HISTORY OF NURSING.pptx

Nursing has been called the oldest of the arts and the
youngest of the profession. The world Nurse evolved
from the Latin word nutritious, which means
nourishing. The roots of medicine and nursing are
intertwining. Nursing is an honorable profession, and
one of the greatest humanitarian services. Nursing has
its own body of knowledge scientifically based and
humanitarianism that promises expanded benefits to
people and society.

The history of nursing is extensive and illustrious. Its
fundamental objectives is to support communities, families and
people in achieving, recovering from and maintaining optimal
health, recognizing what nursing is and how it is organized
begins with recognizing that it is both science and art.
The word "nurse" originally came from the Latin word
"nutrire", meaning to suckle, referring to a wet-nurse; only in
the late 16th century did it attain its modern meaning of a
person who cares for the infirm.

Florence Nightingale had a great influence over nursing in India and had a close
knowledge of Indian conditions, especially in the army. She was interested in the
nursing service for the civilian population, though her first interest was the welfare
of the army in India.
Florence Nightingale was an English social reformer, statistician and the founder of
modern nursing. Nightingale came to prominence while serving as a manager and
trainer of nurses during the Crimean War, in which she organized care for wounded
soldiers at Constantinople. She significantly reduced death rates by improving
hygiene and living standards. Nightingale gave nursing a favorable reputation and
became an icon of Victorian culture, especially in the persona of "The Lady with the
Lamp" making rounds of wounded soldiers at night.

• In its development as a profession, Nursing has struggled with its
definition Its image its and role in the health care delivery system.
• Nursing is distinct from medicine. Medicine deals with diagnosis and
treatment of disease and nursing is concern with caring for the
person
• The standard of a profession typically include seven requirement
• 1. Possess a well –defined and defined and well organized body of
knowledge
• 2. Enlarge a systematic body of knowledge and improve education

• 3. Educate its practitioners in institutions of higher learning
• 4. Function autonomously in the formation of policy
• 5. Develop a code of ethics
• 6. Attract professionals who will be committed to the
profession for a lifetime
• 7. Compensate practitioners by providing autonomy,
continuous professional development, and economic
security

ANCIENT HISTORY OF NURSING IN INDIA
MILESTONE IN NURSING (BEFORE INDEPENDENCE)
The ancient history of nursing in India is practice of care for medical
patients in that nation. Its history indicates that the principles and practices
of nursing are ancient.
In the ancient era, until 17th century, formalized nursing was not traced.
Every village had a dai/traditional birth attendant to take care of maternal
and child health needs of the people.
In 1854 the government sanctioned a training school for midwives in
Madras.
St Stephens Hospital at Delhi was the first one to begin training the Indian
girls as nurses in 1867

• In 1871, the first school of nursing was started in Government General
Hospital, Madras with a six-month diploma midwives programme
with four students.
• The first nursing school for women was started at Kanpur's Saint
Catherine's Hospital by Dr Alice Marval.
• Four female superintendents and four trained nurses
from England were posted to Madras.
• Between 1890 and 1900, many schools, under either missions or
government, were started in various parts of India
• In the 20th century, national nursing associations were started.
• In1897 B C Roy worked to the standards of nursing and nurses of both
sexes
• Prior to 20th century, Indian nurses were usually young men with
women acting as midwives for assisting with child birth.

• The International Council of Nurses (ICN) is a federation of more than
130 national nurses associations. It was founded in 1899 and was the
first international organization for health care professionals. It is
headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland
• The acceptance of nursing as a profession in India was obstructed by
low status of women. The cast system, illiteracy, and political unrest.
• Formal nursing was not explored in ancient era until 17th century.
• Each village had a midwife/traditional birth attendant to meet the
maternal and child birth need of people
• Military nursing was the earliest type of modern nursing, introduced
by the Portuguese in the 17th century. In 1664 the east India company
started a hospital for soldiers at Fort St George, Chennai.
• In 1797 a lay in hospital for the poor was built in Chennai.

