IT Project Management - Study Notes

ICT Project Management
- Foundation -
Study Notes
+W Series - Management Skills For Women1
http://SlideShare.net/OxfordCambridge
1 Men are allowed to read too, if they wish, as the language style and the document format are universal.

Study Notes http://SlideShare.net/OxfordCambridge
2 | P a g e I C T P r o j e c t M a n a g e m e n t - F o u n d a t i o n
Table of Contents
About “+W Series - Management Skills For Women” .............................................................................................................................................3
References.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................4
Learning Objectives..............................................................................................................................................................................................................5
A. KEY ATTRIBUTES OF AN IT PROJECT..........................................................................................................................................................7
B. THE SIX PHASES OF AN IT PROJECT............................................................................................................................................................9
C. INPUTS TO THE IT PROJECT PHASES........................................................................................................................................................11
D. THREE IT PROJECT MANAGEMENT TOOLS.............................................................................................................................................13
E. OUTPUTS TO THE IT PROJECT PHASES....................................................................................................................................................15
F. COMPONENTS OF AN IT PROJECT PLAN ..................................................................................................................................................17
G. INCORPORATING IT PROJECT DELIVERABLES........................................................................................................................................19
H. MONITORING IT PROJECT QUALITY.........................................................................................................................................................22
I. RETAINING IT PROJECT PROFESSIONALS................................................................................................................................................24
J. EVALUATING AN IT PROJECT.....................................................................................................................................................................26
K. PLANNING FOR FUTURE PROJECT DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................................................................29
L. ANNEXES: .....................................................................................................................................................................................................32
1. Glossary................................................................................................................................................................................................. 33

About “+W Series - Management Skills For Women”
Study Notes in the fields of management and technology will be put together under this category for the following
reasons:
 to encourage ladies, who wish to do so, to stand up and look over the fence into management related
topics;
 with no apprehension or fear;
 and perhaps consider embracing a career move into a technological management path;
 or simply as to broaden their general knowledge;
 no matter the decision, their skills, professional strengths, and contribution can only be something
positive for management and technological fields.
Enjoy!

References
Billows, Dick. Managing Complex Projects, Eighth Edition. Hampton Group, Inc.
McConnell, Steve. Software Project Survival Guide. Microsoft Press.
Murch, Richard. Project Management: Best Practices for IT Professionals. Prentice Hall.
Schwalbe, Kathy. Information Technology Project Management. Course Technology,.

Learning Objectives
After developing this topic, the learner should be able to:
 recognize the benefit of understanding the structure of an IT project.
 match key attributes of IT projects with examples.
 sequence tasks associated with each phase of an IT project.
 match each phase of an IT project with its associated input description.
 match key IT project management tools with their functions for a given IT project.
 match the outputs of project plan development to examples of each.
 recognize the benefits of using a systematic approach in IT project management.
 match the components of a quality project plan to examples of each.
 match project planning deliverables with examples.
 identify the main processes in project quality management.
 match the quality management process to its IT project scenario.
 identify examples of key reasons for implementing plans to retain IT professionals.
 recognize the benefits of effectively managing an IT project.
 select business activities that reflect processes to evaluate an IT project's development.
 apply the business activities to evaluate a specified IT project's development.
 match the strategies for gathering and documenting project data to their examples.
 use the appropriate strategy to prepare for future project development, given a scenario.

ICT Project Management - Foundation
A. Key Attributes of an IT Project
B. The Six Phases of an IT Project
C. Inputs to the IT Project Phases
D. Three IT Project Management Tools
E. Outputs to the IT Project Phases
F. Components of an IT Project Plan
G. Incorporating IT Project Deliverables
H. Monitoring IT Project Quality
I. Retaining IT Project Professionals
J. Evaluating an IT Project
K. Planning for Future Project Development

A. Key Attributes of an IT Project
Lawrence J. Peter once said, "If you don't know where you're going, you will probably end up
somewhere else." This is particularly true of an IT project. To ensure the success of your IT
project, you need to map out and follow an effective process.
Where do you start? Perhaps the best place to begin is to look at the concept of an IT project.
The Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) is a good source for information on
project management in general. PMBOK describes a project as "a temporary endeavor
undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result."
Every IT project has five key attributes that play particular roles in project development and
completion. Details about these key project attributes are provided below.
1. Purpose
There must be a purpose to justify the need for a project. Many ideas for projects can be
discovered through company surveys or questionnaires aimed at determining needs.
For example, in an e-learning corporation, a survey identified a need in the course
development department for a program to log and maintain course status records. This will be
the purpose of the corporation's next IT project.

