HISTORY OF COMPUTER (INTRODUCTION PF COMPUTER)
- 1. What is a Computer? A computer is an electronic machine that collects information, stores it, processes it according to user instructions, and then returns the result. A computer is a programmable electronic device that performs arithmetic and logical operations automatically using a set of instructions provided by the user. Early Computing Devices People used sticks, stones, and bones as counting tools before computers were invented. More computing devices were produced as technology advanced and the human intellect improved over time. Let us look at a few of the early-age computing devices used by mankind. 1. Abacus Abacus was invented by the Chinese around 4000 years ago. It’s a wooden rack with metal rods with beads attached to them. The abacus operator moves the beads according to certain
- 2. guidelines to complete arithmetic computations. 2. Napier’s Bone John Napier devised Napier’s Bones, a manually operated calculating apparatus. For calculating, this instrument used 9 separate ivory strips (bones) marked with numerals to multiply and divide. It was also the first machine to calculate using the decimal point system.
- 3. 3. Pascaline Pascaline was invented in 1642 by Biaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher. It is thought to be the first mechanical and automated calculator. It was a wooden box with gears and wheels inside. 4. Stepped Reckoner or Leibniz wheel In 1673, a German mathematician-philosopher named Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz improved on Pascal’s invention to create this apparatus. It was a digital mechanical calculator known as the stepped reckoner because it used fluted drums instead of gears.
- 4. 5. Difference Engine In the early 1820s, Charles Babbage created the Difference Engine. It was a mechanical computer that could do basic computations. It was a steam-powered calculating machine used to solve numerical tables such as logarithmic tables. 6. Analytical Engine Charles Babbage created another calculating machine, the Analytical Engine, in 1830. It was a mechanical computer that took input from punch cards. It was capable of solving any mathematical problem and storing data in an indefinite memory.
- 5. 7. Tabulating machine An American Statistician – Herman Hollerith invented this machine in the year 1890. Tabulating Machine was a punch card-based mechanical tabulator. It could compute statistics and record or sort data or information. Hollerith began manufacturing these machines in his company, which ultimately became International Business Machines (IBM) in 1924.
- 6. 8. Differential Analyzer Vannevar Bush introduced the first electrical computer, the Differential Analyzer, in 1930. This machine is made up of vacuum tubes that switch electrical impulses in order to do calculations. It was capable of performing 25 calculations in a matter of minutes.
- 7. 9. Mark I Howard Aiken planned to build a machine in 1937 that could conduct massive calculations or calculations using enormous numbers. The Mark I computer was constructed in 1944 as a collaboration between IBM and Harvard. History of Computers Generation The word ‘computer’ has a very interesting origin. It was first used in the 16th century for a person who used to compute, i.e. do calculations. The word was used in the same sense as a noun until the 20th century. Women were hired as human computers to carry out all forms of calculations and computations.
- 8. By the last part of the 19th century, the word was also used to describe machines that did calculations. The modern-day use of the word is generally to describe programmable digital devices that run on electricity. Early History of Computer Since the evolution of humans, devices have been used for calculations for thousands of years. One of the earliest and most well-known devices was an abacus. Then in 1822, the father of computers, Charles Babbage began developing what would be the first mechanical computer. And then in 1833 he actually designed an Analytical Engine which was a general-purpose computer. It contained an ALU, some basic flow chart principles and the concept of integrated memory.
- 9. Then more than a century later in the history of computers, we got our first electronic computer for general purpose. It was the ENIAC, which stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. The inventors of this computer were John W. Mauchly and J.Presper Eckert. And with times the technology developed and the computers got smaller and the processing got faster. We got our first laptop in 1981 and it was introduced by Adam Osborne and EPSON. Generations of Computers In the history of computers, we often refer to the advancements of modern computers as the generation of computers. We are currently on the fifth generation of computers. So let us look at the important features of these five generations of computers.
- 10. FAQs on History of Computers 1.The principle of modern computers was proposed by ____ A. Steve Jobs B. Adam Osborne C. Alan Turing D. Charles Babbage Ans: The correct answer is C.
