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Hypertension
The document discusses hypertension, including its definition, prevalence, risk factors, categories, and guidelines for assessment and treatment. Some key points: - Hypertension is defined as BP ≥140/90 mmHg. It affects over 1 billion people globally with a prevalence of 30-45% in adults. - Common risk factors include diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, and chronic kidney disease. - Categories range from normal BP to grade 3 hypertension based on systolic and diastolic BP levels. - Risk assessment uses the SCORE system to estimate 10-year fatal CVD risk based on factors like age and cholesterol. - Out-of-office BP measurements via home monitoring or amb
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Hypertension
- 1. Dr. Md. AhasanulKabir (Shahin) Resident, Phase B UCC, BSMMU
- 2. Hypertension isdefined as office SBP values ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP (DBP) values ≥ 90 mmHg.
- 4. Based onoffice BP, the global prevalence - 1.13 billion in 2015 The overall prevalence in adults is around 30 - 45% with a global age standardized prevalence of 24 and 20% in men and women, respectively, in 2015. Prevalence of >60% in people aged >60 years
- 5. CVD Risk FactorsCommon in Patients With Hypertension *Factors that can be changed and, if changed, may reduce CVD risk. †Factors that are difficult to change (CKD, low socioeconomic/educational status, obstructive sleep apnea, cannot be changed (family history, increased age, male sex), or, if changed through the use of current intervention techniques, may not reduce CVD risk (psychosocial stress). CKD indicates chronic kidney disease; and CVD, cardiovascular disease. Modifiable Risk Factors* Relatively Fixed Risk Factors† Current cigarette smoking, secondhand smoking Diabetes mellitus Dyslipidemia/hypercholesterolemia Overweight/obesity Physical inactivity/low fitness Unhealthy diet CKD Family history Increased age Low socioeconomic/educational status Male sex Obstructive sleep apnea Psychosocial stress
- 6. Category Systolic (mmHg)Diastolic (mmHg) Optimal <120 and <80 Normal 120–129 and/or 80–84 High normal 130–139 and/or 85–89 Grade 1 hypertension 140–159 and/or 90–99 Grade 2 hypertension 160–179 and/or 100–109 Grade 3 hypertension ≥ 180 and/or ≥ 110 Isolated systolic hypertension ≥ 140 and <90
- 7. Categories of BPin Adults* *Individuals with SBP and DBP in 2 categories should be designated to the higher BP category. BP indicates blood pressure (based on an average of ≥2 careful readings obtained on ≥2 occasions, as detailed in DBP, diastolic blood pressure; and SBP systolic blood pressure. BP Category SBP DBP Normal <120 mm Hg and <80 mm Hg Elevated 120–129 mm Hg and <80 mm Hg Hypertension Stage 1 130–139 mm Hg or 80–89 mm Hg Stage 2 ≥140 mm Hg or ≥90 mm Hg
- 8. Very high riskPeople with any of the following: Documented CVD, either clinical or unequivocal on imaging. • Clinical CVD includes acute myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, coronary or other arterial revascularization, stroke, TIA, aortic aneurysm, and PAD • Unequivocal documented CVD on imaging includes significant plaque (i.e. ≥ 50% stenosis) on angiography or ultrasound; it does not include increase in carotid intima media thickness • Diabetes mellitus with target organ damage, e.g. proteinuria or a with a major risk factor such as grade 3 hypertension or hypercholesterolaemia • Severe CKD (eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2) • A calculated 10 year SCORE of ≥10%
- 9. High risk Peoplewith any of the following: • Marked elevation of a single risk factor, particularly cholesterol >8 mmol/L (>310 mg/dL), e.g. familial hypercholesterolaemia or grade 3 hypertension (BP ≥180/110 mmHg) • Most other people with diabetes mellitus (except some young people with type 1 diabetes mellitus and without major risk factors, who may be at moderate-risk) Hypertensive LVH Moderate CKD eGFR 30-59 mL/min/1.73 m2) A calculated 10 year SCORE of 5-10% Moderate risk People with: • A calculated 10 year SCORE of 1 to <5% • Grade 2 hypertension • Many middle-aged people belong to this category Low risk People with: • A calculated 10 year SCORE of <1%
- 10. Leading globalcontributor to premature death in 2015, accounting for almost 10 million deaths and over 200 million disability-adjusted life years. SBP ≥140 mmHg accounts for most of the mortality and disability burden (70%) Largest number of SBP-related deaths per year are due to IHD (4.9 million), haemorrhagic stroke (2.0 million), and ischaemic stroke (1.5million).
