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Similar to His 102 chapter 18 the french revolution part i fall 2013
His 102 chapter 18 the french revolution part i fall 2013
- 2. 1788-1792 a constitutionalstruggle Increasingly bold elites articulated grievances against the king 1792-1794 acute crisis, consolidation, repression Centralized government mobilized country’s resources to fight invading armies 1794-1799 a republic without leadership Undermined by corruption and internal division, France maintained its Republic until the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte 1799-1815 Napoleon’s Rule & Defeat Republic to Empire to defeat and restoration of the Monarchy
- 3. France’s social classesdetermined legal rights and taxes 1st Estate: Clergy (no taxes, few obligations) 2nd Estate: Nobility (minimal taxes, few individual rights) by 18th century noble titles could be purchased 50,000 new nobles created between 1700-1789 Much middle class wealth transferred to noble wealth Less wealthy nobles resented the “Nouveau Rich” Social boundaries between nobility and wealthy merchants of 3rd estate were ill defined Bourgeoise considered themselves much different than people who worked with their hands 3rd Estate: Everybody else (majority of taxes, no rights) Wide gap between very wealthy merchants who were not nobility but who copied their mannerisms and poor, landless urban laborers and rural peasants Tensions between those who had bought titles and those who could not afford to buy titles
- 4. Causes Social boundaries between noble and non-noble ill-defined From bourgeois wealth to noble wealth Most noble wealth was proprietary— tied to land Influx of new wealth from banking, shipping, slave trade, and mining Identified with the nobility, not the common people Prosperous members of the Third Estate aired their frustrations in public debate
- 5. Causes The articulation of discontent Locke, Voltaire, and Montesquieu appeal to discontented nobles and middle class Economic reform Simplify tax system Free the economy from mercantilist restrictions Government should lift controls (subsidies) on price of grain
- 6. Enlightenment changed publicdebate Enlightenment ideas played a critical role in articulating grievances between social classes Enlightenment ideals appealed to nobles, middle class and poor alike even though ideas about how those ideals would be applied varied greatly among the social classes Reform of government to provide checks and balances to power of the king Reform of economy to eliminate mercantilism and fairer tax system Suffrage for whom??? Clergy was frightened of Enlightenment Ideals because they feared losing power and privileged position, perhaps even property
- 8. Peasants caught inweb of obligations to church (tithe), landlords (rent, taxes) and state (taxes and work) Sales taxes Head tax Price Controls angered everyone and when Louis XVI attempted to eliminate certain price controls the burden fell most heavily on the peasants and urban poor 1780’s poor harvests = soaring bread prices (poor urban laborers and peasants survived mostly on bread) 1788: 50% of income spent on bread 1789: 80% of income spent on bread Peasants who left the countryside to find work in the cities remained unemployed 1787-1789 unemployment in some urban centers was at 50% Bread Riots occurred throughout the country in the Spring of 1789
- 9. Taxation Tied to social class Varied from region to region Spending Louis XIV spent extraordinary sums to maintain his lifestyle and engage in the wars in Europe Louis XV spent large amount of money when France entered the American Revolutionary War on the side of the colonists When Louis XVI attempted to raise taxes on the nobility, they seized the opportunity to demand that he call the Estates-General into session
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- 11. This image chroniclesa riot. Many believe it was caused by artisans who attacked the Reveillon wallpaper shop and factory because they believed that the owner was about to lower wages. Over two days, more than 6,000 attacked the place. On 28 April 1789 troops were called and fired on the crowd. The official report noted 71 killed, wounded, or detained. This conflict reveals the animosity between the artisans and authorities as well as divisions between commoner owners and artisans that would eventually turn the Third Estate against itself.
- 12. 1789 Estates-General calledby Louis XVI in May 1789 (Last called in 1626) Traditionally 1st and 2nd Estates voted together to defeat the 3rd Estate 3rd Estate deputies argued that individual votes of each member should be counted and that the size of the 3rd Estate be increased to give commoners an equal voice King agreed but nobles protested Abbe Sieyes, “What is the Third Estate?” King alarmed by pamphlet’s violent language withdrew his support for 3rd Estate 3rd Estate deputies left the body and declared themselves to be the “National Assembly” King locked deputies out of the meeting hall on June 20, 1789 Deputies met at nearby tennis court and took “The Tennis Court Oath”
- 13. National Assembly claimedthe authority to remake the French government in the name of the people June 20, 1789 Swore an oath not to disband until France had a Constitution June 27, 1789 King ordered all delegates to join the National Assembly
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- 15. The public (mostlypeople from the 3rd Estate) Rumors: aristocracy and King conspiring to punish the 3rd Estate by creating conditions of scarcity and high prices for basic necessities (commoners= sans culottes) . King had called on outside forces to help put down the rebellion Storming of the Bastille 14 July 1789 Great Fear October Days of 1789
- 16. Rumors in Paris:King’s troops mobilizing to march on the city. Electors (people who had enough money to vote) organized the people into a militia and organized a provisional municipal government Storming the Bastille: July 14, 1789 --large crowd stormed the Bastille intending to obtain arms for the city’s defense Governor of the Bastille ordered his men to shoot into the crowd, killing 98 people The crowd captured the Bastille, attacked the governor and chopped off his head
- 19. Rumors in thecountryside: Austrians, Prussians or “brigands” were invading France Peasants organized militias Attacked manor houses for food, Looted records of manorial rents/dues Burned estates