2. Length
As noted above, PMBOK describes a project as "a temporary endeavor." In other words, an IT
project has set beginning and end dates.
The length of the project will depend on its complexity. For example, a short-term project
might be developing a report on a company's needs. A long-term project might be the creation
of a database for collecting and generating statistics.
3. Resources
Resources for an IT project can include skilled employees from inside or outside of the
company, hardware, software, and other assets as deemed necessary.
4. Sponsors
There may be many interested parties who have a stake in a project, but there is usually only
one main sponsor. This main sponsor provides the needed direction and financing for the
project.
Non-financial sponsors may be acquired if the project incorporates many departments within a
company. For example, if the product of a project will be used by the accounting and human
resources departments, it may be necessary to ask experts from each department to provide
input to ensure departmental needs are considered.
5. Uncertainty
Every project will face uncertainty. Anything can go wrong. Although efforts should be made to
ensure that the IT project plan is concise, factors such as time and cost can change due to
unforeseen circumstances.
Key attributes are an important aspect of every project. Keeping these attributes in mind
throughout the project can help you and your team meet established goals.

B. The Six Phases of an IT Project
Have you ever heard the saying "putting the cart ahead of the horse?" If you wanted to move
your cart forward, having the cart in front would not really help. In order to make progress,
you would want to put the horse ahead of the cart.
Performing tasks in sequence is also an important aspect of IT projects. The phases of an IT
project, also known as a software development lifecycle, make up the framework of an IT
project. These phases, which are listed below in sequence, will help you to address the business
needs of your project, and better define the activities that will occur throughout the project's
entire life span.
1. Planning
First, you must look at the information technology needs of your company. These needs are
determined during the planning phase of an IT project by using an information-gathering
technique such as a questionnaire.

Keep in mind that the objective must address and remedy an issue or a problem within the
company. Once you define the objective, you can put an action plan into place. A description of
the development approach that the IT team will take and the estimation of the overall cost are
factors that are determined during this phase.
2. Analysis
The analysis phase is the second phase in the software development lifecycle. This phase
focuses on the functions the end system will need to perform.
Once you establish the performance needs, you will be able to develop and formalize a more
detailed description of the system. The use of business, data, event, and process models during
the analysis phase will ensure that both the development team and the end user are on the
same track.
3. Design
The third phase of an IT project is the design phase. In it, the plan for the end system is
developed. This plan should accurately define the implementation of the project without
actually executing the project.
4. Construction
During the fourth phase of the project, the IT team actually constructs the project or system. In
this construction phase, the team uses a process map that identifies the procedures that need
to be completed to duplicate the agreed-upon plan.
5. Testing
The testing phase is possibly the most critical of all the IT project phases. It is in this phase that
the team determines which tests to implement to ensure that the system being produced will
be of the highest quality.
6. Rollout
The final phase in an IT project is rollout. It is during this phase that the team begins the
activities for releasing the finished product to the end user. Planning for the rollout activities
can help the process progress more smoothly.
For example, if another system is already in place, your team will need to thoroughly review
the conversion process to ensure the smooth transition from the previous system to the new
one.
Every organization should have a structure in place to deal with processes, principles, and
guidelines for every IT project. The phases described above can provide a useful framework for
the effective development and completion of your next IT project.