- 11. Since 2003,the European Guidelines on CVD prevention have recommended use of the Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) system The SCORE system estimates the 10 year risk of a first fatal atherosclerotic event, in relation to age, sex, smoking habits, total cholesterol level, and SBP.
- 12. Recommendation Class Level CVrisk assessment with the SCORE system is recommended for hypertensive patients who are not already at high or very high risk due to established CVD, renal disease, or diabetes, a markedly elevated single risk factor (e.g. cholesterol), or hypertensive LVH I B
- 14. Auscultatory oroscillometric semiautomatic or automatic sphygmomanometers are the preferred method for measuring BP in the doctor’s office. Both upper arms, using an appropriate cuff size for the arm circumference. A consistent and significant SBP difference between arms (i.e. >15 mmHg) is associated with an increased CV risk
- 15. In olderpeople, people with diabetes, or people with other causes of orthostatic hypotension, BP should also be measured 1 min and 3 min after standing. Orthostatic hypotension is defined as a reduction in SBP of ≥ 20 mmHg or in DBP of ≥10 mmHg within 3 min of standing, and is associated with an increased risk of mortality and CV events
- 16. Checklist for AccurateMeasurement of BP Key Steps for Proper BP Measurements Step 1: Properly prepare the patient. Step 2: Use proper technique for BP measurements. Step 3: Take the proper measurements needed for diagnosis and treatment of elevated BP/hypertension. Step 4: Properly document accurate BP readings. Step 5: Average the readings. Step 6: Provide BP readings to patient.
- 17. Selection Criteria forBP Cuff Size for Measurement of BP in Adults Arm Circumference Usual Cuff Size 22–26 cm Small adult 27–34 cm Adult 35–44 cm Large adult 45–52 cm Adult thigh
- 18. Out-of-office BPmeasurement refers to the use of either HBPM or ABPM, the latter usually over 24 h
- 19. At least3 days & preferably for 6–7 consecutive days before each clinic visit, with readings in the morning and the evening, taken in a quiet room after 5 min of rest, with the patient seated with their back and arm supported. Diagnostic threshold for hypertension is ≥135/85 mmHg (equivalent to office BP ≥140/90 mmHg)
- 20. Avg BPreadings over a defined period, usually 24 h. Programmed to record BP at 15 - 30 min intervals, & avg BP values are usually provided for daytime, night- time, and 24 h. Patient’s activities diary & sleep time can be recorded. Diagnostic threshold for HTN is ≥130/80 mmHg over 24 h, ≥ 135/85 mmHg for the daytime average, and ≥ 120/70 for the nighttime average (all equivalent to office BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg)
- 22. BP Patterns Basedon Office and Out-of-Office Measurements ABPM indicates ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; and BP, blood pressure. Office/Clinic/Healthcare Setting Home/Nonhealthcare/ ABPM Setting Normotensive No hypertension No hypertension Sustained hypertension Hypertension Hypertension Masked hypertension No hypertension Hypertension White coat hypertension Hypertension No hypertension
- 23. ABPM HBPM Advantages o Canidentify white-coat and masked hypertension o Stronger prognostic evidence o Night-time readings o Measurement in real-life settings o Additional prognostic BP phenotypes o Abundant information from a single measurement session, including o short-term BP variability Advantages o Can identify white-coat and masked hypertension o Cheap and widely available o Measurement in a home setting, which may be more relaxed than the doctor’s office o Patient engagement in BP measurement o Easily repeated and used over longer periods to assess day-to-day BP o variability Disadvantages o Expensive and sometimes limited availability o Can be uncomfortable Disadvantages o Only static BP is available o Potential for measurement error o No nocturnal readings
- 24. White-coat hypertension- untreated condition in which BP is elevated in the office, but is normal when measured by ABPM, HBPM, or both Masked hypertension - untreated patients in whom the BP is normal in the office, but is elevated when measured by HBPM or ABPM.
