History Of Astronomy (Complete)

History of AstronomyAncient Cultures to Isaac Newton

Early CivilizationsA practical approachPredicting seasonsNavigation

Aristotle and the Greek View: Geocentric ModelGeo- EarthCentric- CenteredThe earth is a motionless sphere at the center of the Universe. Explained the apparent motion of the sun, moon and stars.

PlanetsGreek astronomers observed that certain celestial objects do not follow a predictable path like the moon, sun, and stars.Called these objects Planets (Greek word planetes means wanderer)The observable motion of Planets is that they change speed and even loop back and forth relative to the stars.

Retrograde MotionMotion of planets in “backwards” or westward loops is known as Retrograde Motion.

Ptolemy (140 A.D.)A more complex model of the Universe/Solar System was needed to explain Retrograde Motion. Ptolemy suggests that planets orbit the Earth in a large circular orbits but also follow a small circular orbit around an imaginary point. These small orbits were known as Epicycles

The Copernican Revolution: Heliocentric ModelPtolemaic Model survived for 13 centuriesCopernicus suggested that the Earth is a planet and spins on its axis and orbits the Sun.Heliocentric- Sun CenteredThis accounts for the apparent motion of the sun and stars.The realization that Earth is not at the center of the universe is now know as the Copernican Revolution.What about Retrograde motion of the planets?

Just like when you pass another car on the highway.

Galileo GalileiUsed the telescope to view objects in the sky (1609). Observations of celestial objects supported the Heliocentric Model of the solar system.

Galileo’s Observations The terrain of the Moon, Sunspots, the moons of JupiterPhases of Venus

Johannes KeplerA student of Tycho Brahe, Kepler used the precise data of his mentor to develop three simple laws that describe the motion of planets.

History of Astronomy1923 – February 9, 1971By The Big Bangers (Sean Frazier, Danny Duvall, Andrew D., and Zach Tarr)

Yuri GagarinEntered Air Force Group 1 in 1960, on March 7.April 12, 1961, Became first man to enter space aboard the Vostok 1 spacecraft. Flight Time: 0.0750 daysMade Commander of Cosmonaut group in 1963In 1968 he completed the Zhukovskiy Military Academy, but died during a MiG-15 training mission.

Alan ShepardAlan Shepard was from East Derry, New Hampshire. After he got out of school in 1950, he got into a naval academy.In 1959 NASA invited Shepard to join six others for project mercury.On May 5, 1961, Shepard piloted Freedom 7 to become the 2nd person and the 1st American in space. Shepard was scheduled to command the first Gemini but couldn’t due to an inner ear condition that would go on to keep him out of space for six years.In 1971 47 year old Alan Shepard, the oldest astronaut in the program, lead the Apollo XIV mission to the moon .He returned and went on to retire from the navy and from NASA.

“I must admit maybe I am a piece of history after all” – Alan Shepard

SputnikLaunched on October 4th, 1957About the size of a beach ball (22.8 inches in diameter)Weighed 183.9 lbsThe launch started “The Space Age” and the race between U.S. and U.S.S.R.Fear arose due to the Soviet Union now having the ability to launch ballistic missiles long distances. We were also in somewhat of a quarrel with Cuba, who had nuclear warheads, and were allies with the Soviet Union at the time.As soon as Sputnik was launched, U.S. Defense department immediately started funding a U.S. satellite project. The Explorer was thus created and launched on January 31st, 1958.Because of the launching of Sputnik, the U.S. Congress created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (N.A.S.A.) on October 1st, 1958

Apollo 11Launched on July 16, 1969 at 1:32 p.m., from Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The crew consisted of Commander Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin.Landed on the moon on July 20th, 1969 at 8:17 p.m. 30 lunar orbitsArmstrong was the first man to set foot on the moon. This is when he said his famous words, "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." Millions of people watched the astronauts walk on the moon from Earth on their TV’s.Lunar Sample Mass: 47.5 lbs

HubbleFunding for a space telescope was first proposed in 1923. Although the Hubble was launched in 1990, it was a land telescope at first, and was able to view galaxies outside of ours for the first time.At first, the Hubble had a major flaw, and was not able to take very accurate pictures, which was soon realized and fixed by the replacing of one of its many lenses.All of the pictures that were on the backgrounds of the previous slides were taken by the Hubble…

Space Shuttle ChallengerBackground

Michael J. Smith, Francis R. Scobee, Ronald E. McNair, Ellison S. Onizuka, Sharon Christa McAuliffe, Gregory B. Jarvis, Judith A. ResnikDisasterWhat went wrong?O-Ring failureToo coldAftermathMass devestationConfusion