- 11. 2.Who introduced the first computer from home use in 1981? A. IBM B. Apple C. Microsoft D. Sun Technology Ans: Answer is A. IBM made the first home- use personal computer. 3.Third generation computers used which Programming Language? A. Java B. Machine language C. FORTRAN D. C and C++ Ans: The correct option is D 4.Which was the first Electronics digital programmable computing device? A. Analytical Engine B. Difference Engine
- 12. C. Colossus D. ENIAC Ans. C 5. EDVAC stands for ______. A. electronic discrete variable automatic calculator B. electronic discrete variable automatic computer C. electronic data variable automatic calculator D. electronic data variable automatic computer Ans. B 6.Which was the first commercial computer? A. Ferranti Mark 1 B. analytical engine C. difference engine D. colossus
- 13. Ans. A 7.UNIVAC stands for_______. A. universal automatic calculator B. universal native input automatic computer C. universal native input automatic calculator D. universal automatic computer Ans. D 8. Which Electronic components are used in Second Generation Computers? A. Transistors B. Integrated Circuits C. Vacuum Tubes D. VLSI
- 14. Ans.A 9. Which Electronic components are used in Third Generation Computers? A. Transistors B. Integrated Circuits C. Vacuum Tubes D. VLSI Ans. B 10. Which Electronic components are used in fourth Generation Computers? A. Transistors B. Integrated Circuits C. Vacuum Tubes D. VLSI Ans. D 10. VLSI stands for A. Very large storage integratior B. Very large storage integration
- 15. C. Very large Scale Integration D. Very Large Scale Integrator Ans. C 11. ULSI stands for______. A. Ultra Large Storage Integration B. Ultra Large Scale Integration C. Ultra Large Storage Integrator D. Ultra Large Scale integrator Ans. B 12.________ is used as a programming language in first generation computers? A. FORTRAN B. COBOL C. BASIC D. Machine Language
- 16. Ans. D 13.FORTRAN stands for ______. A. For Translation B. Format Transformation C. Fork Transformation D. Formula Translation Ans. D 14.The word computer comes from______. A. compute B. compote C. copute D. calculator Ans. A 15.Which language used in First generation computers ? A. Machine language
- 17. B. Assembly language C. High level language D. BASIC Ans. A 16.Which language used in second Generation computers? A. Machine language B. Assembly language C. High level language D. BASIC Ans. B 17.Which language used in third Generation computers ? A. FORTRAN B. COBOL C. PASCAL D. All of these
- 18. Ans. D 18.Intel Microprocessor 4004 developed in _______ A. 1971 B. 1980 C. 1960 D. 1965 Ans. A 19. First microcomputer in the world _______ A. ALTAIR 8800 B. HP C. ENIAC D. UNIVAC Ans. A
- 19. 20.First super computer in the world is _______. A. CRAY-1 B. MARK-1 C. PARAM D. C-DAC Ans. A 21.CRAY-1 super computer was developed in the year______ A. 1975 B. 1976 C. 1999 D. 1980 Ans. B 22.India’s first super computer is _______ A. PARAM B. CRAY-1 C. C-DAC
- 20. D. MARK-1 Ans. A 29. PARAM super computer was developed in ________ A. 1980 B. 1960 C. 1991 D. 1976 Ans. C 30. CDC stands for_______. A. Control data corporation B. Company data company C. Communication data control D. Company data control Ans. A
- 21. 31.“C” language invented by _______. A. Dennis M. Ritchie B. John mauchely C. Charles babbage D. Allen turing Ans. A 32.India’s first computer_________ made by electronics corporation of india. A. Siddharth B. Param C. C-DAC D. Microsoft Ans. A 33.India’s first computerized petrol pump opened in __________. A. Delhi B. Mumbai C. Kolkata D. Chennai
- 22. Ans. B 34. India’s first Politician party which make his own website on the internet. A. Congress B. BJP C. JJP D. AAP Ans. B