HISTORY OF NURSING and NURSING AS A PROFESSION.pptx

UNIT I
03 : HISTORYOF
NURSING and NURSING
ASA PROFESSION
KRISHNA PATEL

INTRODUCTION
Knowledge of the profession‘s history
increases the nurse‘s awareness and
promotes an understanding of the social
and intellectual origins.
From its earliest history nursing was a form
of community service to protect and
preserve the family.

 The word "nurse" originally came from the Latin word "nutrire", meaning to
suckle (FEED), referring to a wet-nurse; only in the late 16th century did it
attain its modern meaning of a person who cares for the infirm
(PHYSICAL/MENTALWEAKNESS).
 From the earliest times most cultures produced a stream of nurses dedicated
to service on religious principles. Both Christen and the Muslim World
generated a stream of dedicated nurses from their earliest days.
 In Europe before the foundation of modern nursing, Catholic nuns and the
military often provided nursing-like services. It took until the 19th century
for nursing to become a profession.
 Nursing has been called the oldest of the arts and the youngest of the
profession.
 The word nurse evolved from the Latin word nutritious, which means
nourishing.

PREHISTORIC PERIOD
In Prehistoric Period, women were
responsible for gathering herbs, roots and
plants that were used to heal the sick.
The entry of women into nursing can be
traced to approximately 300 AD.
Christians taught that men and women
are equal before God and appealed to carry
on His work in the behalf of all who were
in distress.

ANCIENT INDIA
The earliest literature of India consists of
the Sanskrit vedas or sacred books.
Sushruta was known as the father of
surgery in India.

CHARAKA
The charka Samhita gives bathing purifies the
body, relieves fatigue, promotes strength, and
maintains personal hygiene.

KING EMPEROR ASHOKA
He was the first person to improve the
medical care in India.
Prevention of disease became the first
priority and maintaining the personal
hygiene.

HIPPOCRATES
HIPPOCRATES was known as father of
medicine.
He spent much time in absorbing
symptoms and able to teach, that evil
spirits did not cause disease.
He developed doing physical examination
and taking of histories.

MIDDLE AGES
During the middle Ages (1100- 1200 AD)
charitable institutions were started to care
for the aged, sick and poor.
Nurses delivered care and depended on
physicians or priests for direction.
Nurse Midwifery flourished during middle
ages.

FIFTEENTH TO NINETEENTH CENTURY
The expanded health care by establishing
hospitals and nursing orders for men. Christianity
greatly influenced the development of nursing.
One of the earliest records of Christian nursing
was the formation of the order of Deaconesses, a
group of public health or visiting nurses.
The need for nurses and increasing nursing
responsibilities were due to the economic growth
of eighteenth century, epidemics and the
Revolutionary War.
The sisters became widely known as visiting
nurses because they cared for sick people in their

In the eighteenth century the further
growth of cities brought an increase in the
number of hospitals and expanded role of
nurses.
The formal nursing education, nursing
knowledge and skills were generally passed
by experienced nurses.

•FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
The founder of modern nursing, Florence Nightingale, established
the first nursing philosophy based on health maintenance and
restoration in Notes of Nursing: What it is and what it is not.
Her views on nursing were derived from a spiritual philosophy,
developed in her adolescence and adulthood and reflecting the
changing needs of society.
In 1853 Nightingale went to Paris to study with the Sisters of
Charity and was appointed superintendent of The English General
Hospitals in Turkey.
During this Crimean War period she brought about major reforms
in hygiene, sanitation and nursing practice and reduced the mortality
rate at the Barracks Hospital, Turkey.

THE CIVIL WAR
Nursing services were given to
soldiers on the battle field,
cleansing the wounds, meeting
their basic needs and comforting
them in death.
Nursing in hospitals expanded in
the late nineteenth century.

TWENTIETH CENTURY
In the early twentieth century, a movement
toward a scientific, research-based
defined body of nursing knowledge and
practice was seen.
Nurses began to assume expanded and
advance practice roles.
As education developed, nursing practice
also expanded.
By the year 1920s nursing specialization
was developing.

MISS FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE (1820-1910)was born in a
prominent English family
With the benefits of excellent education ,knowledge of social
condition reforms of the time, She believed that nursing should be
separate career
Miss florence received the year book of the institutions of
deaconesses at kaisoworth in oct 1846
She went to kaiserworth in 1847 to work with deaconessess
MODERN NURSING

Went to Paris in 1853 to study with sister of charity
She later appointed as nursing superintendent (English
general hospital in turkey)
During the Crimean war the major reforms brought by
her –hygiene, sanitation & nursing practice
reduced the mortality rate at barracks hospital ,turkey
(42.7%-2.2%)
In 1860 she developed the first organized programme
of training for nurses at nightingale training school
for nurses at St. Thomas hospital, London.

