HISTORYProjectOutline class 10 of icse board education]

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CONTENT
• Beginning of the movement
• Formation of INC
• Phases of the Indian national movement
• Non cooperation movement
• Civil disobedience movement
• Round table conferences
• Quit India movement
• Forward bloc and INA
• partition and Independence of India

Beginning of the movement
• The process of the British conquest in India which began from the mid 18
century and the consolidation of the British was accompanied by
resentment among the Indians. There were numerous revolts against the
British but they were local , so the British crushed them.
• The culmination of these revolts was the first war of independence also
known as the revolt of 1857, in which millions of peasants , artisans, and
soldiers participated. It shook the British government to its very
foundation.
• The uprising of 1857 was hailed as the first war of independence because:
it was the first mass uprising in which all the sections of the society
participated against a common enemy ; the British.
• It paved the way for the rise of modern national movement . The sacrifices
made by rani laxmi bai, mangal pandey served as a source of inspiration.

Formation of INC
• In 1883, surendranath Banerjee convened the All India National Conference. It offered a model to
the Indian National Congress which was formed two years . It merged with the Indian National
Congress in December 1886.
• In 1884 A.O. Hume, in consultation with the Indian leaders, laid the foundation of the Indian
National union.
• On the suggestion of dadabhai naoroji , the name of the union was changed to the Indian National
Congress . Thus the foundation of the Indian National Congress was laid on December 28, 1885.
• Aims of the Indian National Congress were-
• To promote friendly relations between nationalist political workers from different parts of the
country.
• To develop and consolidate the feelings of national unity irrespective of castes , religion or
province.
• To present the demands before the government.
• To train and organize public opinion in the country.
• The first session of the congress under the president ship of W.C. Bonerjee was attended by 72
delegates.
• The second session of 1886 was held at Kolkata under the president ship of Dadabhai Naoroji.
• Thereafter , the national congress met every year in December in different parts of the country.

Phases of the Indian National
Movement
• The history of the Indian National Movement can broadly be divided into three phases:
• The Early Nationalists:(1885-1907)
• In its initial years the congress was led by a group of leaders known as the early nationalists. The
members of this group were drawn fro the educated middle class , who drew inspiration from the
western thought. Many of them were educated in England and felt that the British intended to be
just to Indians but they were unaware of the true state of affairs in India .
• The early nationalists included wc bonerjee , surendranath Banerjee, dadabhai naoroji, gopal
krishna gokhale and many others.
• The early nationalists were staunch believers in open minded and moderate politics . They believed
in loyalty to the British crown . B.C. pal said in 1887, “ I am loyal to the British government because
with me loyalty to the British government is identical with loyalty to my own people and my own
country…..”. They wanted that Indians should have their proper and legitimate share in the
government. They asked for constitutional and other reforms within the framework of the British
rule as they had faith in the British sense of justice and fair play.
• The early nationalists created national awakening among people that they belonged to India .
• The early nationalists trained people in politics by popularizing the ideas of democracy, secularism
and nationalism.
• The early nationalist did the pioneering work by exposing the true nature of the British rule in
India.

• The Assertive Nationalists (1907-1916) :
• A younger group of people within the congress did not agree with the methods and ideology of the early nationalists. These
‘angry young men’ stood for complete swaraj to be achieved by more self-reliant methods. This group of leaders came to be
known as Assertive Nationalists.
• They condemned the British rule in India and held it responsible for the country’s downfall. Three prominent leaders of this
group were Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pal. They were famous as the lal-bal-pal trio. The main
objective of the assertive nationalists was the immediate attainment of swaraj which means complete independence. They
had faith in the strength of the masses
• /**Partition of Bengal:
• The cause of the rise of the Assertive nationalists was , lord Curzon’s decision of partition of Bengal.
• On July 20, 1905 lord Curzon announced the division of the province of Bengal into two provinces:
• Bengal
• Eastern Bengal
• The scheme of partition of Bengal was implemented on October 16, 1905.
• The British gave the excuse that the province of Bengal was too big to be efficiently administered by a single provincial
government. However the real motives were-**/
• The assertive nationalists inculcated courage, self confidence and spirit of sacrifice among the people.
• Self-reliance was promoted by setting up swadeshi stores that sold Indian made goods.
• They declared that what India needed was total freedom from foreign rule.
• It was because of the efforts and sacrifices made by the assertive nationalists that the partition of Bengal was annulled in
1911.

