History of psychology (powerpoint)

HISTORY
OF
PSYCHOLOGY
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Ancient
History
(B.C.E)
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 ca. 1550 BCE -The Ebers Papyrus briefly mentioned
clinical depression.
 ca. 600 BCE - Many cities had temples to Asklepios that
provided cures for psychosomatic illnesses.[1]
 460 BC - 370 BCE - Hippocrates introduced principles of
scientific medicine based upon observation and logic,
and denied the influence of spirits and demons in
diseases.[2][3]
 387 BCE - Plato suggested that the brain is the seat of
mental processes. Plato's view of the "soul" (self) is that
the body exists to serve the soul: "God created the soul
before the body and gave it precedence both in time and
value, and made it the dominating and controlling
partner." fromTimaeus[4]
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Ancient
History
(C.E.)
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First century
 • ca. 50 - Aulus Cornelius Celsus died, leaving De
Medicina, a medical encyclopedia; Book 3 covers mental
diseases.The term insania, insanity, was first used by him.
The methods of treatment included bleeding, frightening
the patient, emetics, enemas, total darkness, and
decoctions of poppy or henbane, and pleasant ones such as
music .
 • ca. 100 - Rufus of Ephesus believed that the nervous
system was instrumental in voluntary movement and
sensation. He discovered the optic chiasma by anatomical
studies of the brain. He stressed taking a history of both
physical and mental disorders. He gave a detailed account
of melancholia, and was quoted by Galen.[2]
 • 93-138 - Soranus of Ephesus advised kind treatment in
healthy and comfortable conditions, including light, warm
rooms.[2]
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Second century
 • ca. 130-200 - Galen "was schooled in all
the psychological systems of the day:
Platonic, Aristotelian, Stoic, and
Epicurean"[3]
 • ca. 150-200 - Aretaeus of Cappadocia [3]
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Third century
 • 205-270 . Plotinus wrote Enneads a
systematic account of Neoplatonist
philosophy, also nature of visual perception
and how memory might work
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Fourth century
 ca. 323-403 - Oribasius compiled medical writings based on
the works of Aristotle, Asclepiades, and Soranus of
Ephesus, and wrote on melancholia in Galenic terms.[2]
 ca. 390 - Nemesius wrote De Natura Hominis (On Human
Nature); large sections were incorporated in Saint John
Damascene's De Fide Orthodoxia in the eighth century.
Nemesius' book De Placitis Hippocratis et Platonis (On the
Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato) contains many
passages concerning Galen's anatomy and physiology,
believing that different cavities of the brain were
responsible for different functions.[2][4]
 397-398 – St. Augustine of Hippo published Confessions,
which anticipated Freud by near-discovery of the
subconscious.[5] Augustine's most complete account of the
soul is in De Quantitate Animae (The Greatness of the Soul).
The work assumes a Platonic model of the soul.[4]
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5TH CENTURY - CAELIUS AURELIANUS
OPPOSED HARSH METHODS OF HANDLING THE
INSANE, AND ADVOCATED HUMANE
TREATMENT.[2]
CA. 423-529 - THEODOSIUS THE
CENOBIARCH FOUNDED A MONASTERY AT
KATHISMUS, NEAR BETHLEHEM. THREE
HOSPITALS WERE BUILT BY THE SIDE OF
THE MONASTERY: ONE FOR THE SICK, ONE
FOR THE AGED, AND ONE FOR THE
INSANE.[2]
Fifth century
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Seventh century
 625-690 - Paul of Aegina suggested that
hysteria should be treated by ligature of the
limbs, and mania by tying the patient to a
mattress placed inside a wicker basket and
suspended from the ceiling. He also
recommended baths, wine, special diets,
and sedatives for the mentally ill. He
described the following mental disorders:
phrenitis, delirium, lethargus, melancholia,
mania, incubus, lycanthropy, and epilepsy.
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Eight century
 • 705 -The first psychiatric hospital was
built by Muslims in Baghdad, followed by
Cairo in 800, and Damascus in 1270
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Ninth century
ca. 850 – Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
developed the idea of using clinical
psychiatry to treat mentally ill patients.
