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how to write reserch proposal synopsis.ppt
- 2. • Research refersto a search for knowledge • Research means a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic • In fact, research is an art of scientific investigation. • The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the application of scientific procedures
- 3. RESEARCH PROPOSAL • Anyresearch study should have a proper proposal in written form before it is actually carried out. • It is like a blue print of a building plan before the construction starts .
- 4. •Writing a researchproposal is both science and art. •A good research proposal is based on scientific facts and on the art of clear communication.
- 5. Writing a formalresearch proposal should be started by the time, one has decided on the topic for the study
- 6. • Objective • Justification •Introduction • Background /Review of literature • Methodology • Time frame and work schedule/Gantt chart • Personnel needed / available • Facilities needed / available • Budget
- 7. Objectives • This isa very important and pivotal section and everything else in the study is centered around it • The objective of the proposed study should be stated very clearly • The objective stated should be specific, achievable and measurable • Too many objectives to be avoided • Even just one clearly stated relevant objective for a study would be good enough • If there is more than one objective the objectives can be presented in the appropriate order of importance
- 8. Introduction • The problemproposed to be studied is introduced in this section. • It should help the reader to explain with the topic .
- 9. • Introduction shouldbe short about one or two pages • The problem should be stated in such a way that it’s importance and relevance is realized by any one who reads it
- 10. Background (Review of Literature) •This section reflects extensive review of literature done by the investigator • In this section what is already known about the topic is written including the gaps. • Just quoting the literature precise will not serve the purpose • It is important to make it coherent, relevant and easily readable knowledge • It helps the investigator to gain good knowledge in that field of inquiry • It also helps the investigator to have insight on different methodologies that could be applied
- 11. Research methodology Research methodologyis a way to systematically solve the research problem. It may be understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically
- 12. • It isnecessary for the researcher to know not only the research methods/techniques but also the methodology. • Researchers not only need to know how to develop certain indices or tests and how to calculate the mean, the mode, the median or the standard deviation or chi-square etc.,
- 13. It is essentialto discuss procedures clearly and completely with considerable amount of details
- 14. • Study design •Study population / Sampling specifications • Sample size needed • Instrumentation • Specific procedures
- 15. Study design Definition: Astudy design is a specific plan or protocol for conducting the study, which allows the investigator to translate the conceptual hypothesis into an operational one.
- 16. • The studydesign should be clearly stated • The study design to be used should be appropriate for achieving the objective of the study
- 17. Study population /Sample specifications • It is important to describe which would be the study population • How study subjects would be selected, randomization process and other details should be given
- 18. Sample size It isimportant to mention in the protocol what would be the minimum sample required and how it is arrived
- 19. Determination of samplesize is a bargain between precision and the price (Resources & expenses involved)
- 20. Description of process •Proposal should include the details of all process to be adopted in the study • How exposures, outcome variables and other variables are going to be measured should be described in detail • A brief description of how the data will be processed and use of statistical package if any should be given • What statistical tests of significance would be used?
- 21. Time Frame &Work Schedule The proposal should include the sequence of tasks to be performed, the anticipated length of time required for its completion and the personnel required
- 22. • It canbe presented in tabular or graphic form (Gantt chart) • Flow charts and other diagrams are often useful for highlighting the sequencing and interrelationship of different activities in the study
- 23. Facilities The proposal shouldalso include the important facilities required / available for the study namely computers, laboratories, special equipment etc
- 24. Personnel • Proposal shouldinclude who are the primary investigators and co- investigators, their qualifications, research experience etc • The proposal may also include the Major roles to be taken up by different investigators
- 25. Budget • The budgettranslates project activities into monetary terms • It is a statement of how much money will be required to accomplish the various tasks
- 26. Budget Major items • Salaryfor staff • Travel • Purchase of equipment • Printing / Xeroxing • Consultancy charges • Institutional overheads