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HISTORY IGCSE CONTENT - 20TH CENTURY OPTION - DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: THE NAZI REGIME - THE NAZI AND THE GROUP PERSECUTIONS
During the Third Reich, the Nazis persecuted various groups including Jews, homosexuals, and the disabled, viewing them as incompatible with their ideology of an Aryan master race. This ideology led to forced sterilizations, imprisonment, and systematic extermination of targeted populations, including the notorious Nuremberg Laws that stripped Jews of citizenship. The Kristallnacht pogrom marked a significant escalation in anti-Semitic violence, resulting in widespread destruction and further persecution of Jews in Germany.
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HISTORY IGCSE CONTENT - 20TH CENTURY OPTION - DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: THE NAZI REGIME - THE NAZI AND THE GROUP PERSECUTIONS
- 1. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY THE NAZIREGIME WHY DID THE NAZIS PERSECUTE MANY GROUPS IN GERMAN SOCIETY? 4
- 2. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE –DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY – MR. D INTRODUCTION During the years of the Third Reich, the Nazis persecuted a wide range of people including Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, prostitutes, drunkards, beggars, the aged, and the mentally handicapped. All these groups were considered incompatible with either Nazi ideas about a master race or ideas about the efficient operation of the Nazi state.
- 3. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE –DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY – MR. Dhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIHU3OdWmT8
- 4. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE –DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY – MR. D THE MASTER RACE THEORY In Hitler’s view the German people constituted a race, the Aryan race. He also believed that Aryans were naturally superior in terms of intelligence, physique, and work ethic. This would ensure that Germany would rule the world. To take account of setbacks such as Germany’s defeat in the First World War on the economic crises of 1923 and 1930-1933, Hitler argued that potential Aryan supremacy had been undermined by Jews intent on undermining the German state. To preserve the purity of the Aryan race, it was essential to maintain its separateness from other races and discourage contact between Germans and non-Germans.
- 5. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE –DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY – MR. Dhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvCkw87FLZk
- 6. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE –DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY – MR. D THE MASTER RACE IDEOLOGY In his speeches and writings, Hitler said that his Aryan race must remain pure in order to one day take over the world. For Hitler, the ideal "Aryan" was blond, blue-eyed, and tall. When Hitler and the Nazis came to power, these beliefs became the government ideology and were spread in publicly displayed posters, on the radio, in movies, in classrooms, and in newspapers.
- 7. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE –DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY – MR. D THE “SCIENCE” BEHIND MASTER RACE The Nazis began to put their ideology into practice with the support of German scientists who believed that the human race could be improved by limiting the reproduction of people considered "inferior." Beginning in 1933, German physicians were allowed to perform forced sterilizations, operations making it impossible for the victims have children. Among the targets of this public program were Roma (Gypsies), an ethnic minority numbering about 30,000 in Germany, and handicapped individuals, including the mentally ill and people born deaf and blind. Also victimized were about 500 African-German children, the offspring of German mothers and African colonial soldiers in the Allied armies that occupied the German Rhineland region after World War I.
- 8. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE –DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY – MR. D TEACHING HUMILIATION Hitler and other Nazi leaders viewed the Jews not as a religious group, but as a poisonous "race," which "lived off" the other races and weakened them. After Hitler took power, Nazi teachers in school classrooms began to apply the "principles" of racial science. They measured skull size and nose length, and recorded the colour of their pupils' hair and eyes to determine whether students belonged to the true "Aryan race" and Romani (Gypsy) students were often humiliated in the process.
- 9. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE –DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY – MR. D SINTI AND ROMA (GYPSIES) The Nazis considered the Sinti and Roma a socio-racial “problem” to be expurgated from the German nation. Nomadic Sinti and Roma were subjected to special depredations; their fate was tantamount to that of the Jews. Of the 44,000 Sinti and Roma who lived in the Reich, thousands were sent to concentration camps after the war began. Others were concentrated in transit camps before being sent to ghettos and extermination camps during the war. Between 90,000-150,000 Sinti and Roma were murdered by the Germans throughout Europe.
- 10. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE –DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY – MR. D German schutzpolizei (municipal police) arresting a gypsy in Poland
- 11. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE –DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY – MR. D HOMOSEXUALS Homosexuals were stripped of their civil rights because the Nazis considered homosexuality an affront to their goal of encouraging natural population growth and normal family life. Approximately 15,000 homosexuals were imprisoned in camps and thousands perished.
- 12. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE –DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY – MR. D THE DISABLED Between 200,000-350,000 mentally and physically disabled individuals were forcibly sterilized until 1939. Beginning in 1939, approximately 200,000 were murdered during the “Euthanasia” program either by gassing, lethal injection or starvation. The Nazis sought to increase the proportion of healthy and racially superior members of the national community (Volksgemeinschaft) by quickly and unsentimentally eliminating the sick and the weak.
- 13. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE –DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY – MR. D Extermination wing - Nazi Euthanasia Centre at Bernburg (left) and Staff of the Euthanasia Center in Bernburg, sitting in the front is Karl Hauenschild, and behind him is Karl Poetzinger (right).
- 14. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE –DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY – MR. D GOEBBELS ABOUT THE EXTERMINATION OF THE DISABLED On 31 January 1941, Joseph Goebbels wrote in his diary: "Discussed with Bouhler the question of the silent liquidation of the mentally ill. 40,000 are gone, 60,000 must still go. This is difficult, but necessary work. And it must be done now. Bouhler is the right man to do it." Philipp Bouhler was also the SS official responsible for the Aktion T4 euthanasia program that killed more than 250,000 disabled adults and children in Nazi Germany, as well as co- initiator of Aktion 14f13, also called "Sonderbehandlung" ("special treatment"), that killed 15,000–20,000 concentration camp prisoners.