- 25. ‘True normotension’is used when both office and out-of-office BP measurements are normal ‘Sustained hypertension’ is used when both are abnormal. In white-coat hypertension, the difference between the higher office and the lower out-of-office BP is referred to as the‘white-coat effect’,
- 26. Up to30 - 40% of people (and >50% in the very old) with an elevated office BP. More common with increasing age, in women, and in non-smokers
- 27. Can befound in approximately 15% of patients with a normal office BP. Prevalence is greater in - younger people - Men - Smokers - higher levels of physical activity - alcohol consumption - Anxiety - job stress.
- 28. Obesity, DM,CKD, F/H of HTN & high–normal office BP associated with an increased prevalence of masked hypertension. Masked hypertension is associated with - Dyslipidaemia and Dysglycaemia - HMOD - adrenergic activation - increased risk of developing diabetes and sustained hypertension.
- 29. Meta-analyses andrecent studies have shown that the risk of CV events is substantially greater in masked hypertension compared with normotension, and close to or greater than that of sustained hypertension.
- 31. From: 2018 ESC/ESHGuidelines for the management of arterial hypertension Eur Heart J. 2018;39(33):3021-3104. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339 Eur Heart J | This article has been co-published in the European Heart Journal (doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339) and Journal of Hypertension (doi:10.1097/HJH. 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001940), and in a shortened version in Blood Pressure. All rights reserved. ©European Society of Cardiology and European Society of Hypertension 2018. The articles in European Heart Journal and Journal of Hypertension are identical except for minor stylistic and spelling differences in keeping with each journal's style. Any citation can be used when citing this article.This article is
- 32. Conditions in whichwhite-coat hypertension is more common, e.g.: • Grade I hypertension on office BP measurement • Marked office BP elevation without HMOD Conditions in which masked hypertension is more common, e.g.: • High–normal office BP • Normal office BP in individuals with HMOD or at high total CV risk Postural and post-prandial hypotension in untreated and treated patients Evaluation of resistant hypertension Evaluation of BP control, especially in treated higher-risk patients Exaggerated BP response to exercise When there is considerable variability in the office BP Evaluating symptoms consistent with hypotension during treatment Specific indications for ABPM rather than HBPM: • Assessment of nocturnal BP values and dipping status (e.g. suspicion of nocturnal hypertension, such as in sleep apnoea, CKD, diabetes, endocrine hypertension, or autonomic dysfunction)
- 34. Medical history oRisk factors o History and symptoms of HMOD, CVD, stroke, and renal disease o History of possible secondary hypertension o Antihypertensive Drug Treatment
- 35. Body habitus Signs of HMOD Secondary hypertension
- 36. o Haemoglobin and/orhaematocrit o Fasting blood glucose and glycated HbA1c o Blood lipids: total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol o Blood triglycerides o Blood potassium and sodium o Blood uric acid o Blood creatinine and eGFR o Blood liver function tests o Urine analysis: microscopic examination; urinary protein by dipstick test or, ideally, albumin:creatinine ratio o 12-lead ECG
- 37. Basic screeningtests for HMOD 12-lead ECG Urine albumin:creatinine ratio Blood creatinine and eGFR Fundoscopy More detailed screening for HMOD Echocardiography Carotid ultrasound Abdominal ultrasound and Doppler studies Pulse wave velocity (PWV) ABI Cognitive function testing Brain imaging
- 38. Patients inwhom secondary hypertension is suspected Younger patients (<40 years) with grade 2 or more severe hypertension in whom secondary hypertension should be excluded Patients with treatment-resistant hypertension
- 39. Patients inwhom more detailed assessment of HMOD would influence treatment decisions Patients with sudden onset of hypertension when BP has previously been normal Other clinical circumstances in which the referring doctor feels more specialist evaluation is required.
- 41. Meta-analyses ofRCTs shown that a 10 mmHg reduction in SBP or a 5 mmHg reduction in DBP is associated with significant reductions in - all major CV events by 20%, - all-cause mortality by 10 - 15%, - stroke by 35%, - coronary events by 20%, and - heart failure by 40%.