• The gandhian era (1915-1947) :
• The gandhian era is perhaps the most important phase of the Indian national movement. Mahatma
Gandhi was born in 1869 at porbandar in the kathiawad district of Gujarat. In 1888, he went to
study law in England. from 1893 to 1914 he practiced law in south Africa. Gandhiji returned to India
in January 1915.
• Champaran satyagraha:
• Gandhihji’s first great experiment in Satyagraha was accomplishment in 1917 in champaran , Bihar.
The indigo cultivators of champaran were greatly exploited by the European planters. The
cultivators invited gandhiji to take up their cause but the district authorities banned his entry in the
district. He offered satyagraha as a result of which an enquiry was conducted into the conditions of
the peasants. this helped in giving the indigo cultivators some relief.
• Ahmedabad satyagraha:
• Gandhiji led the mill workers of Ahmedabad in a strike against the mill owners who had refused to
pay them higher wages. Gandhiji and the workers did a hunger strike. Afraid of the consequences ,
the mill owners agreed to give 35% increase in wages.
• Kheda satyagraha:
• Crops failed in kheda and the peasants were not in a condition to pay land revenue. The
government refused to forgo the land revenue. Gandhiji organized the peasants to offer stayagraha.
The peasants refused to pay the taxes and ultimately the government was forced to arrive at a
settlement with the peasants.

Non cooperation movement
• The Non-cooperation Movement was launched on 5th September 1920 by the Indian National Congress (INC) under the
leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. In September 1920, in Congress session in Calcutta, the party introduced the Non-Cooperation
programme. The period of the non-cooperation movement is taken as September 1920 to February 1922. It signified a new
chapter in the history of the Indian freedom struggle.
• Gandhiji said , “ non cooperation with evil is as much a duty as is cooperation with good.”
• Causes that led to the non cooperation movement were:
• Rowlatt act:
• Justice rowlatt introduced two bills in February 1919. On 18th march , 1919 the imperial legislative council at delhi passed a law
called the rowlatt act , the purpose of the bills was to curb the growing upsurge in the country.
• the rowlatt act implied :
arrest of a person without warrant
• In camera trial
• Restrictions on movements of indivisulas
• Suspension of right of habeas corpus
• A number of strikes and protests ocurred againts the rowlatt act , foe which british took brutal and stern measures to curb
these protests. This was not loked by the indians.
• Jallianwala bagh tragedy:
• A large number of peaceful crowd gathered at the jalianwala bagh in Amritsar on April 13,1919 to protest against the arrest of
leaders. The bagh had only one exit.
• General dyer the military commander of Amritsar surrounded the bagh with his soldiers after closing the exit with his troops ,
he ordered them to shoot at the crowd. The troops kept on firing till their ammunition was exhausted. About one thousand
innocent people were killed and many more wounded .after the massacre , the British government made a half hearted
attempt at constitutional reform. The British government also refused to annul the rowlatt act and make amends for the
atrocities in Punjab. This decision of the British outraged the Indians

The Khilafat Movement: During the First World War, Turkey, which was one of the
Central Powers, had fought against the British. After Turkey’s defeat, the Ottoman
caliphate was proposed to be dissolved. Muslims regarded Sultan of Turkey as their
Caliph (religious head of the Muslims), they felt that any weakening of the caliph’s
position would adversely affect the position of the Muslims. The Muslim population in
India started a powerful agitation known as the Khilafat movement. The Khilafat
movement was launched under the leadership of Ali Brothers (Maulana Mohammed
Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali), Maulana Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan, and Hasrat Mohani.
Gandhiji saw in the khilafat movement an opportunity for uniting Hindus and Muslims
. He said that the congress plea for hindu-muslim unity ” would be an empty phrase if
the Hindus hold aloof from the Muslims when when their vital interests are at stake.”
It got the support from Mahatma Gandhi to persuade the British government not to
abolish the caliphate. The leaders of this movement accepted the non-cooperation
movement of Gandhiji and led a joint protest against the British.
Objective of the non cooperation movement were:
1-To attain self government within the British empire if possible and outside if
necessary
2-Annulment of the rowlatt act and remedying the Punjab wrong
3-Remedying the khilafat wrong