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Tenth century
 • ca. 900 –The concept of mental health
(mental hygiene) was introduced by Ahmed
ibn Sahl al-Balkhi. He also recognized that
illnesses can have both psychological and/or
physiological causes.[7]
 • ca. 900 – al-Razi (Rhazes) recognized the
concept of "psychotherapy" and referred to it
as al-‘ilaj al-nafs.[8]
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Eleventh century
 • 1021 – Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) began to carry
out experiments in areas related to body and the
nafs. In his Book of Optics, for example, he examined
visual perception and what we now call sensation,
including variations in sensitivity, sensation of touch,
perception of colors, perception of darkness, the
psychological explanation of the moon illusion, and
binocular vision.
 ca. 1030 – Al-Biruni employed an experimental
method in examining the concept of reaction
time.[10]
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Twelfth century
 • ca. 1200 – Maimonides wrote about
neuropsychiatric disorders, and described
rabies and belladonna intoxication.
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Thirteenth century
 • 1215 -1277 Peter Juliani taught in the
medical faculty of the University of Siena,
and wrote on medical, philosophical and
psychological topics. He personal physician
to Pope Gregory X and later became
archbishop and cardinal. He was elected
pope under the name John XXI in
1276.[4][11]
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Fourteenth century
 • 1347-50 -The Black Death devastated
Europe.
 • ca. 1375 - English authorities regarded
mental illness as demonic possession,
treating it with exorcism and torture
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Fifteenth century
 • ca. 1400 - Renaissance Humanism caused a
reawakening of ancient knowledge of science and
medicine.
 • 1433-1499 Marsilio Ficino was a renowned figure
of the Italian Renaissance, a Neoplatonist humanist,
a translator of Greek philosophical writing, and the
most influential exponent of Platonism in Italy in the
fifteenth century.[3]
 • ca. 1450 -The pendulum in Europe swings,
bringingWitch Mania, causing thousands of women
to be executed for witchcraft until the late 17th
century.
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Sixteenth century
 • 1590 – Scholastic philosopher Rudolph
Goclenius coined the term "psychology";
though usually regarded as the origin of the
term, there is evidence that it was used at
least six decades earlier by Marko Marulić.
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Seventeenth century
 • 1650 - René Descartes died, leavingTreatise of
theWorld, containing his dualistic theory of reality,
mind vs. matter.
 • 1672 –ThomasWillis published the anatomical
treatise De Anima Brutorum, describing psychology
in terms of brain function
 • 1677 - Baruch Spinoza died, leaving Ethics,
Demonstrated in GeometricalOrder, Pt. 2 focusing
on the human mind and body, disputing Descartes
and arguing that they are one, and Pt. 3 attempting
to show that moral concepts such as good and evil,
virtue, and perfection have a basis in human
psychology.
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Eighteenth century
 • 1701 - Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz published
the Law of Continuity, which he applied to
psychology, becoming the first to postulate an
unconscious mind; he also introduced the
concept of threshold.[14]
 • 1710 - George Berkeley publishedTreatise
Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge,
which claims that the outside world is composed
solely of ideas.
 • 1732 - Christian Wolff published Psychologia
Empirica, followed in 1734 by Psychologia
Rationalis, popularizing the term "psychology".
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Nineteenth century
 • ca. 1800 - Franz Joseph Gall developed
Cranioscopy, the measurement of the skull to
determine psychological characteristics, which was
later renamed Phrenology; it is now discredited.
 • 1807 - GeorgWilhelm Friedrich Hegel published
Phenomenology of Spirit (Mind), which describes his
Thesis-Antithesis-Synthesis dialectical method,
according to which knowledge pushes forwards to
greater certainty, and ultimately towards knowledge
of the noumenal world.
 • 1808 - Johann Christian Reil coined the term
"psychiatry".
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1810’s
 • 1812 - Benjamin Rush became one of the
earliest advocates of humane treatment for
the mentally ill with the publication of
Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon
Diseases of the Mind,[15] the first American
textbook on psychiatry.[16]
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1820 ’s
 • 1829 - John Stuart Mill's father James Mill
pu blished Analysis of the Phenomena of the
Human Mind
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1840’s
 • 1840 - FrederickAugustus Rauch (1806–1841)
published Psychology, or aView of the Human Soul,
including Anthropology
 • 1844 – Søren Kierkegaard publishedThe Concept
of Anxiety, the first exposition on anxiety.
 • 1848 -Vermont railroad worker Phineas Gage
had a 3-foot rod driven through his brain and jaw in
an explosives accident, permanently changing his
personality, revolutionizing scientific opinion about
brain functions being localizable.
