More Related Content
Similar to Honors geo. ch 21 p.p.
Honors geo. ch 21 p.p.
- 1. CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE CONCEPTS ofDEVELOPMENT Consider Table 21-1. Identify the 5 highest GNP’s Per Capita and the 5 lowest GNP’s Per Capita. Does the U.S. have the highest GNP Per Capita? What similar characteristics do the 5 with the highest GNP’s Per Capita have? What similar characteristics do the 5 with the lowest GNP’s Per Capita have?
- 4. DEVELOPED and DEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES Economists & geographers use a variety of criteria to describe the wide disparities in the global economy. The concept of development is a complicated one, but there are benchmarks to provide a profile. A major criteria is demographic data. Approx. 81% of the world’s population is in less developed countries, but about 93% of the population growth during the past four decades has occurred in these countries.
- 8. This fast populationgrowth has forced some developing countries, such as China, to resort to drastic action, including instituting a one-child policy.
- 9. Another demographic distinctionis the population’s age distribution. Older populations are found in developed countries, while younger populations are found in developing countries.
- 10. The age distributionsfor developed and developing countries create different challenges and/or problems for each. Identify the population problems confronting both developed & developing countries.
- 11. The percentage ofurban versus rural residents is a strong indicator of development. Generally, the higher the urbanization rate, the more developed the country is.
- 12. Economic indicators arevaluable variables in determining development. All countries are engaged in farming. In developing countries farming is more labor intensive and is a major economic activity.
- 13. In contrast, commercialfarming dominates in developed countries, which comprises only a fraction of the workforce.
- 14. Regarding general economicvariables, developed economies are dominated by a high-tech service sector. Any industry is highly automated, and farming is the smallest sector of the economy. Developing countries are dominated by either labor-intensive farming or labor-intensive industry. The service sector is the smallest part of the economy.
- 15. When you tallyall of the economic variables, developed countries enjoy an affluence that developing countries can only dream about.
- 16. In the developingworld, many people continue to live in much the same ways as their ancestors, and the future does not promise much, if any, modern improvements.
- 17. Even something ascommon as watching t.v. can be markedly different when comparing developed and developing countries.
- 18. With greater affluencecomes more leisure time. Residents in developing have little to no leisure time. In contrast, residents in developed countries have the energy and time to engage in a wide variety of leisure and recreational activities.
- 19. Another gauge ofaffluence is consumption. Developed countries consume at a disproportionate rate, and they produce a tremendous amount of consumer waste, which is threatening resources and the environment.
- 20. Consumption and wasteproduction are relatively low in developing countries – when you are poor and have little, there is little to throw away. But as some developing countries continue to develop, their consumption and waste production will add to global environmental problems.
- 21. The category ofhealth variables is a valuable indicator of development. The most commonly applied health variable is life expectancy. Developed countries enjoy high life expectancies that continue to increase. Developing countries are plagued with lower life expectancies.
- 22. Geographers consider answersto the following question: what factors contribute to a higher or lower life expectancy? The first factor is availability of health care. Developed countries have the resources and technologies to detect and cure health problems. Developing countries do not have these resources or technologies.
- 23. Another vital factordetermining life expectancy is diet. Residents of developed countries enjoy abundance and a wide variety of food year-round. Many staple foods would be considered rare luxuries in developing countries.
- 24. Infant mortality isyet another indicator of development. Developed countries have low infant mortality rates that continue to decrease. Developing countries, in many cases, have alarmingly high infant mortality rates.
- 25. A country’s abilityto care for the health and welfare of its children is a factor of development. Developed country’s have the resources to better care for its children. Developing countries lack the resources to care for the health and welfare of its children.
- 26. In the categoryof education, there are striking differences between developed and developing countries. Developed countries much higher literacy rates than developing countries.
- 27. The reasons forthe wide educational disparity include a serious shortage of buildings, books, equipment, teachers and money.
- 28. In some developingcountries, girls are either shut-out of educational opportunities, or they only attend school through the primary grades. With up to half of their populations either uneducated or under-educated, these countries may never turn the corner to fully developing.
- 29. Infrastructure development demonstratesthe degree of modernization. Developed countries have the resources to develop, build, and maintain a complex infrastructure network. Developing countries are decades or more behind. This affects economic development.
- 30. The degree ofinternal stability and tranquility is a measure of development. Developed countries are known for stability and tranquility. Conversely, many developing countries are characterized by internal instability and violence. This often results in refugee problems.
- 31. Politically,the established developedcountries are working democracies. Authoritarian political systems and/or unstable fragile democracies are the trademark of developing countries.
- 34. Refer to Fig.21-1 (pp. 286-287). Is the world dominated by high income economies? Which type(s) of economies dominate the world? Obviously, many statistics are used as criteria to classify countries in terms of development. Identify and explain the benefits of using these statistics and the pitfalls (problems) of using them. Refer once again to Fig. 21-1 (pp. 286-287). Apply the core-periphery model to the world economies. Use the map to provide examples. For the periphery, identify and explain the various demographic, economic, and social ills. Describe the regional disparities found in the periphery.
- 35. Explain whether youbelieve it is a responsibility of the wealthier countries to provide aid to the poorer ones. Many core countries, including the U.S., send millions of dollars to individual countries. Misuse of aid by corrupt periphery governments threaten this aid.
- 36. TOURISM: BOON orBANE? Peripheral countries throughout the world have become the destination for millions of tourists from richer countries. On the surface, it would appear that tourism as an industry is a very positive economic activity for these poorer countries. But many economic geographers argue that tourism has been a formidable obstacle to economic development in the periphery. Identify and explain their reasons.
- 37. MODELS of DEVELOPMENT Identifyand describe the 3 models of development. Explain dependence theory.