• Swadeshi programme:
• Swadeshi means producing necessary items in ones own country and using them for ones use without being
dependent on imported goods. This was done by popularising of swadeshi and khadi by reviving hand spinning
and hand weaving, establishment of national schools and colleges, promotion of local industries of Indian origin.
• Boycott programme:
• Swadeshi and boycott are two sides of the same coin. Bal gangadhar tilak said, “ when you accept swadeshi, you
must boycott foreign goods.” economic boycott of British goods and use of swadeshi was designed to promote
Indian industries and provide the people with more employment opportunities. It also proved as the most
effective weapon against the British. Lala lajpat rai said, “ we desire to turn our faces away from government
houses and turn them to the huts of people. This is the spiritual significance of the boycott movement. It included
the boytcott of foreign goods, government schools, surrender of British titles.
• Impact of the non cooperation movement :
• The national movement became a mass movement
• It generated a desire for freedom and inspired people to challenge the colonial rule.
• It transformed the Indian national congress from a deliberate assembly into an organization for action.
• It fostered hindu-muslim unity which could be seen in the merger of the khilafat issue with this movement.
• Several steps were taken in the direction of prohibition and removal of untouchability.
• The goal of the congress was to attain swaraj within the British empire. This movement popularized the idea of
saran.

• Cause of suspension of the non cooperation movement
• Chauri chaura incident:
• The tragedy at Chauri Chaura, a village in Gorakhpur district in Uttar
Pradesh, occurred on February 5, 1922. A procession of about 3,000
peasants marched to the police station to protest against the police officer
who had beaten some volunteers picketing a liquor shop. The police fired
at the peasants. This infuriated the demonstrators and they set the nearby
police station on fire, killing 22 policemen who were inside the police
station. There were a few violent incidents in other parts of the country.
Gandhiji, a believer in 'Ahimsa' was greatly shocked at these incidents and
he withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement on February 12, 1922.This
action of Gandhiji of suspending the agitation was severely criticized by
leaders like Motilal Nehru and Lala Lajpat Rai. Subhas Chandra Bose called
it a national calamity. Gandhiji assured Jawaharlal Nehru, "If the thing had
not been suspended we would have been leading not a non-violent
struggle. The cause will prosper by this retreat." Nevertheless, everybody
respected his decision in view of the great personal influence of Gandhiji.

Civil disobedience movement
• Civil disobedience movement:
• Mahatma Gandhi gave the call for a Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930. This movement
was to be different from the Non-Cooperation movement in the sense that the Non-
Cooperation movement (1921-22) sought to bring the working of the government to a
standstill by not cooperating with the administration, whereas the Civil Disobedience
Movement was an attempt at paralyzing the administration by breaking some specific rules
and regulations. The circumstances that led to the Civil Disobedience.
• Factors leading to civil disobedience movement were:
• Simon commission:
• In November 1927, the British government appointed the Indian Statutory Commission,
popularly known as the Simon Commission, to investigate the need for further constitutional
reforms. The commission was composed of The members of Parliament. It had no Indian
member. This was seen as a violation of the principle of self-determination and a deliberate
insult to the self respect of the Indians
• At its Madras session in 1927, presided over by Dr. Ansari, the National Congress decided to
boycott the commission 'at every stage and in every form'.
• On February 3, the day the Commission reached Bombay, an All India Hartal was organized.
Wherever the Commission went, it was greeted with hartals and black flag demonstrations
under the slogan 'Simon Go Back'. The Government used brutal suppression and police
attacks to break the popular opposition. On October 30, 1928 while leading a demonstration
at Lahore railway station, Lala Lajpat Rai was grieviously injured. He lost his life as a result of
lathi blows from the Police. These acts of british angered the indians.

