company to whom the website or web page belongs.
2. Date of publication/broadcast/recording: This means the date the item was produced.
It is usually a year, but if you are using a newspaper article, an email, or a television
recording, you will have to include a full date (day/month/year) in your reference.
3. Title of the item: This means the primary (main) title of the item you are using. That sounds
very obvious, but have a look at a web page and try to work out what the main title is.
We would advise common sense in this situation – you have to identify the key piece of
information that describes what you have used, and will allow the reader of your work to
identify that information.

10
1. Primary author/editor 2. Date of publication 3. Primary title of item
Email
Name of the person who
wrote the email
The full date the email
was sent: day/month/year
Subject of the email. This
may include RE: or FWD:
Journal article
Name of the person or persons
who wrote the article
The year the journal issue was
published
Title of the article (not the
title of the journal)
Newspaper article
Name of the journalist, or
if there is no journalist name,
the name of the newspaper
The full date on which the
article was published:
day/month/year
Title of the article (not the
title of the newspaper)
Website
This can be tricky. Use an
individual name if you can
find one, or the name of the
organisation or company to
whom the website belongs
Usually the current year, the
year when the website was last
updated, or the latest date next
to the copyright statement/
symbol
Title of the website
Web page
This can be tricky. Use an
individual name if you can
find one, or the name of the
organisation or company to
whom the website belongs
Usually the current year, but
if the web page has a full date
of publication, you may also
need that: day/month/year
Title of the web page. You will
need to use the title of the
website if the web page doesn’t
have an individual title
TV broadcast
Title of the programme, or if the
programme is part of a series,
use the series title
The year the programme
was broadcast
Title of the programme
(it does not need to be written
twice if you used it as the
author information)
Personal interview
Name of the person being
interviewed
The full date on which
the interview took place: day/
month/year
No title needed
Book chapter
Name of the author of
the chapter
The year the book was
published
Title of the book chapter
(not the title of the book)
The following table tells you about some of the variations you should look for when you are
collecting your reference information.
How to
reference

11
Depending on the type of material you want to reference you will also need other bits
of information, such as:
• Name of publisher
• Place of publication
• Page numbers
• Volume number
• Issue number
• URL (website or web page address)
• DOI (Digital Object Identifier – for
published outputs)
• Title of conference proceedings
• Report number
• Book or conference editor (if not your
primary author)
• Book or conference title (if not your
primary title)
• Journal title (the journal article title
will be your primary title)
• Date of access (for online material)
The more references you have to write, the more familiar you will be with what you need
to know. If you are unsure, check our guides, ask us, or check with your lecturers.
How to
reference

12
12
Writing a
reference list
7. HOW DO I WRITE A REFERENCE LIST?
This is your list of all the sources that have been cited in the assignment. The list is inclusive
showing books, journals, etc., listed in one list, not in separate lists according to source type.
• The list should be in alphabetical order by author/editor.
• Books, paper or electronic journal articles, etc., are written in a particular format that must
be followed.
• Your reference list contains all the items you have cited or directly quoted from.
• When you have used more than one piece of work by the same author, in your reference list
you should list the works in date order, beginning with the most recently published work.
8. EXAMPLE OF A REFERENCE LIST
Barros, B., Read, T. Verdejo, M. F. (2008) Virtual collaborative experimentation:
an approach combining remote and local labs. IEEE Transactions on Education. 51 (2),
242–250. Available from: doi:10.1109/TE.2007.908071.
Department of Health. (2009) Living well with dementia: a national dementia strategy.
Available from: www.gov.uk/government/publications/living-well-with-dementia-
a-national-dementia-strategy [Accessed 4th June 2015].
Errami, M. Garner, H. (2008) A tale of two citations. Nature. 451 (7177), 397–399.

13
13
Goldacre, B. (2008a) Dore – the media’s miracle cure for dyslexia. Bad Science. Weblog.
Available from: http://www.badscience.net/2008/05/dore-the-medias-miracle-cure-for-
dyslexia/#more-705 [Accessed 19th June 2015].
Goldacre, B. (2008b) Trivial Disputes. Bad Science. Weblog. Available from:
http://www.badscience.net/2008/02/trivial-disputes-2/ [Accessed 19th June 2015].
Henderson, J. (2005) Google Scholar: A source for clinicians? Canadian Medical
Association Journal. 172 (12), 1549–1550.
Holding, M. Y., Saulino, M. F., Overton, E. A., Kornbluth, I. D. Freedman, M. K. (2008)
Interventions in Chronic Pain Management. 1. Update on Important Definitions in Pain
Management. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 89 (3, Supplement 1),
S38–S40.
Pears, R. Shields, G. (2016) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide.
Palgrave study skills. 10th ed. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan.
Ramalho, R., Helffrich, G., Schmidt, D.N. Vance, D. (2010) Tracers of uplift and
subsidence in the Cape Verde archipelago. Journal of the Geological Society. 167 (3),
519–538. Available from: doi:10.1144/0016-76492009-056.
Simons, N. E., Menzies, B. Matthews, M. (2001) A Short Course in Soil and Rock Slope
Engineering. London, Thomas Telford Publishing. Available from: http://www.myilibrary.
com?ID=93941 [Accessed 18th June 2015].
Smith, A. (2004) Making mathematics count: the report of Professor Adrian Smith’s
inquiry into post-14 mathematics education. London, The Stationery Office. Writing a
reference list