• There is no historic al evidence available on ancient
history on nursing care of sick in primitive times
discovered through myths, songs and archeologist.
• Role of Nurse in primitive period – women were
protecting and caring for their children, aged, sick
members of family.
• Nursing evolved to response to the desire to keep
healthy as well as provide comfort to sick.
•

• NURSING IN VEDIC PERIOD- Indian medicines are found in the
sacred book of “Vedas”. The “Ayurveda” is thought to have been
given by Brahma.
• 1400 BC Sushruta known as ‘father of Surgery’ in India wrote a book
on surgery.
• Charaka wrote a book on internal medicine
• 4 wings of treatment “Chatushpada Chikitsa
• 1. Physician – Bhishak
• 2. Nurse – Upacharika
• 3. Therapeutic drug – Dravya
• 4. Patient - Adhyaya

NURSING POST VEDIC PERIOD (600
BC - 600 AD)
• Medical education was introduced in ancient
Universities of 'Nalanda' and ' Thakshashila'.
• King Ashoka (272-236BC) constructed hospitals for
the people and animals.
• Prevention of the disease was given first importance
and hygienic practices were adopted.

• British Period - The British East India Company
established the first nursing school in India in 1867,
known as the School of Nursing at the General Hospital
in Madras. In 1916, the first nursing association was
formed in India, called the Trained Nurses Association
of India (TNAI)
• During 16th century nursing development in India taken 3
dimensions
• 1.Military nursing
• 2. Civilian nursing
• 3. Missionaries nursing

• In 1905 association of nursing superintendents was formed.
• In1908 Trained nurses association of India was formed as it was felt to
uphold the dignity and the honour of nursing profession.
• In 1909 Bombay presidency nursing association was formed.
• In 1911 South Indian Board was established INAI affiliated to International
Council of Nurses.
• In 1918 trained schools were started for health visitors and dais at Karachi
and Delhi. Two English nurses Ms. Griffin and Ms. Graham were appointed
to give training and supervise the students.
• In 1926 madras state formed the first registration council to provide basic
standards in education and training.

• In 1927 –Indian military nursing services formed with 12 matrons, 18
sisters, and 25 staff nurses.
• In 1942 the Auxiliary Nursing Service was established. One nursing
superintendent was appointed as nursing advisor as DGHS,
Government of India to organize nursing service.
• In 1943 establishment of school of nursing administration for military
nursing services health survey and development committees
constituted by the government of India.
• CMC Vellore and Madras General Hospital started courses to train
nurses in 1943

• In 1946 Bhore committee submitted report, recommendations made on
improvement of various aspects of nursing profession. Nursing
education, working conditions, nursing services in hospital and
community and deputy nurses for higher education to abroad.
Establishment of college of nursing in Delhi (Rajkumari Amrit Kaur
College of Nursing) under the union ministry of Health to start
university nursing education programme for the first time in India
leading to Bachelor degree in nursing.

Nursing In India after the Independence
• The nursing scenario at the time of independence was not bright and
in 1947, after the independence, the community development
programme and the expansion of hospital service created a large
demand for nurses, auxiliary nurse midwives, health
• 1947 Indian Nursing Council Act was passed (13/12/1947) on the
basis of recommendations of Bhore Committee. Indian Nursing Council
is a national regulatory body for nurses and nurse education in India. It
was constituted in 1947 under the Indian Nursing Council Act 1947.
The Council has been functioning since then, as an autonomous body
under the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.

• The main goal of the council is to establish and monitor
uniform standards of nursing for nurse midwives, auxiliary
nurse midwives and health visitors' education by doing
inspection of the institutions. Degree programme was started
in Vellore in 1947.In 1948 the first meeting of INC was held.
In 1950 INC took decision to requirement of workers in
nursing.

• The working and housing circumstances for nurses were
appalling, and hospitals had a serve scarcity of staff. Nursing
also lacked social and professional stature. As nursing is
largely a female profession, the low standing can be linked to
Indian women’s low socioeconomic level. More females from
all over the country began enrolling in nursing programme in
1950, and as the time went on, more applicants with higher
socioeconomic standing appeared.