• Declaration of Poona saran:
• at the Lahore Session of the Congress in 1929. Jawaharlal Nehru was made the President of the Congress at the
historic Lahore session of 1929. It passed a resolution declaring Poona Sara (complete independence) to be
objective of the Congress. On the midnight of December 31, 1929, Jawaharlal Nehru led a procession to the banks
of the river Ravi at Lahore and hoisted the tricolor flag. The congress working committee met in January 1930 and
began the preparations of civil disobedience movement
• Dandi march:
• On 12th March, Mahatma Gandhi began the historic march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a village on the
Gujarat sea coast. A number of people followed him. On the morning of 6th April, Gandhiji violated the Salt Law at
Dandi by picking up some salt left by the seawaves. According to the Salt Law, the government had the monopoly
to manufacture and sell salt. He had selected to attack the Salt Laws because the salt-tax affected all sections of
society, especially the poor. Gandhiji's breaking of the Salt Laws marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience
Movement.
• The civil disobedience movement involved:
• Defiance of the salt laws
• Boycott of liquor
• Boycott of foreign goods
• Non payment of taxes or revenues
• Impact of the civil disobedience movement:
• The movement spread rapidly. Everywhere in the country people joined hartals , demonstrations and the
campaign to boycott foreign goods and refused to pay taxes. Civil disobedience movement resulted in mass
strikes and setting up of parallel governments in several places.

Round table conferences
• The Indian round table conference held three sessions .
• The first round table conference
• The first round table conference was held in London from
November 12, 1930 to January 1931. The congress did not take part
in the conference as they were unhappy with the Simon
commission.
• Second round table conference:
• It was held from September 7 to December 14, 1931. It was
attended only by gandhiji as the representative of the congress,
according to the terms of the gandhi-irwin pact of 1931. The British
government refused to concede the immediate grant of dominion
status . Gandhiji returned disappointed.
• The third round table conference was held from November 17 to
December 24, 1932.

Quit India movement
• Cripps mission:
• In March, 1942, faced with an increasingly dissatisfied Indian sub-continent which participated in
the war only with reluctance; with deterioration in the war situation in Europe and South East Asia;
and with growing dissatisfaction among Indian troops in Europe, and among the civilian population
in India, the British government sent a delegation to India under Stafford Cripps, in what came to be
known as the Cripps' Mission. The purpose of the mission was to negotiate with the Indian National
Congress to obtain total co-operation during the war, in return for progressive devolution and
distribution of power from the Crown and the Viceroy to an elected Indian legislature.
• Reasons for the failure of Cripps mission were:
• The Cripps mission did not bring with it the promise of independence in the near future.
• The plan involved partitioning of the country
• Gandhiji opposed the declaration and urged the working committee to reject it. Mahatma gandhi
described the Cripps proposal as a “ post dated cheque of a failing bank.”
• The faliure of the cripps mission and the advancement of the japanese army towards india led to
the decision of quit india movement.

Quit India movement
• Quit india resolution:
• Mahatma gandhi felt that the British presence in India was an invitation to japan to invade India and that their
withdrawal would remove the bait. He therefore asked the British “ to leave India in god’s hands.” gandhiji said
,” India's safety and Britain's too, lies in the timely and orderly withdrawal of British from India.”
• The congress working committee mat at wardha in July ,1942 . It adopted a resolution known as the quit India
movement. The resolution stated: British rule in India must end immediately.
• The congress proposed to start a non-violent mass struggle under the leadership of gandhiji, if this demand of
immediate and complete independence was not conceded by the British . In his speech before the all India
congress committee , gandhiji declared that it was a decision “ To do or die”. Gandhi urged the masses to act as
an independent nation and not to follow the orders of the British. His call found support among a large number
of Indians, including revolutionaries who were not necessarily party to Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence.
Almost the entire Congress leadership, both at the national and local levels, was put into confinement less than
twenty-four hours after Gandhi's speech. Despite lack of direct leadership, large-scale protests and
demonstrations were held all over the country. The British responded with mass detentions, making over
100,000 arrests.
• Impact of the quit India movement were:
• It demonstrated the nationalist feeling in India and the capacity of the Indians for struggle and sacrifice .
• It made it clear that the British would no longer find it possible to rule India.
• People of all sections of society participated in this movement.

Forward bloc and INA
• Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose was born on 23rd January, 1897, at Cuttack in Odisha.
After completing his studies in India he went to England and passed the Indian civil
service examination. But he resigned from the civil service because he did not
want to work under the British crown. He said, “ I do not think that one could be
loyal to the British raj and yet serve India honestly, heart and soul.”
• Bose was attracted by the non cooperation movement launched by mahatma
Gandhi and became an active worker of the freedom movement.
• Forward bloc:
• Bose felt the urgent need for an organized left wing party in the congress . After
resigning from the president ship of the congress in 1939, he laid the foundation
of a new party within the congress. This party was known as forward bloc, it was
formed on may 3, 1939.
• The objectives of the forward bloc were:
• Reorganization of agriculture and industry on socialist lines
• Abolition of zamindari system
• Introduction of new monetary and credit system.

