History of Computers Lesson two of indus
- 8. OUTLINE 1.1 History of Computer 1.2 Generation of Computers 1.3 Four basic computer periods 1.4 Classification of Computers 1.5 Evolution of Information Technology
- 9. In 40 years computers went from being giant expensive machines that only corporations could own to the personal computer we see today.
- 10. Early Calculating Devices 1. People have been using devices to aid in calculation for thousands of years. 2. Devices include fingers tally sticks (animal bones carved with notches) counting rods ( I, II, III, IIII, IIIII, T) the abacus, …
- 11. ABACUS 4th Century B.C. The abacus, a simple counting aid, may have been invented in Babylonia (now Iraq) in the fourth century B.C. This device allows users to make computations using a system of sliding beads arranged on a rack. Considered the first computer.
- 12. First Computer
- 13. BLAISE PASCAL (1623 - 1662) In 1642, the French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal invented a calculating device that would come to be called the "Adding Machine". One of the first and earliest mechanical devices used for calculating was the Pascaline
- 14. BLAISE PASCAL (1623 - 1662) Originally called a "numerical wheel calculator" or the "Pascaline", Pascal's invention utilized a train of 8 moveable dials or cogs to add sums of up to 8 figures long. As one dial turned 10 notches - or a complete revolution - it mechanically turned the next dial. Pascal's mechanical Adding Machine automated the process of calculation. Although slow by modern standards, this machine did provide a fair degree of accuracy and speed. Only performed addition, not multiplication or division
- 16. Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz The stepped reckoner Supposed to be able to add, subtract, multiply, divide and calculate square roots **Device never worked properly
- 17. CHARLES BABBAGE (1791 - 1871) Considered the “Father of Computers” Born in 1791, Charles Babbage was an English mathematician and professor. In 1822, he persuaded the British government to finance his design to build a machine that would calculate tables for logarithms. Called the “Difference Engine.” Device was to calculate numbers to 20th place and print them at 4 digits per minute. With Charles Babbage's creation of the "Analytical Engine", (1833) computers took the form of a general purpose machine.
- 18. CHARLES BABBAGE (1791 - 1871) Noticed errors in mathematical tables (1820) Created the difference engine to compute this math more accurately Used tons of grant money as well as his own Only built a small part, as he also had to construct the tools to build it The difference engine wasn’t finished, and he went on to design the Analytical engine.
- 19. Charles Babbage 1822 Babbage's Difference Engine
- 20. Difference Engine The first mechanical computer Created by Charles Babbage a “father of computing” Compiled mathematical tables add, subtract, polynomial functions
- 21. Analytical Engine • 1833 Used to perform a variety of calculations by following a set of instructions or programs stored on punch cards Machine only designed but never built.
- 22. Joseph Jacquard
- 23. Punch Cards • Stiff paper that holds commands • Commands and data are indicated by holes/no holes • Early computers used these as input commands
- 25. First Computer Programmer • Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace About a century before Konrad Zuse designed the first programmable computing machine, in the 1840s, Ada Lovelace wrote the first computer programme in the world. From a modern perspective, her work is visionary. In her lifetime, her scientific contributions hardly attracted any attention.
- 26. First Computer Programmer • Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace About a century before Konrad Zuse designed the first programmable computing machine, in the 1840s, Ada Lovelace wrote the first computer programme in the world. From a modern perspective, her work is visionary. In her lifetime, her scientific contributions hardly attracted any attention.
- 27. U.S. Census Done every 10 years Process done by hand in 19th century Took 10 years to complete UNTIL
- 28. Herman Hollerith During the Industrial revolution the population 30% each decade. They were still tabulating census data by hand. In 1887 they still had not completed tallying the 1880 census data Herman Hollerith an MIT prof introduced punch cards and a machine to read them to tally this information. Took only 6 weeks to tally the 1890 census He continued to improve the machine, and created the company IBM
- 30. 1st Generation Computers 1951 – 1959 Based on Vacuum tubes Vacuum tubes: Control electric current using the vacuum, and Can be used to start/stop, or change the flow based on the current
- 31. Alan Turing During WWII Turing created an electromechanical machine to break German Ciphers. It is estimated that his efforts in breaking the ciphers reduced the length of the war by 2 – 4 years.