- 20. Parisian women fromthe market district, angered by the soaring price of bread marched to Versailles on October 5 and demanded to be heard Not satisfied by the response of the National Assembly, crowd broke through the gates at Versailles demanding that the King return to Paris On October 6, the King agreed Agreement weakened King’s ability to resist further changes demanded by the National Assembly
- 22. Storming the Bastille:caused the King and the Nobility to agree to create the National Assembly Great Fear caused National Assembly abolish feudal privileges Church tithe Labor requirement (corvee) peasants must give landlord or the crown days of labor in return for privilege of renting a plot to farm Noble hunting privileges and tax exemptions Sale of offices October Days demonstrated that even the King was subject to the will of the people
- 23. In late July1789, as reports poured into Paris from the countryside of several thousand separate yet related peasant mobilizations, a majority of them against seigneurial property, the deputies of the National Assembly debated reforming not just the fiscal system or the constitution but the very basis of French society. In a dramatic all–night session on 4–5 August deputies stepped forward, one after another, to renounce for the good of the "nation" the particular privileges enjoyed by their town or region
- 24. Passive citizens: thosewho could not vote but retained certain natural rights Active Citizens: paid taxes and could hold office and vote About 50% of men in France qualified as “Active Citizens” Indirect representation: Voted for Electors whose property ownership entitled them to hold office Religious Toleration—meant an end to persecution but not accommodation of religious differences Abolished serfdom and slavery in continental France
- 25. "Active Citizen/Passive Citizen" Thiscartoon mocks the distinction between active and passive citizens. Many revolutionaries hated this difference, essentially dividing those with property from those without. The propertied (active) were the only ones who could participate in the political process. “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring The French Revolution” http://chnm.gmu.edu
- 26. Women were activein French Revolution Joined clubs and held debates Participated in demonstrations circulation of news Marie Gouze aka Olympe de Gouges Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Citizen (1791) Social distinctions based only on common utility Women had same rights as men to resist authority and participate in government Women had the right to name the fathers of illegitimate children Divorce legalized in 1792
- 28. November 1789: Confiscatedall church lands 1790: enacted Civil Constitution of the Clergy, bringing church under state authority Bishops and priests had to swear allegiance to the state Intended to make Catholic Church of France free from interference by Rome Pope threatened to excommunicate all Bishops or Priests who signed the Civil Constitution In Roman Catholic faith, excommunication meant damnation Caused rift in the countryside between loyal Roman Catholics and Republican supporters of the Revolution. People were forced to choose.
- 29. Abolition of guilds Reorganizedlocal governments into 83 equal departments Sold off church lands to those who could afford them Who did benefit from the reforms?
- 30. The counterrevolution Outside France Austria and Prussia declared support for French monarchy (August 1791) April 20, 1792: the National Assembly declared war on Austria and Prussia Radicals hoped the war would expose “traitors”
- 31. Summer of 1792:Leaders of the Revolution were toppled by the Jacobins Republicans: repudiated monarchy and claimed to rule on behalf of a sovereign people Why did Revolution turn radical inside France? Politicization of the public Shortages of bread Runaway inflation Press & Rumors Crisis of leadership Queen plotting with her brother, King Leopold II of Austria to stop the revolution King forced to support changes that he did not like Queen convinced King to flee France in June 1791 but the Royal family was captured at the border and returned to Paris where they were held under house arrest at Tuileries Palace.
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- 36. Elected by “freewhite men” in September 1792 1. September Massacres 2. Declared France a Republic 3. Tried King in December 4. Executed King in January 1793 5. Confiscated property of Enemies of the Revolution 6. Repealed primogeniture 7. Abolished slavery in Colonies 8. Set maximum prices for grain 9. Year 1, September 22, 1792
- 37. •All Europeans tooka side in the conflict •Political societies outside of France declared loyalty to the Revolution •Elites, Monarchs and Aristocracy feared destruction of the order of society
- 38. The French Republic Military reforms France faced Britain, Holland, Spain, and Austria (February 1793) French revolutionary armies The revolutionary government drafted all men capable of bearing arms (August 1793) French military successes Low Countries, Rhineland, Switzerland, parts of Spain, and Savoy
- 39. The Execution ofLouis XVI
- 40. 1. 1793 National Convention drafted a new Constitution 2. Suspended indefinitely because of war 3. Due to War Emergency National Convention delegated authority to Committee of Public Safety
- 41. Committee faced sabotagefrom the political left and right September 1793–July 1794: executions as high as twenty-five to thirty thousand Three hundred thousand incarcerated between March 1793 and August 1794
- 42. The Reign ofTerror Committee faced sabotage from the political left and right
- 43. Jean-Paul Marat (1743–1793) Opposedmoderates Edited The Friend of the People Killed by Charlotte Corday, a royalist (summer 1793)
- 44. Georges-Jacques Danton (1759– 1794) Popular political leader Member of the CPS Wearied of the Terror Sent to the guillotine (April 1794)
- 45. Maximilien Robespierre (1758– 1794) Trained as a lawyer Became president of the National Convention Member of the CPS Enlarged the Terror
- 46. The legacy ofthe second French Revolution The sans-culottes Workers’ trousers replaced breeches The red cap of liberty Citizen and citizeness Festivals Mobilization for revolution Counterrevolutionary groups were also popular movements