• Indian national army(INA):
• The idea of the Indian national army was conceived in Malaya by Mohan Singh, an
Indian officer in the British Indian army.
• The active phase of the Indian national army began when subhas Chandra Bose
arrived at Singapore in July 1943. In august 1943, he took charge of the Indian
national army and became its supreme commander.
• Objectives of the INA were:
• To organize an armed revolution and to fight the British army with modern arms.
• To organize a provisional government of free India in order top mobilize all the
forces effectively.
• The motto of the INA was ‘unity , faith, sacrifice.’
• The INA made preparations to launch its fight for the liberation of India and went
into action in February 1944. INA captured Mowdok, an outpost situated south-
east of Chittagong and advanced up to the frontier of India. They captured the
strong military post of Klang Klang. The INA gave a tough fight to the British forces
in the Assam hills and succeeded in capturing Ukhral and Kohima. They raised the
Tricolour Flag for the first time on the liberated Indian soil on March 19, 1944.

Independence and partition of India
• Cabinet mission:
• Cabinet Mission was a high-powered mission sent in February 1946 to India by the Atlee
Government (British Prime Minister.) The mission had three British cabinet members –
Pethick Lawrence, Stafford Cripps, & and A.V. Alexander. The Cabinet Mission’s aim was to
discuss the transfer of power from British to Indian leadership.
• Objectives of Cabinet Mission
• To obtain an agreement with the Indian leaders as to the framing of a constitution for India.
• To formulate a constitution-making body (the Constituent Assembly of India).
• To establish an Executive Council with the support of the major Indian parties.
• Mountbatten plan:
• Lord Mountbatten assumed the title of the viceroy and the Governor-General in 1947. his
immediate task was to restore peace between the Muslim league and the Congress.
• Lord Mountbatten found that it was difficult to solve the deadlock between the two parties.
He therefore sought to effect the transfer of power without any delay.
• The Mountbatten plan was announced on June 3, 1947. Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy
of India, came up with a plan under which he proposed that the provinces be declared
independent successor states. The plan was the last plan for Indian independence and
included the principles of partition, autonomy, sovereignty, and the right to make the Indian
constitution.
• On the same day, Gandhiji said, “the division of India can only harm the country’s future.
• The Mountbatten plan led to the royal assent for the approval of the Indian Independence
Act 1947.

• Indian independence act:
• The Indian Independence Act, 1947 was an act of the British Parliament that partitioned India into two
independent dominions of India and Pakistan.
• Provisions of this plan were-,
• India would be partitioned into India and Pakistan.
• The constitution framed by the Constituent Assembly would not be applicable to the areas which would go
into Pakistan. These provinces would then decide on a separate constituent assembly.
• The princely states would be free to associate themselves with either dominion or remain independent .
• The legislative authority of the British parliament would cease from August 15, 1947.
• The army and the assets would be divide between the two provinces.
• The British would officially grant freedom to India, This Act received the royal assent on 18th July 1947 and
entered into force.
• Pakistan became independent on 14th August and India on 15th August 1947.
• Thus, ended India's unique struggle for freedom, which set an example for the colonial countries of Asia and
Africa follow. This was followed by tragic and bloody partition of the country, causing far more grave problems
of national reconstruction. On the eve of independence, Indian agriculture was backward and stagnant, her
industrial development was low and lopsided. There was a absence for capital goods and machine industries. It
was the vision and foresight of our national leaders, especially our first Prime Minister, Pandit Jawaharlal
Nehru, which pulled out India from the web of poverty and economic backwardness and laid the strong
foundations on which India today proudly stands. It is one of the major industrialized nations of the world. It is
also one of the largest as well as one of the fastest growing economies of the world. Above all, it is the largest
democracy in the world, committed to peace, disarmament and non-alignment.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
• BOOKS-
• Total history and civics class 10
• By dolly Ellen Sequeira
• From morning star publications
• WEBSITES-
• www.encyclopedia.com
• www.byjus.com
• www.britannica.com

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