- 32. First Computer Bug Grace Hopper found the first computer bug while working on the Harvard Mark II. A moth was trapped between two relay switches She took a photo to document it
- 33. ENIAC First electronic general purpose computer. Created at the University of Pennsylvania Cost almost $500,000 (approx. $6,000,000 today) One of first programs a study of the hydrogen bomb A secret military project designed to improve the construction of artillery firing tables.
- 34. ENIAC Contained 17,500 Vacuum tubes 7,200 crystal diodes, … Tubes burnt out fast, hence the machine normally could only run for 10 to 30 minutes at a time Speed was 1000 times of electro- mechanical machines (Wikipedia) 5000 adds, 357 multiplications, and 38 divisions per minute
- 35. UNIVAC • Inventors of ENIAC made UNIVAC which is a programmable (held data and printed) • Few people bought it as they didn’t understand the value • Then they used it to project the 1952 presidential election, and it got the answer with <1% error
- 36. Second Generation of Computers Based on Transistors 1959-1965 Stored instructions in memory Relied on punch cards for input and printers for output
- 37. Transistors Replaced vacuum tubes Invented at Bell laboratories Enabled computers to be smaller, cheaper, more reliable, and efficient Transistors work as switches on current, turning it on or off (like binary 0 or 1). Still generate a lot of heat, but less than vacuum tubes
- 38. IBM 1400 General purpose system Used punch cards for input and line printer for output
- 39. Third Generation Computers Modern computers 1965-1971 Used Integrated Circuits Keyboards instead of punch cards Monitors for display Different applications used through operating system
- 40. IBM 360 Small and large applications Commercial and Scientific applications From 8K to 8M of memory Room sized A whole suite of compatible computers for different needs
- 41. Fourth Generation Computers Microprocessor Development of the personal computer 1971 – 1981 Addition of GUI’s, the mouse, and handheld devices
- 42. Microprocessor Thousands of Integrated Circuits were built on a silicon chip. Created by Intel corp. Becomes the Central Processing Unit (CPU) Allow computers to be smaller, more powerful, faster, and cheaper
- 43. Altair 8080 First personal computer Make it yourself kit Switches for input, lights for output No keyboard, and no monitor People were so excited, within 3 months 4000 orders were placed https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZKeiQ8e18QY
- 44. Altair 8080 Gates and Allen were trying to meet with MITS founder who created the Altair They built an interpreter for the 8080 to make programming software for the machine easier. Allen created a Bootstrapper to load the tape to load the program on a plane ride on final approach to their meeting
- 45. Apple I and II Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs built the Apple I in Wozniak’s garage Apple II had a color monitor, sound, and game paddles
- 46. IBM PC International Business Machines IBM released it’s first personal computer Sold in companies such as Sears
- 47. MS-DOS (Disc Operating System) IBM hired Bill gates and Paul Allen to build an Operating System for the IBM PC They bought the rights to an existing operating system built in Seattle IBM allowed Gates and Allen to keep the marketing rights to DOS
- 48. Reverse Engineering Companies like Compaq took apart IBM computers, and reverse engineered their BIOS to create very similar machines. They built a fully compatible machine, and sold it for a bit cheaper. In first year they sold 47,000 pcs and made 111 million dollars Hence, the competition began And everyone bought Microsoft OS
- 49. Spreadsheets and Word Processing In 1978 VisiCalc was created for Spreadsheets and WordStar was created for Word Processing
- 50. Graphical User Interface (GUI) In 1972 Apple and Xerox were working on making a graphical user interface WYSIWIG (What you see is what you get) The idea being you want to be able to preview your work on the computer
- 51. Fifth Generation Computers 1990 - Present characterized by advancements in artificial intelligence The transition to the 5th generation reflects the ongoing evolution of computing technology, where AI promise to bring about revolutionary changes in how we process information and solve complex problems. This generation emphasizes not only the speed and power of computation but also the ability to handle data in more sophisticated and intelligent ways.
- 52. Cellular Phones and Smart Phones Now we’re able to have a ton of processing power is such tiny devices
- 53. Wearable Computing Now we can track so much of what we do, and have the internet at our finger tips https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JSnB06um5r4
- 54. 3D Printing Uses digital files to create 3d plastic objects 3D Printing is being used for: Prosthetic Legs in Dogs Human Organs (Not ready yet) Clothing
- 55. Artificial Intelligence Teaching a computer to learn to think Imagine the future of: SIRI Video Game Characters Self Driving Cars Online Customer Support Purchase Predictions,…
- 56. Sundar Pichai
- 57. END GEE-LIE Living in the IT Era