Downloaded 81 times
Uploaded byCurriculum Leadership Institute
History of American Education Reform
This document provides a brief history of education reform in America from the 19th century to present day. It discusses how education has changed from an emphasis on memorization and the 3 R's to preparing students for a digital global economy. Key figures like Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Horace Mann, John Dewey, and Maria Montessori influenced education philosophy and approaches. Federal involvement has increased through acts like Brown v. Board, ESEA, and NCLB to address issues like desegregation, funding, and standards. Current trends integrate technology while older approaches come and go. Challenges remain around teacher and funding issues against a backdrop of constant reform debates.
In this document
Powered by AI
Introduction to education reform in the U.S. by Curriculum Leadership Institute.
Traditional education featured memorization, emphasis on handwriting, teacher-led lectures, and corporal punishment.
Expectations for students in a global economy; trends in teaching include problem-based and differentiated learning.
Exploration of Rousseau's theories on development stages and individual education methods.
Horace Mann championed free education, teacher training, and the grade-level approach in U.S. schools.
Mason emphasized education as a holistic experience using living books and short lessons.
Dewey promoted experiential education and social reform, debated as both visionary and misguided.
Montessori focused on independence, self-direction, and scientific pedagogy in child education.
Crisis-driven reform focused on vocational skills due to societal changes post-World War II.
Brown vs. Board of Education mandated integration, enforcing civil rights in education.
Increased funding and political focus on education following the launch of Sputnik.
Introduction of major federal programs like ESEA for educational equity and resources.
Examples of discarded educational trends from the 60s to the 90s illustrating fluctuating educational methods.
Key legislative acts and educational reforms from NCLB to Common Core reflecting political influence.
Modern educational trends like PLCs, STEM initiatives, and student-centered learning practices.
Current issues include teacher morale, funding cuts, and classroom management struggles.
Importance of engaged teachers and a solid curriculum in improving educational outcomes.
CLI offers pathways for districts to improve amidst ongoing reforms and shifts in education.
CLI's approach to curriculum development emphasizing teacher engagement and standards.
CLI's model is based on the works of Bloom, Tyler, and Deming within education frameworks.
Bloom's contributions towards educational objectives and mastery learning via his taxonomy.
Tyler's evaluation structure focuses on clear learning objectives and experience organization.
Deming's insights on Total Quality Management and human psychology's role in education.
CLI presents a model for curriculum alignment allowing teacher autonomy and systematic method.
More Related Content
![[9 17]nigeria’s national policy on education and the university curriculum in...](https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/9-17nigeriasnationalpolicyoneducationandtheuniversitycurriculuminhistory-120527021510-phpapp02-thumbnail.jpg?width=640&height=640&fit=bounds)
Similar to History of American Education Reform
History of American Education Reform
- 1. A Brief Historyof American Education Reform © Curriculum Leadership Institute cliweb.org
- 2. Traditional American Education ofthe 19th Century • Memorization • Handwriting emphasized • Drill, practice, 3 “R’s” curriculum • Lecture-based • Teacher as source of knowledge & final authority • Corporal punishment • High drop-out rate • Agrarian & immigrant Society • No federal involvement
- 3. Education at theDawn of the 21st Century Students expected to be ready for a global & digital economy Teachers expected to keep up with the latest trends and rapidly changing technology Among the latest trends: • Problem-Based Learning • Differentiated Learning • STEM, STEAM, STREAM • Flipped Classroom • One-to-one computer initiatives • Mobile and blended learning • Professional Learning Communities • Social Media: good, bad and ugly • Cell phones & BYOD initiatives • Teacher as Learning Facilitator Challenging Political Environment: Demands for choice (charter schools, homeschooling, vouchers) Continued debate regarding national involvement in education, from NCLB to CCSS.
- 4. How did weget from there to here?
- 5. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) AuthoredÈmile, considered by some to be the best treatise on Education since Plato’s Republic Ideas: • Distinct stages of development require different educational methods • Children inherently good, blank slates “Tabula rasa” • Boys & girls should be educated differently • Education should not begin until adolescence • Religion should be discovered, not preached or taught
- 6. Horace Mann (1796-1859) Initiated Common School movement in the U.S. Believed in free universal education for all Initiated the grade-level approach to education Initiated teacher-training and “normal schools” Served as Secretary of the first State Board of Education in Massachusetts (1837)
- 7. Charlotte Mason (1842-1923) BritishEducation Reformer, authored: Parents and Children: The Role of the Parent in the Education of the Child (1896) School Education: Developing a Curriculum (1904) A Philosophy of Education (1923) Ideas: Education is “an atmosphere, a discipline, a life” Students should be taught from “living books” not textbooks “written down to children” Short, focused lessons with emphasis on mastery “Liberal” education for all classes, including arts, history & geography Children are persons deserving respect Current Impact: Republished by and influencing modern homeschool movement.
- 8. John Dewey (1859-1952) Philosopher,Psychologist and Educational Reformer, authored: My Pedagogic Creed (1897) The School and Society (1900) The Child and the Curriculum (1902) Democracy and Education (1916) Experience and Education (1938) Ideas: Proponent of Experiential Education and Pragmatism Education as Social Reform Progressive and Liberal, “out with the old” Current Impact: His ideas and extensive writings are still discussed in today’s educational milieu. Not to be confused with Melvil Dewey (1876), whose name is on the Dewey Decimal System.
- 9. Dewey as Visionary,Dewey as Misguided “Dewey’s philosophy is a treasure house of the wisdom and vitality the twenty-first century requires” (2014) “How the patron saint of schools has corrupted teaching and learning” (2006)
- 10. Maria Montessori (1870-1952) ItalianPhysician and Educator, authored: The Discovery of the Child (1948) The Absorbent Mind (1949) The Montessori Method (1912) Ideas: Worked to develop “scientific pedagogy” based on brain science Expanded practical activities available for children Allowed children freedom of movement and self-direction Goal of education as Independence, role of teacher as observer and guide Current Impact: Many Montessori schools and preschools are still practicing her methods and ideas.
- 11. Post WWII: Crisis-DrivenReform “Life Adjustment Education” aimed to provide vocational skills Baby boom = need for more teachers, expanding programs for teacher education Cold-War concerns fueled investment in school safety and bomb shelters
- 12. School Segregation Crisis(1954) Brown vs. Board of Education: Supreme Court ruled that segregation was not legal, new federal mandate for local schools Schools must integrate to provide fair and equitable education for all
- 13. Sputnik Crisis (1957) Politicians blamed public education Demands for increased education funding Education becomes politicized National Defense Education Act (1958)
- 14. Increased Federal Involvement Head Start (1965) Child Nutrition Act (1966) expanded the post-WWII National School Lunch Program (1946) Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) 1965, to be reauthorized every 5 years Follow-up laws: Educational and Consolidation Act (ECA) 1981, Improving America’s School Act (IASA) 1994, No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) 2001
- 15. Elementary and Secondary EducationAct (ESEA) 1965 Considered the most extensive federal involvement in American education Title I—Financial Assistance To Local Educational Agencies For The Education Of Children Of Low-Income Families Title II—School Library Resources, Textbooks, and other Instructional Materials Title III—Supplementary Educational Centers and Services Title IV—Educational Research And Training Title V—Grants To Strengthen State Departments Of Education Title VI—General Provisions
- 16. Examples of DiscardedEducation Fads Since the 1960s New Math (60s) Career Education (spawned by OPEC Crisis of the 1970s, high unemployment, double-digit inflation, Dewian in nature) Open Classrooms (60s/70s) Whole-Language (80s/90s) Outcome-Based Education (OBE) (90s)
- 17. Education: A Political HotButton 1983 “Year of the Reports,” including “A Nation at Risk” Goals 2000 set by U.S. Congress, first National Standards for Arts Education No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001, standards-based education reform act, revised version of ESEA (1965) Race to the Top, Obama-led funding initiative (2009) Common Core State Standards (2009), not federally mandated, adopted on a per-state basis, widely misunderstood to be a federally-mandated “curriculum” ESEA is overdue for reauthorization & Obama is working on a revision to NCLB
- 18. A Few Current Trendsin Education Professional Learning Communities (PLCs) Problem-Based Learning (PBL) Differentiated Instruction STEM, STEAM, STREAM School Choice & Charter Schools Year-round education One-to-one technology initiatives Flipped Learning Student-Centered Learning
- 19. Confused by allthe Trends? This website could help: “The Glossary of Education Reform” @ http://www.edglossary.org
- 20. • Low teachermorale and engagement • Teacher “burn-out” • Student bullying and classroom management • Negative public perceptions of educators and schools • Cuts to education funding due to deficits • Increasing immigrant, migrant populations • Lack of teacher-perceived classroom autonomy • Frustrations with high-stakes testing Current Struggles in Education
- 21. Does your DistrictHave These Two Education Basics Mastered? Empowered & Engaged Teachers Sound Curriculum
- 22. Do You Wishfor Some Stability as you Navigate Through the Latest Sea of Education Reform? Helping school districts stay on even keel, since 1991. Curriculum Leadership Institute’s Pathways to School Improvement
- 23. It’s time toconsider the CLI Model for School Improvement • Our process engages teachers in the development of a local, standards-aligned curriculum. • We believe the professional educator benefits from an active role in curriculum development. • Teachers who are invested in their district’s curriculum are invested in teaching it in their classrooms.
- 24. Modern Theorists OurModel is built largely on the following three educational and intellectual theorists: Instruction: Benjamin Bloom Curriculum: Ralph Tyler Organizational Management: William Edward Deming
- 25. Benjamin Bloom (1913-1999) Educational Psychologist, authored: Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (1956), All Our Children Learning (1980), Developing Talent in Young People (1985) Known for: Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives Contributed to: Theory of Mastery Learning
- 26. Ralph W. Tyler(1902-1994) American Educator in the field of evaluation and assessment, Authored: Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction (1949) Defined “evaluation” as an exam which aligned with learning outcomes His book defined a basic, four-part structure for instruction: 1. Define learning objectives 2. Introduce objectives 3. Organize experiences to maximize learning 4. Evaluate and revise processes
- 27. William Edwards Deming(1900- 1993) Engineer, professor, author, management consultant Authored: Quality Productivity and Competitive Position (1982), Out of the Crisis (1986) and The New Economics for Industry, Government, and Education (1993) Considered the Father of TQM (Total Quality Management), although he did not coin the term Understanding of human psychology considered essential piece of human management
- 28. Our Model Research-based Time-tested Allows teachers professional freedom to choose their own teaching methods Is a systemic model for district-wide vertical and horizontal curriculum alignment Visit us today at: http://cliweb.org