• In 2000, a Nursing Colony was established in Delhi by the central
government; nursing advisor post was instituted at the national level;
three nursing posts were increased to five with the introduction of
Asst. Director General Nursing and Dy. Asst. Director General. The
College of Nursing PGI, Chandigarh and College of Nursing, CMC
Vellore were designated as WHO collaborating centers for nursing and
midwifery development in 2003. The development of various
committees have changed the status of nurses and midwives
• The recommendations included strengthening hospital nursing
services, public health, school/university staffing levels, working and
living conditions, infrastructure and equipment, regulations, and
training programs to address staffing shortage.

• The formulation and adoption of the global Health for All strategy
through a primary health care approach at the 34th World Health
Assembly in 1981 marked the beginning of Health for All in the year
2000. In 1987, the Government of India appointed the High Level
Commission on Nurses and the Nursing Profession to deal with nurses'
working conditions, nursing education and other related matters, and to set
out the staffing needs of the nursing staff.
The Indian Nursing Council published some significant decisions in 1950
that will affect the future organization of nursing education in India. One
of the key considerations was that there should be only two levels of
training, so the syllabus for these programs was created.

• . The training program lasted for 2 years and included 3 months
community service and 9 months midwifery training. Currently, there
are a number of colleges in India that offer Post basic nursing regular
and by distance education mode. In1985 Indira Gandhi National Open
University was established. In1992 Post Basic B.Sc Nursing
programme was launched, which is three years duration course is
recognized by INC
• The first two-year M.Sc. nursing course was introduced in 1959 at
RAK College of nursing and in 1969 at CMC Vellore. Today, many
colleges offer M.Sc. Nursing degree courses in various fields. The
M.Phil program was launched in 1977 with the appointment of a
committee for that purpose.

• In 1986, a 1-year full and 2-years part-time programme was
introduced at RAK colleges of nursing, Delhi. In the past, Indian nurses
were sent overseas for PhD programmes. However, since 1992, PhD in
nursing has been offered in India. MAHI is one of the universityoffering
PhD programs in nursing.

Florence Nightingale was born on May 12, 1820, in Florence, Italy
to Frances Nightingale and William Shore Nightingale. She was the
younger of two children. Nightingale’s affluent British family
belonged to elite social circles.
She was born into a rich upper class family and known to have a
very serious demeanor but was very charming to those who met
her.
Nightingales most famous contribution occurred during Crimean war on
October 21 of 1854

• Florence Nightingale was an English social reformer, statistician and
the founder of modern nursing. Nightingale came to prominence while
serving as a manager and trainer of nurses during the Crimean War, in
which she organized care for wounded soldiers at Constantinople. She
significantly reduced death rates by improving hygiene and living
standards. Nightingale gave nursing a favorable reputation and became
an icon of Victorian culture, especially in the persona tof "The Lady
with the Lamp" making rounds of wounded soldiers at night.

Nightingale and a staff she trained were send to care for wounded
soldiers at the Ottoman Empire.
During her first winter serving as a nurse the death toll for soldiers was
at an all time high . After the arrival of Nightingale and her staff of 34
volunteer nurses, there was a significant decline in the death rate of
soldiers.
Nightingale believe that the majority of death came from poor
nutrition, lack of supplies, stale air and overworked soldiers.
In 1857 Nightingale fund was established to train nurses as a form of
recognition for Nightingales work during the war.
The school is now known as Florence Nightingale school of nursing and
Midwifery.
Nightingale died on August 13 1910 at the age of 90 years old.

CONTRIBUTIONS OF FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
• She is mainly known for her contribution to the foundation
of modern nursing in the British Empire and subsequently to
the world.
• Besides her personal engagement in the Crimean War,
she organized a professional training for nurses, wrote the first
textbook on nursing (“Notes on Nursing”) and took public
positions in favor of health care and philanthropic funding. She
was a militant for the rights of the women and for social justice.

• In 1854 (in Crimean war), when women nurses were considered as rare,
Florence Nightingale shows her ability in nursing. Works of Florence results
in formation of Royal Commission. Army Medical School was established in
year 1857. She established "Nightingale School for nurses". In 1907, she
gained "The Order of Merit" by the King. Nursing in India.
• In 1860, she laid the foundation of professional nursing with the
establishment of her nursing school at St Thomas' Hospital in London. It
was the first secular nursing school in the world and is now part of King's
College London

HISTORY OF NURSING.pptx

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