- 42. Grade 2or 3 HTN should receive antihypertensive drug treatment alongside lifestyle interventions. Patients with grade 1 HTN and high CV risk or HMOD should be treated with BP-lowering drugs. Whether BP-lowering drugs should be offered to patients with grade 1 hypertension and low–moderate CV risk or grade 1 hypertension in older patients (>60 years), or the need for BP-lowering drug treatment in patients with high–normal BP levels.
- 43. Initiation of bloodpressure-lowering treatment (lifestyle changes and medication) at different initial office blood pressure levels.
- 46. Recommendations Class Level Itis recommended that the first objective of treatment should be to lower BP to <140/ 90 mmHg in all patients and, provided that the treatment is well tolerated, treated BP values should be targeted to 130/80 mmHg or lower in most patients. I I A In patients <65 years receiving BP-lowering drugs, it is recommended that SBP should be lowered to a BP range of 120–129 mmHg in most patients. I I A In older patients (aged >_65 years) receiving BP-lowering drugs: • It is recommended that SBP should be targeted to a BP range of 130–139 mmHg. • Close monitoring of adverse effects is recommended. • These BP targets are recommended for patients at any level of CV risk and in patients with and without established CVD. I I A I C I A DBP target of <80 mmHg should be considered for all hypertensive patients, independent of the level of risk and comorbidities. IIa B ESC/ESH 2018
- 48. Non pharmacological Interventions CORLOE Recommendations for Nonpharmacological Interventions I A Weight loss is recommended to reduce BP in adults with elevated BP or hypertension who are overweight or obese. I A A heart-healthy diet, such as the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet, that facilitates achieving a desirable weight is recommended for adults with elevated BP or hypertension. I A Sodium reduction is recommended for adults with elevated BP or hypertension. I A Potassium supplementation, preferably in dietary modification, is recommended for adults with elevated BP or hypertension, unless contraindicated by the presence of CKD or use of drugs that reduce potassium excretion.
- 49. Nonpharmacological Interventions (cont.) CORLOE Recommendations for Nonpharmacological Interventions I A Increased physical activity with a structured exercise program is recommended for adults with elevated BP or hypertension. I A Adult men and women with elevated BP or hypertension who currently consume alcohol should be advised to drink no more than 2 and 1 standard drinks* per day, respectively. *In the United States, 1 “standard” drink contains roughly 14 g of pure alcohol, which is typically found in 12 oz of regular beer (usually about 5% alcohol), 5 oz of wine (usually about 12% alcohol), and 1.5 oz of distilled spirits (usually about 40% alcohol).
- 50. Best Proven NonpharmacologicalInterventions for Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension* Nonpharmacologi -cal Intervention Dose Approximate Impact on SBP Hypertension Normotension Weight loss Weight/body fat Best goal is ideal body weight, but aim for at least a 1-kg reduction in body weight for most adults who are overweight. Expect about 1 mm Hg for every 1-kg reduction in body weight. -5 mm Hg -2/3 mm Hg Healthy diet DASH dietary pattern Consume a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy products, with reduced content of saturated and total fat. -11 mm Hg -3 mm Hg Reduced intake of dietary sodium Dietary sodium Optimal goal is <1500 mg/d, but aim for at least a 1000-mg/d reduction in most adults. -5/6 mm Hg -2/3 mm Hg Enhanced intake of dietary potassium Dietary potassium Aim for 3500–5000 mg/d, preferably by consumption of a diet rich in potassium. -4/5 mm Hg -2 mm Hg *Type, dose, and expected impact on BP in adults with a normal BP and with hypertension. DASH indicates Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; and SBP, systolic blood pressure. Resources: Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH—How Do I Make the DASH? Available at: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/resources/heart/hbp-dash-how-to. Top 10 Dash Diet Tips. Available at: http://dashdiet.org/dash_diet_tips.asp
- 51. Best Proven NonpharmacologicalInterventions for Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension* (cont.) Nonpharmacologica l Intervention Dose Approximate Impact on SBP Hypertension Normotension Physical activity Aerobic ● 90–150 min/wk ● 65%–75% heart rate reserve -5/8 mm Hg -2/4 mm Hg Dynamic resistance ● 90–150 min/wk ● 50%–80% 1 rep maximum ● 6 exercises, 3 sets/exercise, 10 repetitions/set -4 mm Hg -2 mm Hg Isometric resistance ● 4 × 2 min (hand grip), 1 min rest between exercises, 30%–40% maximum voluntary contraction, 3 sessions/wk ● 8–10 wk -5 mm Hg -4 mm Hg Moderation in alcohol intake Alcohol consumption In individuals who drink alcohol, reduce alcohol† to: ● Men: ≤2 drinks daily ● Women: ≤1 drink daily -4 mm Hg -3 mm *Type, dose, and expected impact on BP in adults with a normal BP and with hypertension. †In the United States, one “standard” drink contains roughly 14 g of pure alcohol, which is typically found in 12 oz of regular beer (usually about 5% alcohol), 5 oz of wine (usually about 12% alcohol), and 1.5 oz of distilled spirits (usually about 40% alcohol).