14
14
Van Alphen, K., Voorst, Q. V. T., Kekkert, M. P. Smits, R.E.H.M. (2007) Societal
acceptance of carbon capture and storage technologies. Energy Policy. 35 (8),
4368–4380.
The layout for each type of publication can be found on the following pages. If you are using
the bibliographic software RefWorks, you should use the ‘Imperial College London – Harvard’
style which follows the same format as this guide.
Writing a
reference list

15
9. WHAT IS A BIBLIOGRAPHY?
There may be items which you have consulted for your work, but not cited. These can be listed
at the end of your assignment in a ‘bibliography’. These items should be listed in alphabetical
order by author and laid out in the same way as items in your reference list. If you can cite from
every work you consulted, you will only need a reference list. If you wish to show to your reader
(examiner) the unused research you carried out, the bibliography will show your extra effort.
Always check the guidance you are given for coursework, dissertations, etc., to find out if
you are expected to submit work with a reference list and a bibliography. If in doubt, ask
your lecturer or supervisor.
10. HOW TO WRITE REFERENCES FOR YOUR REFERENCE LIST AND
BIBLIOGRAPHY: HARVARD STYLE
Remember: Your lecturers consider accurate and consistent referencing to be an important
part of your academic work. Always check your course guidelines so you know which style
of referencing to use, and always use the help guides especially if you’re using a new style.
The examples on the following pages are in two parts:
• the information you should collect about each piece of work you use; and
• how this information is presented when you write a full reference.
If you cannot find the type of
work you need to provide a
reference for, please contact
your librarian for more help
(see section 11).
Layouts for your
reference list and
bibliography

16
Book: print
• Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)
• (Year of publication)
• Title (this should be in italics)
• Series title and number (if part of a series)
• Edition (if not the first edition)
• Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named)
• Publisher
Engineering. London, Thomas Telford Publishing.
Book: online/electronic
• Publisher
• Available from: URL
• [Date of access]
Engineering. London, Thomas Telford Publishing. Available from: http://www.myilibrary.
com?ID=93941 [Accessed 18th June 2015].
Layouts for your
reference list and
bibliography

17
Book: chapter in an edited book
• Author of the chapter
• Title of chapter followed by In:
• Editor (always put (ed.) after the name)
• Publisher
• Page numbers (use ‘p.’ before a single page number and ‘pp.’ where there are
multiple pages)
Partridge, H. Hallam, G. (2007) Evidence-based practice and information literacy.
In: Lipu, S., Williamson, K. Lloyd, A. (eds.) Exploring methods in information literacy
research. Wagga Wagga, Australia, Centre for Information Studies, pp. 149–170.
Journal article: print
• Author
• Title of journal article
• Title of journal (this should be in italics)
• Volume number
• Issue number
• Page numbers of the article (do not use ‘p.’ before the page numbers)
Chhibber, P. K. Majumdar, S. K. (1999) Foreign ownership and profitability: Property
rights, control, and the performance of firms in Indian industry. Journal of Law
Economics. 42 (1), 209–238.
Layouts for your
reference list and
bibliography

18
Journal article: online/electronic
Most online articles will have a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and you should use this in
your reference. The DOI is a permanent identifier provided by publishers so that the article
can always be found, if the article has a DOI you will not usually be required to add a date
of access.
If the article only has a URL then do include a date of access. Always check your student
handbook and coursework guidance as some lecturers/tutors will provide specific guidance
on the use of DOI or URL.
To find the DOI, when you read an article online, check the article details as you will usually
find the DOI at the start of the article. For more help, contact your librarian.
If you read the article in a full-text database service, such as Factiva or EBSCO, and do not
have a DOI or direct URL to the article you should use the database URL.
• Author
• Title of journal (this should be in italics)
• Volume number
• (Issue number)
• Page numbers of the article
• Available from: URL (Include [Date of access]) or DOI (if available)
Errami, M. Garner, H. (2008) A tale of two citations. Nature. 451 (7177), 397–399.
Available from: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v451/n7177/full/451397a.html
[Accessed 20th January 2015].
or
Layouts for your
reference list and
bibliography

19
Wang, F., Maidment, G., Missenden, J. Tozer, R. (2007) The novel use of phase
change materials in refrigeration plant. Part 1: Experimental investigation. Applied
Thermal Engineering. 27 (17–18), 2893–2901. Available from: doi:10.1016/j.
applthermaleng.2005.06.011.
or
Read, B. (2008) Anti-cheating crusader vexes some professors. Chronicle of Higher
Education. 54 (25). Available from: http://global.factiva.com/ [Accessed 18th June 2015].
Pre-print journal articles
It is likely you will find articles available online prior to being submitted to the peer review
procedure and published in a journal. These articles are preprints and may be placed in an
online repository or on a publisher’s website (but not in a specific journal issue).
• Author/s
• (Year of writing)
• Submitted to/To be published in (if this information is with the article)
• Title of journal (in italics)
• Name of repository (in italics)
• [Preprint]
• Available from: URL (if available)
Silas, P., Yates, J.R. Haynes, P.D. (2008) Density-functional investigation of the
rhombohedral to simple cubic phase transition of arsenic. To be published in Physical
Review B. Arxiv. [Preprint] Available from: http://arxiv.org/abs/0810.1692. [Accessed:
23rd July 2010].
In-text citation: (Silas, Yates Haynes, 2008)
Note
Articles published online may
not have page numbers.
Note
There will not be volume,
issue or page numbers
assigned to pre-print articles.
Layouts for your
reference list and
bibliography

20
Conference proceeding: individual paper
• Author
• Title of conference paper followed by, In:
• Editor/Organisation (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)
• Title of conference proceeding (this should be in italics)
• Publisher
• Page numbers (use ‘p.’ before a single page number and ‘pp.’ where there are
multiple pages)
Wittke, M. (2006) Design, construction, supervision and long-term behaviour of tunnels
in swelling rock. In: Van Cotthem, A., Charlier, R., Thimus, J.-F. and Tshibangu, J.-P.
(eds.) Eurock 2006: Multiphysics coupling and long term behaviour in rock mechanics:
Proceedings of the International Symposium of the International Society for Rock
Mechanics, EUROCK 2006, 9–12 May 2006, Liège, Belgium. London, Taylor Francis.
pp. 211–216.
Standard
• Name of Standard Body/Institution
• Standard number
• Publisher
British Standards Institution (2005) BS EN 1993-1-2:2005. Eurocode 3. Design of steel
structures. General rules. Structural fire design. London, BSI.
Layouts for your
reference list and
bibliography

21
Report
• Organisation
• Report number: followed by the number of the report (if part of a report series)
Leatherwood, S. (2001) Whales, dolphins, and porpoises of the western North Atlantic.
U.S. Dept. of Commerce. Report number: 63.
Map
• Author (usually the organisation responsible for publishing the map)
• Scale
• Publisher
British Geological Survey. (1998) South London. 270, 1:50 000. London, British
Geological Survey.
Layouts for your
reference list and
bibliography

22
Web page/website
• Author/Editor (use the corporate author if no individual author or editor is named)
• (Year of publication) (if available; if there is no date, use the abbreviation n.d.)
• Available from: URL
European Space Agency. (2015) Rosetta: rendezvous with a comet. Available from:
http://rosetta.esa.int [Accessed 15th June 2015].
Email: personal
Personal emails should be referenced as personal communication, unless you have
permission from the sender and receiver to include their details in your reference list.
• Sender
• (Year of communication)
• Email sent to
• Name of receiver
• Date and month of communication
Harrison, R. (2014) Email sent to Mimi Weiss Johnson, 10th June.
Personal communication
• Name of practitioner
• Occupation
• (Personal communication, followed by the date when the information was provided)
Law, James. Engineering consultant. (Personal communication, 26th April 2014).
Layouts for your
reference list and
bibliography

23
Lecture/presentation
• Name of lecturer/presenter
• (Year of lecture/presentation)
• Title of lecture/presentation (this should be in italics)
• [Lecture/Presentation]
• Title of module/degree course (if appropriate)
• Name of institution or location
• Date of lecture/presentation (day month)
Wagner, G. (2006) Structural and functional studies of protein interactions in gene
expression. [Lecture] Imperial College London, 12th December.
Layouts for your
reference list and
bibliography

What is
referencing?
24
24
11. SOURCES OF FURTHER HELP
For more referencing examples:
www.imperial.ac.uk/admin-services/library/learning-support/reference-management
Want to use reference management software?
The Library recommends RefWorks for undergraduate and Master’s students, and EndNote
for postgraduate research students and staff. For information and training workshops:
www.imperial.ac.uk/admin-services/library/learning-support/reference-management
To contact your librarian for more advice:
www.imperial.ac.uk/admin-services/library/subject-support
Sources of
further help

CONTACT US
www.imperial.ac.uk/library
library@imperial.ac.uk
@imperiallibrary
www.facebook.com/imperiallibrary September 2017

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