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Similar to His 101 ch 2 Peoples, Gods and Empires
His 101 ch 2 Peoples, Gods and Empires
- 1. Peoples, Gods andEmpires 1700 – 500 B.C.E. Chapter 2
- 2. Key Issues • Whatwas the impact of migrations and new settlements on existing kingdoms? • How did the transnational networks of trade in the late Bronze Age function? • What new empires and kingdoms emerged in the Iron Age? • What is the historical importance of monotheism?
- 3. Language Groups and Migrations •Semitic linguistic forms • Appear after 3000 B.C.E. • Assyrians, Phoenicians, Canaanites, Hebrews • Indo-European linguistic forms: • appear in Near East around 2000 B.C.E. • Combine with indigenous linguistic groups in the Aegean Basin & produce early form of Greek
- 4. Migrations in theEarly Bronze Age Timeline Minoan Thalassocra cy Centered at Crete Minoans Hittite Warriors move from Anatolia Mittanians introduce War Chariots Assyrian Caravan Networks Established Mycenaean Greece 2500-1600 B.C.E. 2000-1700 B.C.E. 2000-1800 B.C. E 1900 B.C. E 2000-1500 B.C.E. Trade Linear A Warrior Aristocracy Chariots and Iron Weaponry Perfected by Hittites. Adopted by Egyptians and Assyrians Used for war Established across Anatolia and Mesopotami a IWarrior Kings Linear B Age of Heroes
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- 6. Minoan Thalassocracy Encyclopædia BritannicaImage Quest, "Minoans Traders: Wall Painting From Acrotiri In Thera (Santorini) Showing Minoan Ships. Bronze Age (3200-1050 BC). http://quest.eb.com/images/300_2289319 Empire of the sea centered at Crete around 2500 B.C.E. •Minoans controlled trade around the central Mediterranean for about 1,000 years •Mysterious language (Linear A) not deciphered •Before 1600 B.C.E. Minoan civilization dominated Greek mainland
- 7. Mycenaean Greece • Indo-Europeangroups entered Greek mainland between 2000 and 1500 B.C.E. • Citadels along the Greek landscape • Warrior Kings • Reward: plunder and control of strategic trading sites • Trade and piracy as important economic systems • By 1400 B.C.E. Mycenaeans had subjugated Crete • Hittite ruler addressed Mycenaean King as “my brother” • Mycenaean Greece: powerful king, warrior aristocracy, palace bureaucracy, complex economy and large territorial kingdoms • Linear B deciphered in early 1950’s
- 8. Mycenaean Greece andthe Age of Heroes Encyclopedia Britannica Image Quest, "Ruins Of Mycenae, UNESCO World Heritage Site, Greece, Europe",http://quest.eb.com/images/151_2541896
- 10. Assyrians and Hittites EncyclopediaBritannica Image Quest, "Hittite Sculpture, Museum Of Old Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara, Anatolia, Turkey, Asia Minor, Eurasia", http://quest.eb.com/images/151_2532672 Encyclopedia Britannica Image Quest, "Statue Of The Winged Bull With The Head Of A Man ('Lamassu'), http://quest.eb.com/images/153_2361805
- 11. Assyrian Caravans andHittite Warriors • 1900 B.C.E. Assyrian caravan networks established across Anatolia and Mesopotamia • Cultural Diffusion • 2000-1700 Hittite warriors, conquerors and colonists spread out from Anatolia imposing their culture and language on other groups • Warrior aristocracy • Imposed laws and language • Chariots and iron weaponry • Sought to control trade routes for copper and arsenic • 1595 B.C.E. capture of Babylon
- 12. Chariots • 2000-1800 B.C.E.War chariots introduced by Mittanians • Used horses rather than oxen • Archers & Drivers • Perfected by Hittites during 18th century B.C.E. • Lighter construction • 4 spokes rather than 8 • Armaments: shield and arrow • Hittite innovations adopted by Egyptians and Assyrians • Used for war and parades of power • “Chariot” = Latin “carrus” • A chariot of war or in a triumphal procession • English translation= “car”