Miss nightingale never visited India. she obtained information
from the circular of enquiry Which was sent to all military
stations in India. She also wrote individual letters to high rank
military & medical officers in India
The royal sanitary commissions on the health of the army in
India was appointed in 1859 & facts collected in 1861
The ensuring reforms in civil hospitals laid the foundation of
public health work in India
•The civil war stimulated the growth of nursing in US. Clarae
baston ,founder of the American red cross, spearheaded the
activity Followed by Dorothy , Mary and Harriet Between
1872-73
•Subsequent to the civil war nursing school in USA
,CANADA Began to pattern their curriculum after nightingale
school in Canada ,the first training school St. Catherines
started in 1874, In 1884 Mary Agnes became director Toronto

History of nursing in
India goes back to about
1500BC. It was found
that diseases were
attributed to demons
and the treatment given
was primarily to exercise
the demons
About 700BC ,the practice
of medicine has passed
into the hands of the
brahmins, who were
scholars & members of the
priestly class. Banaras
became the centre of
medical education (700to
600BC)
Halls of healing was
founded
Sushruta brought the
practice of surgery to
a very high standard
He and charaka ,the
famous physicians
Were leading
authorities on the
ancient Indian
system know as
AYURVEDA the
science of life
History of Nursing in
India

Sushruta gave
detailed instruction
for ensuring
absolute
cleanliness in all
departments
Defined the
relation of doctor,
patient, nurse and
medicine as the
four feet on which
cure must rest
Ancient people
believed more in
prevention than in
cure Doctors were
also well trained not
only in medicine &
surgery but also
prevention of illness
The period 500BC to
300AD saw the rise
of Buddhism It is the
period when
medicine rose to
great height King
Asoka established a
large number of
hospitals & health
care centers for his
people
The practice of
surgery declined
during this period
but other
branches of
medicine made
great advances &
hospitals were
built for sick,
deformed
peoples

 Florence Nightingale was born May 12, 1820 in Florence, Italy.
 She was an English social reformer and statistician and is credited with being the
founder of Modern nursing.
 She was born into a rich upper-class family and was known to have a very serious
demeanor (out ward behaviour ) but was very charming to those who met her
 Nightingale's most famous contribution occurred during the Crimean War.
 On October 21 of 1854, Nightingale and a staff she trained were sent to care for
wounded soldiers at the Ottoman Empire.
 During her first winter serving as a nurse the death toll for soldiers was at an all time
high.
 After the arrival of Nightingale and her staff of 34 volunteer nurses, there was a
significant decline in the death rate of soldiers.
 Nightingale believed that the majority of deaths came from poor nutrition, lack of
supplies, stale air, and overworked soldiers.
HISTORY OF FLORENCE
NIGHTINGALE

• When she returned home she collected data and evidence which she then presented
before the Royal Commission in hopes to resolve these issues.
• Her experience while serving as a nurse during the war later influenced her
career, as she became a strong advocate for sanitary living conditions for soldiers.
• Nightingale gained the nickname "The Lady with the Lamp" from her hard work
and dedication. The times wrote, "She is a "ministering angel" without any
exaggeration in these hospitals, and as her slender form glides quietly along each
corridor, every poor fellow's face softens with gratitude at the sight of her.
• When all the medical officers have retired for the night and silence and darkness have
settled down upon those miles of prostrate sick, she may be observed alone, with a
little lamp in her hand, making her solitary rounds.“
• In 1854 (in the Crimean war), when women nurses were considered as rare, Florence
Nightingale shows her ability in nursing.

• In 1857, the Nightingale fund was established to train nurses as a form of recognition for
Nightingale's work during the war.
• Nightingale used the £45,000 from the fund to open Nightingale Training School at St.
Thomas hospital. The school is now known as Florence Nightingale school of Nursing and
Midwifery.
• The Bombay Presidency Nursing Association was the first state nursing association
founded in 1890.
• In 1908, the Association of Trained Nurses was formed to uphold the dignity and respect
of the nursing profession.
• The first State Registration Council in Chennai Nursing Council was constituted in 1926
and the Bombay Nursing Council was constituted in 1935.
• In 1949, the Indian Nursing Council (INC) was founded to manage a uniform standard of
coaching for nurses, in midwives, and health visitors, and to regulate the standards -10of
nursing in India.
• In 1947 the INC Act was passed which was amended in 1950 and 1957. General Nursing

NIGHTINGALE'S CONTRIBUTION TO STATISTI
Her contribution was that she used statistical graphics to rally for change.
She believed in data based decisions and wanted everybody to understand
her data and came up with simple graphics
She was the first woman to be elected to the Royal Statistical Society
She was the first female member of the American Statistical Association.
There is so much talk about "data based decisions" these days. She was the
pioneer of this idea.

PERSON HEALTH
ENVIRONMEN
T
NURSING METAPARADIGM
+ + + =
ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
CLEAN AIR
PUREWATER
EFFECTIVE DRAINAGE
CLEANING/OR HYGIENE
ADEQUATE LIGHT
DISEASE
RESTORATIVE
PROCESS
COLLABRATES
PROVIDINGAN
ADEQUATE
ENVIRONMENT
FACILITATESTHE
RECOVERYOFTHE
PERSON
COLLABORATES

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