 • 1849 – Søren Kierkegaard publishedThe Sickness
Unto Death
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1850’s
 • 1852 - Hermann Lotze published Medical
Psychology or Physiology of the Soul.
 • 1855 -William James published Principles of
Psychology.
 • 1856 - Hermann Lotze began publishing his 3-
volume magnum opus Mikrokosmos (1856–64),
arguing that natural laws of inanimate objects
apply to human minds and bodies but have the
function of enabling us to aim for the values set
by the deity, thus making room for aesthetics.
 • 1859 - Josef Breuer publishedTraite Clinique
etTherapeutique de L'Hysterie.
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1860’s
 • 1860s - Franciscus Donders first used human reaction
time to infer differences in cognitive processing.
 • 1860 – GustavTheodor Fechner published Elements
of Psychophysics, founding the subject of
Psychophysics.
 • 1861 – Paul Broca discovered an area in the left
cerebral hemisphere that is important for speech
production, now known as Broca's Area, founding
Neuropsychology.
 • 1869 - Francis Galton published Hereditary Genius,
arguing for Eugenics. He went on to found
Psychometrics, Differential Psychology, and the Lexical
Hypothesis of personality.
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1870’s
 • 1870 -William James published Principles of
Psychology (2 vols.).
 • 1872 - Douglas Spalding published his
discovery of psychological Imprinting.
 • 1874 –Wilhelm Wundt published Grundzüge
der physiologischen Psychologie (Principles of
Physiological Psychology), the first textbook of
experimental psychology.
 • ca. 1875 –William James opened the first
experimental psychology laboratory in the
United States; it was intended for classroom
demonstration rather than original research.
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1880’s
 • 1882 -The Society for Psychical Research was
founded in England.
 • 1883 – G. Stanley Hall opened the first American
experimental psychology research laboratory at
Johns Hopkins University.
 • 1883 - Emil Kraepelin publishedCompendium der
Psychiatrie.
 • 1884 - Ivan Pavlov began studying the digestive
secretion of animals.
 • 1884 -Tourette's Syndrome was first described.
 • 1885 – Hermann Ebbinghaus published Über das
Gedächtnis (On Memory), a
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 • 1886 – John Dewey published the first American
textbook on psychology, titled Psychology.
 • 1886 -Vladimir Bekhterev established the first
laboratory of experimental psychology in Russia at Kazan
University.
 • 1886 – Sigmund Freud began private practice in
Vienna.
 • 1887 – Georg Elias Müller opened the 2nd German
experimental psychology research laboratory in
Göttingen.
 • 1887 – GeorgeTrumbull Ladd (Yale) published
Elements of Physiological Psychology, the first American
textbook to include a substantial amount of information
on the new experimental form of the discipline.
 • 1887 – James McKeen Cattell founded an
experimental psychology laboratory at the University of
Pennsylvania, the 3rd in the United States.
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 • 1887 – G. Stanley Hall founded the American Journal of
Psychology with a $500 contribution supplied by Robert Pearsall
Smith of the American Society for Psychical Research.
 • 1888 –William Lowe Bryan founded the United States' 4th
experimental psychology laboratory at Indiana University.
 • 1888 – Joseph Jastrow founded the United States' 5th
experimental psychology laboratory at the University ofWisconsin–
Madison.
 • 1888 – G. Stanley Hall left Johns Hopkins for the presidency of
the newly-founded Clark University inWorcester, Mass.
 • 1889 – James Mark Baldwin publisheed the first volume of his
Handbook of Psychology, titled "Sense and Intellect".
 • 1889 – Edmund Sanford, a former student of G. Stanley Hall
founded the United States' 6th experimental psychology laboratory
at Clark University.
 • 1889 –William Noyes founded the United States' 7th
experimental psychology laboratory at the McLeanAsylum in
Waverley, Mass.
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1890’s
 • 1890 - Christian von Ehrenfels published On
the Qualities of Form, founding Gestalt
Psychology.
 • 1890 –William James published Principles of
Psychology.
 • 1890 – James HaydenTufts founded the
United States' 9th experimental psychology
laboratory at the University of Michigan.
 • 1890 – G.T.W. Patrick founded the United
States' 10th experimental psychology laboratory
at the University of Iowa.