Christa McAuliffeBioGrew up in space age, always fascinated by itSchool teacher – Concord High SchoolFirst mission in spaceReason for flyingChosen for TISPMemorialBuried in ConcordChrista McAuliffe Center – Workshops and planetariumLibrary

Works CitedGreene, Nick. “Challenger Disaster - A NASA Tragedy.” about.com. The New York Times Company, 2010. Web. 12 Feb. 2010. <http://space.about.com/‌cs/‌challenger/‌a/‌challenger.htm>.- - -. “Christa McAuliffe - Space Shuttle Challenger Astronaut - Teacher.” About.com. The New York Times Company, n.d. Web. 11 Feb. 2010. <http://space.about.com/‌cs/‌deceasedastronaut/‌a/‌mcauliffe.htm>.Naden, Corinne J., and Rose Blue. Christa McAuliffe. N.p.: n.p., 1991. Print.

MercuryThe Mariner 10 took the first to visit (as of 2003) and take pictures of Mercury

The Mariner has come up with little but, the most information we have on MercuryTook 3 flybys in 1974-75Was the 7th successful launch of the Mariner spacecrafts Was the first spacecraft to use gravitational pull to get from one planet to another

http://ser.sese.asu.edu/merc.htmlhttp://www.super70s.com/Super70s/Tech/Space/Missions/Mariner_10.asp

Voyagers 1/2Launched 1977Voyager mission to Jupiter/SaturnInto Deep Space and beyondNuclear Powered BatteryFarthest man-made object from earth1,592 lbs

Currently in Heliosheath2x farther than pluto from sun

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/790106-0203_Voyager_58M_to_31M_reduced.gif

The Viking Probes were two probes,called Viking 1 and Viking 2, and weredesigned to take information from MarsViking 1 and 2 were launched inAugust and September, 1975The Probes landed on Mars in 1976

The soil was discovered to be mostly silicon and iron, and the atmosphere was shown to be mostly carbon dioxide

Mars was shown to be much colder than Earth; its temperature rises only to 70 degrees F at the equator and can drop to -166 degrees F at nightCarl Sagan with a Viking Lander

One of the main missions of the Viking Probes was to investigate if there was any life on Mars

Each Lander had instruments on board and scooped soil samples, but no evidence of life was found

The Viking Probes took many photographs of the surface of Mars (shown below) and discovered that the sky was pink, and not dark blue like scientists had predicted (a result of the red dust particles in the atmosphere)

Viking 2 worked until 1980, and Viking 1 sentimages until 1982

Works Citedhttp://library.thinkquest.org/J0112188/viking_probes.htmhttp://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/welcome/viking.htmhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/ethanhein/2800095502/http://nineplanets.org/spacecraft.htmlhttp://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Mars/MarsExploration/MarsVikings.html

Pioneer 10…was launched on March 2nd, 1972was the first object designed toleave our solar system, and passedthrough the Asteroid Belt in 4 monthsreached Jupiter on December 3rd,1973, where it took the first close-upphotos of the planet and collected other datahas continued to travel across the galaxy, and sent datafor over 30 years before it was too distant to transmit asignal

The Pioneer PlaqueEric Burgess and Richard Hoagland approached Dr. Carl Sagan (pictured above) and gave him the idea to attach a gold plaque to the Pioneer 10. It was designed so that, if found by extraterrestrial life, it could convey that there was intelligent life on our planet. It depicts a man and a woman, as well as our solar system, with a satellite pointing to Earth.

Works Citedhttp://www.solarviews.com/eng/pn10-11.htmhttp://www.super70s.com/Super70s/Tech/Space/Missions/images/Pioneer10-Jupiter%5B320%5D.jpghttp://www-pw.physics.uiowa.edu/pioneer/other/plaque.htmlhttp://teacherknowledge.wikispaces.com/file/view/PioneerPlaqueholding.jpg/30290049/PioneerPlaqueholding.jpg

Astronomy1986- NowBy KC, Alex, and Kristen

The Galileo ProbeLaunched on October 18,1989 on Atlantis

Explored Jupiter and its moons from December 1995 to September 21, 2003

The spacecraft was deliberately plunged into Jupiter’s atmosphere to protect the discovery of a possible ocean beneath the crust on Jupiter’s moon Europa

The Galileo Project: Achievements1st spacecraft to fly by an asteroid

History Of Astronomy (Complete)

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