- 13. Encyclopedia Britannica ImageQuest, "HITTITE CHARIOT. - Neo-Hittite Stone Relief Of A War Chariot Riding Over A Defeated Enemy, 8th Century B.C.", http://quest.eb.com/images/140_1635696
- 14. Chariots, Cars &Parades Encyclopedia Britannica Image Quest, "Eisenhower In Washington / June 1945", http://quest.eb.com/images/109_1345 30 Wikipedia, “Standard of UR War Pane 26th century B.C.E. Accessed, August 9, 2012, {{PD Art}} http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Standard_of_Ur_-_War.jpg
- 15. NEW KINGDOM (1550-1075B.C.E.) Egypt
- 16. Egypt: New Kingdom •1550-1075 B.C.E. • Eighteenth Dynasty • New Nobility—aristocracy of military commanders • Wealth acquired through war • Plunder • Crown lands (territory given to successful commanders by the Pharaoh –and the slaves to work the land • Gold: standard of commerce and wealth • Nubian gold fields • Thutmose I control/influence Palestine and Syria • Strategy: defense through offense • Employed horse-drawn chariots
- 17. Ahhotep I Warrior Queenof Egypt Jewels and Weapons of Queen Ahhotep I, Délié, Hippolyte and Émile Béchard Planche 31 Monuments Historiques (1872). From Travelers in the Middle East Archive (TIMEA).http://hdl.handle.net/1911/10254 Encyclopedia Britannica Image Quest, "Egypt, Ceremonial Necklace Belonged To Ahhotep I (circa 1560-1530 B.C.), New Kingdom, Seventeenth Dynasty", http://quest.eb.com/images/126_497299
- 18. • Customary: Pharaohmarried sister and proclaim her Queen • Heirs: Pharaoh’s liaisons with concubines or sister (unlikely that Pharaoh and sister had same mother). Pharaohs and Intermarriage
- 19. Hatshepsut’s Reign • ThutmoseII married Hatshepsut • After Thutmose II died, Hatshepsut ruled as Pharaoh not as the Queen Regent. • Thutmose III was co-regent without real power until Hatshepsut died
- 20. Hatshepsut (R. 1492-1479 B.C.E.) EncyclopediaBritannica Image Quest, "Seated Figure Of Hatshepsut", accessed 9 Aug 2012,http://quest.eb.com/images/115_898597 Queen Hatshepsut As King. Fine Art. Encyclopedia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 9 Aug 2012 .http://quest.eb.com/images/107_3359916
- 21. Defaced head ofHatshepsut (left) Undefaced statue of Hatshepsut (right)
- 22. • 17 militarycampaigns • Increase Egyptian dominance in Near East • Diminish power of Mittani Kingdom • Mittani ceased to buffer Egypt from growing Assyrian strength. • Spoils of war devoted to building grand temples, tombs and monuments to the Pharaoh. • Capitol: Thebes Amon: patron god of Thebes • Amon increased in power with Pharaoh’s success and Amon became combined with Ra (the sun god). • Priests of Amon-Ra became a force with which successive Pharaohs must negotiate. Thutmose III (R. 1479-1425 B.C.E.)
- 23. Thutmose III &Priests of Amon- Ra Encyclopedia Britannica Image Quest, "Thutmose III, Sixth Pharaoh Of The Eighteenth Dynasty. During The First Twenty-two Years Of Thutmose's Reign He Was Co-regent With His Stepmother, Hatshepsut, Who Was Named The Pharaoh. Thutmose III Ruled Egypt For Almost Fifty-four Years.", accessed 9 Aug 2012,http://quest.eb.com/images/300_2283824
- 24. Amon-Ra Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest, "EGYPT: RELIEF OF AMEN-RA. - Egyptian Chief Deity Amen-Ra (Amun-Ra) On Stone Relief From Elephantine, 18th-19th Dynasty.", accessed 9 Aug 2012,http://quest.eb.com/images/140_1657417
- 25. • Changed hisname from Amenhotep IV to Akhenaten I • Changed patron deity from Amon to Aten • Built new capitol halfway between Memphis and Thebes • Aten (god of light) worship was more monotheistic than Amon worship • Why did Akhenaten change gods? • Intellectual revolutionary • Reactionary who attempted to reassert traditional worship of the sun • Cagey politician attempting to undermine the power of Amon’s priests. • Akhenaten not particularly interested in military affairs Akhenaten (1352-1336 B.C.E.)