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 • 1890 – James McKeen Cattell left Pennsylvania for Columbia
University where he founded the United States' 11th
experimental psychology laboratory.
 • 1890 – James Mark Baldwin founded the first permanent
experimental psychology laboratory in the British Empire at the
University ofToronto.
 • 1891 – Frank Angell founded the United States' 12th
experimental psychology laboratory at the Cornell University.
 • 1891 - EdvardWestermarck described theWestermarck
Effect, where people raised early in life in close domestic
proximity later become desensitized to close sexual attraction,
raising theories about the incest taboo.
 • 1892 – G. Stanley Hall et al. founded the American
Psychological Association (APA).
 • 1892 – Edward BradfordTitchener took a professorship at
Cornell University, replacing Frank Angell who left for Stanford
University.
 • 1892 – EdwardWheeler Scripture founded the experimental
psychology laboratory atYale University, the 19th in United
States.
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 • 1892–1893 – Charles A. Strong opened the
experimental psychology laboratory at the
University of Chicago, the 20th in the United States,
at which James Rowland Angell conducted the first
experiments of functionalism in 1896.
 • 1894 – James McKeen Cattell and James Mark
Baldwin founded the Psychological Review to
compete with Hall's American Journal of Psychology.
 • 1895 - Gustave Le Bon publishedThe Crowd: A
Study of the Popular Mind.
 • 1896 - John Dewey published the paperThe
ReflexArc Concept in Psychology,[18] founding
Social Behaviorism.
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 • 1896 –The first psychological clinic was opened at the
University of Pennsylvania by LightnerWitmer; although
often celebrated as marking the birth of clinical psychology,
it was focused primarily on educational matters.
 • 1896 – Edward B.Titchener, student ofWilhelmWundt
and originator of the terms "structuralism" and
"functionalism" published An Outline of Psychology.
 • 1897 - Havelock Ellis published Sexual Inversion.
 • 1898 – Boris Sidis publishedThe Psychology of
Suggestion:A Research into the Subconscious Nature of
Man and Society.
 • 1899 – On November 4 Sigmund Freud publishedThe
Interpretation of Dreams (DieTraumdeutung), marking the
beginning of psychoanalysis, which attempts to deal with
the Oedipal complex.
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Twentieth century
 1900’s
 • 1901 - Sigmund Freud publishedThe
Psychopathology of Everyday Life.
 • 1903 – John B.Watson graduated from the
University of Chicago; his dissertation on rat
behavior has been described as a "classic of
developmental psychobiology" by historian of
psychology Donald Dewsbury.
 • 1903 – HelenThompson Woolley published
the first dissertation on sex differences,The
MentalTraits of Sex
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 • 1906 –The Journal of Abnormal Psychology
was founded by Morton Prince, for which Boris
Sidis was an associate editor and significant
contributor.
 • 1908 - Sigmund Freud published the paper
On the Sex-alTheories of Children, introducing
the concept of penis envy; he also published the
paper 'Civilized' Sex-al Morality and Modern
Nervous Illness.
 • 1908 -WilfredTrotter published the first
paper explaining the herd instinct.
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1910’s
 • 1910 - Sigmund Freud founded the
International Psychoanalytical Association
(IPA), with Carl Jung as the first president, and
Otto Rank as the first secretary.
 • 1911 – AlfredAdler left Freud's
Psychoanalytic Group to form his own school
of thought, accusing Freud of
overemphasizing sexuality and basing his
theory on his own childhood.
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 • 1911 -The American Psychoanalytic
Association (APsaA) was founded.
 • 1911 -William McDougall, founder of Hormic
Psychology published Body and Mind: A History
and Defence of Animism, claiming that there is
an animating principle in Nature and that the
mind guides evolution.
 • 1912 – Max Wertheimer published
Experimental Studies of the Perception of
Movement, helping found Gestalt Psychology
 • 1913 – Citing Freud's inability to acknowledge
religion and spirituality, Carl Jung split and
developed his own theories, which became
known as Analytical Psychology.
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1920’s
 • 1920 – John B.Watson and his assistant
Rosalie Rayner conducted the Little Albert
experiment, using classical conditioning to make
a young boy afraid of white rats.
 • 1921 - Sigmund Freud published Group
Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego.
 • 1921 – Jacob L. Moreno conducted the first
large scale public psychodrama session at the
Komedienhaus inVienna; he moved to NewYork
in 1925.