- 15. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE –DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY – MR. D THE CATHOLIC CHURCH Beginning in 1933 the Nazi regime arrested thousands of members of the German Catholic central party, as well as Catholic priests. They disbanded schools and Catholic institutions as part of the totalitarian policy of the regime and its attempts to eliminate any competing authority. This took place despite the “Concordat” that had been signed with the Vatican in 1933. During World War II Catholic organizations were oppressed and thousands of Catholic priests were imprisoned and murdered throughout the areas occupied by the Nazis.
- 16. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE –DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY – MR. D JEHOVA’S WITNESSES Another small minority that was oppressed because of their unique religious beliefs were the Jehovah’s Witnesses. They believed that non-members of the group would be judged, they opposed military service and took a clear stance opposing the regime. As a result, many of the group’s members were arrested and some were incarcerated in concentration camps. Jehova’s Witness Gertrud Poetzinger holding a child in the Oranienburg Concentration Camp, Germany.
- 17. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE –DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY – MR. D THE NUREMBERG RACE LAWS 1935 At the annual party rally held in Nuremberg in 1935, the Nazis announced new laws. The laws excluded German Jews from Reich citizenship and prohibited them from marrying or having sexual relations with persons of "German or related blood." The Nuremberg Laws did not define a "Jew" as someone with particular religious beliefs. Instead, anyone who had three or four Jewish grandparents was defined as a Jew, regardless of whether individual identified himself or herself as a Jew. Many Germans who had not practiced Judaism for years found themselves caught in the grip of Nazi terror. Even people with Jewish grandparents who had converted to Christianity were defined as Jews.
- 18. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE –DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY – MR. D
- 19. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE –DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY – MR. Dhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DamUkVBqi3c
- 20. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE –DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY – MR. D ARYANIZING JEWISH BUSINESSES In 1937 and 1938, the government set out to impoverish Jews by requiring them to register their property and then by "Aryanizing" Jewish businesses. This meant that Jewish workers and managers were dismissed, and the ownership of most Jewish businesses was taken over by non-Jewish Germans who bought them at bargain prices fixed by Nazis. Jewish doctors were forbidden to treat non-Jews, and Jewish lawyers were not permitted to practice law. Like everyone in Germany, Jews were required to carry identity cards, but the government added special identifying marks to theirs: a a red "J" stamped on them and new middle names for all those Jews who did not possess recognizably "Jewish" first names—"Israel" for males, "Sara" for females. Such cards allowed the police to identify Jews easily.
- 21. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE –DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY – MR. D TIMELINE NUREMBERG LAWS September 15, 1935 - Nuremberg Laws are instituted October 18, 1935 - New marriage requirements instituted The "Law for the Protection of the Hereditary Health of the German People" requires all prospective marriage partners to obtain from the public health authorities a certificate of fitness to marry. November 14, 1935 - Nuremberg Law extended to other groups The first supplemental decree of the Nuremberg Laws extends the prohibition on marriage or sexual relations between people who produce "racially suspect" offspring (relations between "those of German or related blood" and Roma Gypsies, blacks, or their
- 22. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE –DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY – MR. D KRISTALLNACHT – NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASSES Kristallnacht, literally, "Night of Crystal," is often referred to as the "Night of Broken Glass." The name refers to the wave of violent anti-Jewish pogroms which took place on November 9 and 10, 1938. This wave of violence took place throughout Germany, annexed Austria, and in areas of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia recently occupied by German troops. Kristallnacht owes its name to the shards of shattered glass that German streets in the wake of the pogrom—broken glass from the windows of synagogues, homes, and Jewish-owned businesses plundered and destroyed during the violence.
- 23. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE –DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY – MR. Dhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-y0uwd9QAYE
- 24. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE –DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY – MR. D
- 25. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE –DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY – MR. D KRISTALLNACHT – 91 DEATHS The pogrom proved especially destructive in Berlin and Vienna, home to the two largest Jewish communities in the German Reich. Mobs of SA men roamed the streets, attacking Jews in their houses and forcing Jews they encountered to perform acts of public humiliation. Although murder did not figure in the central directives, Kristallnacht claimed many Jewish lives between 9 and 10 November. The official figure for Jewish deaths, released by German officials the aftermath of Kristallnacht, was 91, but recent scholarship that there were hundreds of deaths,
- 26. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE –DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY – MR. D SS guards force Jews, arrested during Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass"), to march through the town of Baden-Baden. Onlookers watch from along the street and walls. Baden-Baden, Germany. November 10, 1938.
- 27. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE –DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY – MR. D KRISTALLNACHT – AFTERMATH In the immediate aftermath of the pogrom, Hermann Göring criticized the extensive material losses produced by the antisemitic riots, pointing out that if nothing were done to intervene, German insurance companies—not Jewish-owned businesses— would have to bear the costs of the damages. Göring and other top party leaders decided to use the opportunity to introduce measures to eliminate Jews and perceived Jewish influence from the German economic sphere. The German government made an immediate pronouncement that “the Jews” themselves were to blame for the pogrom and imposed a fine of one billion Reichsmark (some 400 million US dollars at 1938 rates) on the German Jewish community.