- 26. • Changed hisname to Tutankhamon (King Tut). • Reflected restoration of Amon. and the Amon priesthood to power. • Destroyed father’s city and perhaps desecrated Hatshepsut’s temple and images. Tutankhaten (R. 1332-1323 B.C.E.)
- 27. • Warfare andletters • Letters between powerful rules “Brother” • Letters between smaller and powerful states “Father” • Lavish gifts • Marriage alliances • Diplomats often were merchants sent to handle trade negotiations • http://www.indianoceanhistory.org/ International Diplomacy in the late Bronze Age
- 29. • 30 symbolsrepresented consonants (vowels inferred) • Phonetic not pictographic • More conducive to use for people of multiple language backgrounds Ugaritic Alphabet
- 30. Trade and War •Causes of war in the late Bronze Age? • Relationship between trade and war? • How did the introduction of war chariots impact trade in the late Bronze Age? • How did trade influence peace? • Who participated in trade negotiations and territorial alliances? • Did a “free market” exist in the Late Bronze Age?
- 31. Who were theSea Peoples? • Many theories • Appeared in Nile Delta around 1207 B.C.E. • Documentary evidence • Egypt: Ramses III • 90% depopulation of mainland Greece • Hittite Empire destroyed • Technology • Iron • Less strong than Bronze • Iron more plentiful and cheaper material
- 32. The Sea Peoples WikipediaCommons, “Battle of the Delta” from the mortuary temple of Ramesses III at Medinet Habu, Egypt, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seev%C3%B6lker.jpg, accessed August 9, 2012 {{PD}}
- 34. PHOENICIANS, HEBREWS, PHILISTINES, NEO-ASSYRIANS Statesof the Early Iron Age (1200- 500 B.C.E.)
- 35. The States ofthe Early Iron Age • The Phoenicians • Known in Bible as Canaanites • City-states Tyre and Sidon • Aristocratic form of government • Egyptian connections and the papyrus trade • Planted Mediterranean trading colonies • Established Carthage in modern Tunisia • Known for purple dye • Alphabet
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- 40. Mythopoeic vs. Monotheistic WorldView • Mythopoeic World View • Life has individuality in man, beast, plant, heavens • Life as story rather than fact • Drought caused by a god who has own reasons for conduct not necessarily related to man’s actions • universal principles of morality or ethics did not explain fortune or misfortune • Life confronting life • Priests and Kings as mediators • Egyptian Pharaohs = gods
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- 43. The Development ofHebrew Monotheism • From monolatry to monotheism • A world conditioned by polytheism • Monolatry—exclusive worship of one god above other gods • Egyptians: Aten • Hebrews: Yahweh before Babylonian captivity • Assyrians: Assur(?)The goddess Asherah (right)
- 44. The Development ofHebrew Monotheism • From monolatry to monotheism • Ethical considerations and commandments issued by Yahweh • The Assyrian threat created demands for an exclusive monotheism • The prophets • Religious and political figures • Only by worshiping Yahweh could the Hebrews combat Assyrian religious imperialism
- 45. Hebrews in AncientNear East • Historical documentary evidence (outside the Bible) • 1200 B.C.E. arrival in Canaan • By 1000 B.C.E. division between South (Judah) and North (Israel) • Northern Kingdom conquered by Assyrian Empire in 722 B.C.E. • Southern Kingdom Conquered by Chaldean Empire in 586 B.C.E. • Southern Kingdom captives returned to Jerusalem under Prophet Ezra by King Cyrus of Persia in 539 B.C.E.
- 46. The Hebrews andMonotheism • The Hebrews and their scriptures • Origins: the Old Testament as historical resource • God and his chosen people • The covenant: Yahweh & Abraham • The creation and the flood • The twelve tribes and the Land of Israel • Outside the Old Testament: no records of a people called “ the Hebrews” by other ancient civilizations before 1200 B.C.E. • Theories but wide disagreement • http://public.wsu.edu/~brians/wcsyllabus/answers/jew s.html
- 47. The Jewish Bible (Christians-OldTestament) • Jewish tradition and historians • Bible is a library • 24 books over 1,000 years • 1100 B.C.E. – 250 B.C.E. • Organization • Law • Prophets • Writings • 2 versions • Masoretic (Hebrew 2nd century A.D.) considered superior version • Septuagint (Greek 2nd century B.C.E.)
- 48. Hebrew Monotheism • Thebelief that a single god is the creator and ruler of all things • Yahweh is transcendent: exists outside of time, nature, place and Kingship • Ethical monotheism: obligations owed by all human beings toward their creator, independent of place or political identity • Yahweh created man in His image • Yahweh is exclusively a god of righteousness • Evil comes from man not Yahweh • Micah 6:8 Yahweh requires man to live justly, love mercy and walk humbly before Yahweh
- 49. The States ofthe Early Iron Age • The Philistines • Great national enemy to Hebrews in the Bible • The Pentapolis (heavily fortified citadels) • Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, Ekron, and Gath • Virtually no written records
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- 51. Neo-Assyrian Empire • Establishedunder Ahsurnasurpahl (r. 883-859) • Sargon II (r. 722-705) destroyed Northern Israel • Sennacherib (r. 704-681) rebuilt Nineveh • Assurbanipal (r. 669-627) • Library • Military-religious ethos • King: hereditary monarch and earthly representative of the god, Assur • Centralized government • Standing force of 100,000 soldiers • Offered peace and assimilation or destruction • Assur demanded worship through military conquest • Humiliation of gods of defeated peoples
- 52. Assyrian Siege ofIsraeli city of Lachish (c. 701B.C.E.)
- 53. THE PERSIAN EMPIRE(550-330 B.C.E.) Rise of the Persians
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- 55. The Persian Empireunder Darius I, 521–486 B.C.E.
- 56. The Rise ofthe Persians • The origins of the Persian empire • Emerged from obscurity when Cyrus II became ruler of all Persians • Coveted Lydian gold and silver • Cyrus defeated Lydia and annexed it to the Persian empire • Cyrus invaded Mesopotamia (539 B.C.E.)
- 57. Croesus and Cyrusaccording to Herodotus Croesus was the richest man alive at the time and is credited with minting the 1st gold coins. He was warned by the Oracle at Delphi that he would destroy a great empire if he made war against the Persians. He was also advised to seek an alliance with the strongest Greek city. Croesus formed an alliance with Sparta the Egyptians and Babylonia. After an indecisive battle, Croesus disbanded for the winter but Cyrus did not. His army was destroyed at Sardis. Cyrus placed him on a pyre and lit it on fire to see if the gods would intervene. As he was burning, Apollo sent a great rain and doused the fire.
- 58. The Rise ofthe Persians • The consolidation of the Persian empire • Darius I (521–486 B.C.E.) • Consolidated military gains • Improved state administration (satraps) • Allowed various people to retain local institutions • The Royal Road (Susa to Sardis) • Postal systems and spy networks • Marathon (490 B.C.E.)—Greeks vs. Persians
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- 60. Persian Religion • Zoroastrianism(10th -6th Century B.C.E.) dates are hotly debated based on language dates. • Zoroaster sought to purify traditional customs • There is one god—Ahura-Mazda (“the wise lord”) • The counter deity—Ahriman • A personal religion based on concept of “free will” • Toleration • The resurrection of the dead on judgment day • Hotly contested issue: which belief about judgment day came first? Hebrew or Persian
- 61. Behistun Inscription I AMDARIUS, THE GREAT KING, THE KING OF KINGS, THE KING OF PERSIA, THE KING OF ALL COUNTRIES, THE SON OF A KING, THE GRANDSON OF A KING, SAYS DARIUS THE KING, FROM LONG AGO MY FAMILY HAS BEEN KINGS.
- 62. Ozymandias Percy Shelley's "Ozymandias" Imet a traveler from an antique land Who said: Two vast and trunkless legs of stone Stand in the desert... near them, on the sand, Half sunk, a shattered visage lies, whose frown, And wrinkled lip, and sneer of cold command, Tell that its sculptor well those passions read Which yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things, The hand that mocked them and the heart that fed: And on the pedestal these words appear: 'My name is Ozymandias, king of kings: Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!' Nothing beside remains. Round the decay Of that colossal wreck, boundless and bare The lone and level sands stretch far away