 • 1921 - Melanie Klein began to develop her
technique of analyzing children.[22]
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 • 1922 – Boris Sidis published Nervous Ills:
Their Cause and a Cure, a popularization of his
work concerning the subconscious and the
treatment of psychopathic disease.
 • 1923 - Sigmund Freud publishedThe Ego and
the Id.
 • 1924 - Jacob Robert Kantor founded
Interbehavioral Psychology based on John
Dewey's psychology and Albert Einstein's
relativity theory.
 • 1924 - Otto Rank publishedTheTrauma of
Birth, coining the term "pre-Oedipal", causing
Freud to break with him.
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 • 1927 – Ivan Pavlov published
Conditioned Reflexes, containing his theory
of classical conditioning.
 • 1928 – Jean Piaget published Judgment
and Reasoning in the Child.
 • 1929 - Edwin Boring published A History
of Experimental Psychology, pioneering
the history of psychology.
 • 1929 - LevVygotsky founded Cultural-
Historical Psychology.
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1930’s
 • 1930 - Edwin Boring discussed the Boring
Figure.
 • 1931 - Gordon Allport et al. published the
Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study ofValues, which
defines six major value types.
 • 1933 – Pyotr Gannushkin published
Manifestations of Psychopathies.[23]
 • 1933 - Clark L. Hull published Hypnosis and
Suggestibility, proving that hypnosis is not sleep
and founding the modern study of hypnosis.
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 • 1935 - Henry Murray and Christiana Morgan
of Harvard University published theThematic
ApperceptionTest (TAT).
 • 1936 - Kenneth Spence published an analysis
of discrimination learning in terms of gradients
of excitation and inhibition, showing that
mathematical deductions from a quantitative
theory could generate interesting and
empirically testable predictions. •
 1939 – Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley
published a classic report in the journal Nature of
the first recording of an action potential
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1940’s
 • 1940 - Edwin Boring discussed the Moon
illusion.
 • 1941 - Erich Fromm published Escape from
Freedom, founding Political Psychology.
 • 1941 - B.F. Skinner andWilliam Kaye Estes
introduced the Conditioned Emotional Response
(CER) •
 1945 –The Journal of Clinical Psychology was
founded.
 • 1946 - Kurt Lewin founded action research.
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 • 1947 - Kurt Lewin coined the term "group
dynamics".
 • 1948 - Alfred Kinsey of Indiana University
published Sexual Behavior in the Human Male.
 • 1949 – Donald Hebb publishedThe
Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological
Theory, in which he provided a detailed, testable
theory of how the brain could support cognitive
processes, revolutionizing neuropsychology and
making McGill University a center of research.
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1950’s
 • 1950 - Karen Horney summarized her
ideas in her magnum opus Neurosis and
Human Growth:The StruggleToward Self-
Realization.[31]
 • 1950 – Rollo May publishedThe Meaning
ofAnxiety.
 • 1951 – Solomon Asch published the Asch
conformity experiments, demonstrating the
power of conformity in groups.
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 • 1951 – Carl Rogers published his magnum
opus Client-Centered Therapy.
 • 1952 –The Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) was
published by the American Psychiatric
Association (APA), marking the beginning of
modern mental illness classification;
 • 1953 - Nathaniel Kleitman of the U. of
Chicago discovered rapid eye movement sleep
(REM), founding modern Sleep Research.
 • 1954 - James Olds and Peter Milner of
McGill University discovered the brain reward
system, involving the brain's pleasure center.
 • 1954 - Julian Rotter published Social
Learning and Clinical Psychology, founding
social learning theory.
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 • 1955 – Lee Cronbach published Construct
Validity in PsychologicalTests, popularizing the
concept of construct alidity.
 • 1956 – George Armitage Miller published the
paperThe Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus
Two, in which he showed that there is a limit on
the amount of information that can be
memorized at one time.
 • 1957 – Leon Festinger published his theory of
cognitive dissonance.
 • 1957 - Stanley Smith Stevens published
Stevens' power law.
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 • 1958 – Harry Harlow gave the speechThe
Nature of Love, summarizing his isolation
studies on infant monkeys and rejecting
behavioristic and psychoanalytic theories of
attachment.
 • 1959 - George Mandler and William
Kessen publishedThe Language of
Psychology.
 • 1959 – Lawrence Kohlberg wrote his
doctoral dissertation, outlining his Kohlberg's
stages of moral development.