- 54. Core drug treatmentstrategy for uncomplicated hypertension.
- 55. Drug treatment strategyfor hypertension and coronary artery disease.
- 56. Drug treatment strategyfor hypertension and chronic kidney disease.
- 57. Drug treatment strategyfor hypertension and hear failure with reduced ejection fraction.
- 58. Drug treatment strategyfor hypertension and atrial fibrillation
- 61. Hypertension isdefined as resistant to treatment when the recommended treatment strategy fails to lower office SBP and DBP values to <140 mmHg and/or <90 mmHg, respectively, and the inadequate control of BP is confirmed by ABPM or HBPM in patients whose adherence to therapy has been confirmed.
- 62. prevalence ratesrange from 5–30% in patients with treated hypertension. After applying a strict definition and having excluded causes of pseudo resistant hypertension, the true prevalence of resistant hypertension is likely to be <10% of treated patients. Patients with resistant hypertension are at higher risk of HMOD, CKD, and premature CV events.
- 63. Several possiblecauses of pseudo-resistant hypertension should be evaluated and ruled out before concluding that the patient has resistant hypertension: Poor adherence to prescribed medicines White-coat phenomenon Poor office BP measurement technique Marked brachial artery calcification Clinician inertia
- 64. Lifestyle factors,such as obesity or large gains in weight, excessive alcohol consumption, and high sodium intake. Intake of vasopressor or sodium-retaining substances, drugs prescribed for conditions other than hypertension, some herbal remedies, or recreational drug use (cocaine, anabolic steroids, etc.) Obstructive sleep apnoea (usually, but not invariably, associated with obesity Undetected secondary forms of hypertension Advanced HMOD, particularly CKD or large-artery stiffening.
- 66. Recommendations Class Level Itis recommended that hypertension be defined as resistant to treatment (i.e. resistant hypertension) when: • Optimal doses (or best-tolerated doses) of an appropriate therapeutic strategy, which should include a diuretic (typically an ACE inhibitor or an ARB with a CCB and a thiazide/ thiazide-type diuretic), fails to lower clinic SBP and DBP values to <140 mmHg and/or <90 mmHg, respectively; and • The inadequate control of BP has been confirmed by ABPM or HBPM; and • After exclusion of various causes of pseudo-resistant hypertension (especially poor medication adherence) and secondary hypertension. I C Recommended treatment of resistant hypertension is: • Reinforcement of lifestyle measures, especially sodium restriction.395 • Addition of low-dose spironolactonec to existing treatment; • Or the addition of further diuretic therapy if intolerant to spironolactone, with either eplerenone, amiloride, a higher dose thiazide/thiazide-like diuretic, or a loop diuretic; • Or the addition of bisoprolol or doxazosin. I B
- 67. Causes of SecondaryHypertension With Clinical Indications Common causes Renal parenchymal disease Renovascular disease Primary aldosteronism Obstructive sleep apnea Drug or alcohol induced Uncommon causes Pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma Cushing’s syndrome Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism Aortic coarctation (undiagnosed or repaired) Primary hyperparathyroidism Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Mineralocorticoid excess syndromes other than primary aldosteronism Acromegaly
- 69. Hypertension emergenciesare situations in which severe hypertension (grade 3) is associated with acute HMOD, which is often life threatening and requires immediate but careful intervention to lower BP, usually with intravenous (i.v.) therapy. Typical presentations of a hypertension emergency are: