Hematology blood ABO system

Hematology blood ABO system

• 1.
  Blood Groups andBlood transfusion Physiology Nathan Kikku Mubiru (MLSO)
• 2.
  ▪ABO and Rhsystems and their clinical significance. ▪Incompatibilities in Rh systems ▪Blood transfusions - basis of blood typing, Cross matching ▪Complications of Blood transfusions (transfusion reactions) Learning Objectives
• 3.
  ABO blood groupsystem ▫First ever blood transfusion was made dog to dog by British physician Richard Lower in 1665. ▫Austrian immunologist Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group System in 1901. In 1910 he won Nobel prize for medicine for this discovery. In 1940- Karl Landsteiner and Alexander S Wiener reported another Rh blood group.
• 4.
  Importance of knowingabout blood group system 1. Safe blood transfusion that may be life saving. 2. To prevent hemolytic disease of new born (Rh compatibility in newborn) 3. To solve the legal disputes related to parenting claimant. 4. To study the Mendelian laws of genetics.
• 5.
  ABO blood groupsystem The ABO blood group antigens are complex oligosaccharide chains that differ in their terminal sugar and project above the RBC surface. following types of abs may develop- type A: anti-B abs, type B: anti-A abs, type O : both & type AB: neither.
• 6.
  Landsteiner’s Law 1. Ifa certain agglutinogen is present on the surface of RBCs, the corresponding agglutinin must be absent in the plasma. 2. If a certain agglutinogen is absent on the surface of RBCs, then corresponding agglutinin must be present in the plasma.
• 7.
  ABO blood typesRelative frequency of different blood types: • O 47% • A 41% • B 09% • AB 3% (World) ABO blood group system- Relative frequency
• 8.
  Inheritance of ABOblood group system ▪The ABO locus has three main allele forms: A, B, & O. The A and B genes found on chromosome 9 and are inherited one gene (allele) from father and one from mother. 1.Homozygous A 2. Heterozygous A Genotype A/A Genotype A/0 Phenotype A Phenotype A
• 9.
  Inheritance of ABOblood group system Basic Precursor Substance H substance/Ag Presence of H H / Hh gene L-Fucosyl Transferase A gene B gene None of A & B genes N-acetyl- galactosaminyl Transferase D-galactosyl Transferase A & H – Ag Blood Group A B & H – Ag Blood Group B H – Ag Blood Group O ▪
• 10.
  Universal Donor andRecipient / ABO blood group Universal Donor : O-ve and Universal Recipient AB+ve
• 11.
  ▪The Rh factor,named for the rhesus monkey because it was first studied using the blood of this animal. ▪85% of whites are D-positive & 15% are D-negative; over 99% of Asians are D-positive. ▪Unlike the ABO antigens, the system has not been detected in tissues other than red cells. Rh blood group system
• 12.
  Hemolytic disease ofthe newborn (Erythroblastosis Fetalis) 1. Hydrops fetalis-baby may die in utero. 3. If mother has received anti D abs injection at time of Ist delivery, this causes neutralization of baby’s Rh+ve RBCs, and immune system does not activate to produce abs. 2. Erythroblastosis fetalis
• 13.
  Hemolytic disease ofthe newborn –Indirect Coomb’s Test
• 14.
  Self Assessment
• 15.
  Austrian immunologist KarlLandsteiner discovered the ................... System in 1901. In 1940- Karl Landsteiner and Alexander S Wiener reported ……………………………… The ABO blood group antigens are attached to …………………chains that differ in their terminal sugar If a certain agglutinogen is ……on the surface of RBCs, then corresponding agglutinin must be … in plasma. The ……and its allele h are inherited independently of the allels A, B and O genes. If mother has received anti D abs injection at time of Ist delivery, this causes neutralization of baby’s ………. and immune system does not activate to produce abs.
• 16.
  Thank you