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1960’s
 • 1960 – John L. Fuller and W. RobertThompson
published the seminal text Behavior Genetics.[36]
 • 1961 – Albert Bandura published the Bobo doll
experiment, a study of behavioral patterns of
aggression.
 • 1961 - Neal E. Miller proposed the use of
biofeedback to control involuntary functions.
 • 1962 – Abraham Maslow publishedToward a
Psychology of Being, presenting his ideas of self-
actualization and the hierarchy of human needs.
 • 1963 – Stanley Milgram published his study of
obedience to authority, now known as the Milgram
experiment.
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 • 1967 - Edward E. Jones andVictor Harris
published a paper defining fundamental
attribution error, underestimating the effect of
the situation in explaining social behavior.
 • 1967 - Ulric Neisser founded cognitive
psychology.
 • 1968 - George Cotzias developed the L-Dopa
treatment for Parkinson's Disease.
 • 1968 - Mary Main published her hypothesis of
a fourth attachment style in children, the
insecure disorganized attachment style.[42]
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 • 1968 – DSM-II was published by the American
Psychiatric Association.
 • 1968 –The first Doctor of Psychology (Psy. D.)
professional degree program in Clinical Psychology was
established in the Department of Psychology at the
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
 • 1969 – JosephWolpe published the Subjective Units
of Distress (Disturbance) Scale (SUDS).
 • 1969 - Elisabeth Kübler-Ross published On Death and
Dying, presenting the Kübler-Ross model, commonly
referred to as the Five Stages of Grief.
 • 1969 -The Association forWomen in Psychology
(AWP) was founded, with Joann Evansgardner as the first
(temporary) president.[41]
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1970’s
 • 1970 - At an APATown Hall Meeting, with the support
of the Association forWomen in Psychology, Phyllis
Chesler and Nancy Henley prepared a statement on
APA's obligations to women and demanded one million
dollars in reparation for the damage psychology had
perpetrated against women's minds and bodies.[41]
 • 1970 - Masters and Johnson published Human Sexual
Inadequacy.
 • 1971 –The Stanford prison experiment, conducted by
Philip Zimbardo et al. at Stanford University studied the
human response to captivity; the experiment quickly got
out of hand and was ended early.
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 • 1972 - Robert E. Ornstein publishedThe
Psychology of Consciousness, about the use of
biofeedback et al. to shift mood and awareness.
 • 1972 - EndelTulving first made the distinction
between episodic and semantic memory.
 • 1973 -The American Psychiatric Association
declassified homosexuality as a mental
disorder.[43]
 • 1973 - Nancy Friday published My Secret
Garden:Women’s Sexual Fantasies
 • 1973 -Timothy Leary published
Neurologic,[45] describing the Eight-Circuit
Model of Consciousness.
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 • 1974 – Robert Hinde published Biological Bases of
Human Social Behavior, a main text in etological-
oriented developmental psychology.
 • 1974 – Arnold Sameroff published Reproductive Risk
and the Continuum of Caretaking Causality, introducing
theTransactional Model of Psychology, which became
influential. •
 1975 - Georgia Babladelis became the first editor of the
Psychology ofWomen Quarterly.[41]
 • 1975 - George Mandler published Mind and Emotion
 • 1976 - Stanislav Grof founded the International
Transpersonal Association to promote hisTranspersonal
Psychology.
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 • 1976 - Michael Posner published
Chronometric Explorations of Mind, using the
subtractive method of Franciscus Donders to
study attention and memory.
 • 1976 -The Psychology of Women Quarterly
was founded.[41]
 • 1977 - Ernest Hilgard proposed the divided
consciousness theory of hypnosis
 • 1978 – Child psychologist Mary Ainsworth
published her book Patterns of Attachment
about her work on attachment theory and the
Strange Situation Experiment (Protocol).
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 • 1978 -The first Canadian Institute on
Women and Psychology pre-convention
conference was hosted at the Canadian
Psychological Association by IGWAP (Interest
Group onWomen and Psychology).
 • 1978 -The Caucus of Gay, Lesbian, and
Bisexual Members of the American
PsychiatricAssociation (APA) successfully
petitioned the American Psychiatric
Association (APA) to create a task force on
lesbian and gay issues; it was elevated to a
full standing committee in the APA in
1988.[44]
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1980’s
 • 1980 – DSM-III was published by the American
Psychiatric Association (APA).
 • 1980 - George Mandler published Recognizing:The
Judgment of Previous Occurrence,[52] claiming a dual
process basis of recognition, prior occurrence and
identification.
 • 1982 -The Caucus of Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual
Members of the American Psychiatric Association (APA)
was recognized as a representative in the APA assembly,
speaking directly on matters of special concern to lesbian
and gay members.[44]
 • 1983 – Howard Gardner published Frames of Mind,
introducing hisTheory of Multiple Intelligences.
6/15/2013 59

 • 1984 – Jerome Kagan publishedThe Nature of the
Child, a biological and socially oriented description of the
role of temperament in human development.
 • 1984 – Peter Saville published the OPQ Pentagon
questionnaire, a psychological
 • 1985 – Reuben Baron and David A. Kenny published
the articleThe Moderator-MediatorVariable Distinction
in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic,
and Statistical Considerations in the Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology proposing a
distinction of moderating in mediating variables in
psychological research.
6/15/2013 60

 • 1986 - David Rumelhart and James McClelland
published Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in
the Microstructure of Cognition.
 • 1987 – Erik Erikson publishedThe Life Cycle Completed,
expanding on Erikson's stages of psychosocial
development.
 • 1987 - Roger Shepard published the Universal Law of
Generalization for Psychological Science
 • 1988 – Michael M. Merzenich et al. showed that
sensory and motor maps in the cortex can be modified with
experience, a process called neural plasticity.[55]
 • 1988 - Claude Steele proposed the theory of self-
affirmation
6/15/2013 61

1990’s • 1990 - On May 17 theWorld Health
Organization (WHO) declassified homosexuality
as a mental disorder,[56] launching the
International Day Against Homophobia and
Transphobia.’
 • 1991 – Steven Pinker proposed his theory on
how children acquire language in Science,[57]
later popularized in the bookThe Language
Instinct
 • 1992 -The American Psychoanalytic
Association (APA) extended the provisions of its
1991 resolution (see above) to training
candidates at its affiliated institutes
6/15/2013 62

 • 1992 –The American Psychological
Association (APA) selected behavioral genetics
as one of two themes that best represented the
past, present, and future of psychology.[62]
 • 1994 – DSM-IV was published by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA).
 • 1994 – Antonio Damasio published Descartes'
Error, presenting the somatic marker hypothesis
(SMH) by which emotional processes can guide
(or bias) behavior, particularly decision-making.
6/15/2013 63

 • 1995 – Simon Baron-Cohen coined the term
mental blindness to reflect the inability of children
with autism to properly represent the mental states
of others.[63]
 • 1996 – Giacomo Rizzolatti published his
discovery of mirror neurons.[64]
 • 1996 - AmosTversky defined ambiguity aversion,
the idea that people don't like ambiguous choices,
relating it to comparative ignorance.
 • 1997 -The American Psychoanalytic Association
(APsaA) became the first U.S. national mental health
organization to support same-sex marriage.[65]
 • 1999 - George Botterill publishedThe Philosophy
of Psychology,[66] about how modern cognitive
science challenges our common sense self-image.
6/15/2013 64

Twenty-first century
2000’s
• 2000 – Alan Baddeley updated his model of working
memory from 1974 to include the episodic buffer as a third
slave system alongside the phonological loop and the visuo-
spatial sketchpad[67]
• 2000 - MaxVelmans published Understanding
Consciousness, arguing for reflexive monism.
• 2002 – Steven Pinker publishedThe Blank Slate:The
Modern Denial of Human Nature, arguing against tabula
rasa models of the social sciences.[70][71]
• 2007 - George Mandler published A History of
Modern Experimental Psychology
6/15/2013 65

2010’s
 • 2010 -The draft of DSM-V by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA) was
thrown open for comment and critique.
 • 2013 - On April 2 U.S. President Barack
Obama announced the 10-year BRAIN
Initiative to map the activity of every neuron
in the human brain.
 • 2013- DSM-V was published by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA).
6/15/2013 66

2
 CREATED BY :
 AALA, JONEL CHRISTOPHER
 AGONIA , EUNICE
 ARAO , RECA
 AVELINO , ANNE LORAINE
 BALDERAMA , CYRUS
67

THANK
 YOU 
6/15/2013 69

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