C. Inputs to the IT Project Phases
Have you ever heard the term "garbage in, garbage out (GIGO)"? This is a term used to describe
the results you would receive if you entered insufficient or incorrect data into a computer, for
example. It also applies to your IT project.
You should ensure that all of the information you use in your project is of good quality. Any
project can be detrimentally affected by the use of poorly researched information.
With thorough planning, you will be better able to determine and gather the information you
will need for your IT project. By documenting this information, you will have a road map for
developing an effective IT project plan.
In project management, the documents or documentable items that are produced and will be
acted upon are called "inputs." These documents contain all the information your team has
researched to make the project run smoothly and efficiently.
There are a number of inputs to consider for each phase of an IT project. Not all phases have
the same number of inputs, but all inputs are beneficial to the success of the end product.
Examples of inputs for each of the six IT project phases are listed below.

 Planning phase. An example of a planning phase input is the information plan, which
contains an extensive description of the company's present systems and the objective of
the project.
 Analysis phase. An example of an analysis phase input is the conceptual design, which
describes the scope, architecture, and other aspects of the new system in detail.
 Design phase. An example of a design phase input is the business process prototype,
which depicts the working functions of the new system or product. It also highlights
crucial or problematic areas.
 Construction phase. An example of a construction phase input is the design document.
The design document of the construction phase can include references or details on
application flow, database design, and a workflow design.
 Testing phase. An example of a testing phase input is user documentation. This
documentation includes user instructions and procedures that the end users will
require. It also is appropriate to test the user documentation during this phase. This will
help uncover and eliminate documentation errors that could result in the delivery of
inappropriate instructions to the end user.
 Rollout phase. An example of a rollout phase input is the current systems description.
When designing a new system, it is necessary to document any changes that must be
made to the old system to accommodate the new structure. These details are included in
the current systems description.
By being familiar with the inputs of each phase of an IT project, you and your team can be more
confident that you have given adequate consideration to all required tasks in the development
of your new system or product.

D. Three IT Project Management Tools
Every trade has its tools. As an IT project manager, what do you consider to be your "tools of
the trade?"
There are three tools used by IT project managers and team members that are key to the
administration of a project. These three tools are project planning software, project estimating
software, and presentation tools.
1. Project planning software
Project planning software helps your team define and manage the scope of the project. Many
versions of planning software are presently available for project management. You should shop
around to determine the best product for the various projects your company undertakes.
Planning software is a valuable tool for creating and managing schedules like Gantt or Pert-
type charts and for facilitating communication between all parties involved in the project.
2. Project estimating software
Project estimating software is useful for compiling data, producing charts, managing resources
and costs, and performing analyses. Spreadsheets are a common example of estimating
software.

3. Presentation tools
Presentation tools help you visually deliver progress reports, produce user manuals, and
prepare final reports. The specific needs of your project will help you determine the estimating
software and presentation tool you will need.
By determining your project needs ahead of time, you will be able to identify key IT project
management tools that will help you and your team effectively complete your next project.

E. Outputs to the IT Project Phases
Think back to the last time you were in a bakery where the aroma of freshly baked bread
teased your senses. Making bread may be less complicated than administering an IT project,
but it follows a similar development process with inputs (ingredients), tools (oven), and
outputs (a loaf of bread).
Using a recipe and the necessary tools, the baker expects outputs at each stage—a ball of dough
made from various ingredients, a larger ball of raised dough, and finally a perfectly formed and
delicious loaf of bread.
An IT project also produces outputs, which are known as deliverables. These outputs are the
results derived from each of the IT project's six phases—planning, analysis, design,
construction, testing, and rollout.
Outputs, or deliverables, can help your team keep a project on track. Well-planned outputs are
also an effective way for managers, IT organizations, sponsors, and users to learn effective
lessons from a project. Remember to focus on achieving benefits and objectives when
determining the outputs that will be generated during each phase of your project.

There are a number of major outputs for each phase in an IT project. Not all phases have the
same number of outputs, but all deliverables help you and your team achieve success with the
end product. Examples of outputs for each of the six IT project phases are listed below.
 Planning phase. An example of a planning phase output is the business case, which
provides validation for any project decisions made. It acts as the framework for
performing all evaluations and as the starting point for guiding the management of the
project.
 Analysis phase. An example of an analysis phase output is the requirements
specification, which contains or refers to the definition and details about the data, event,
and process models, as well as the project quality requirements.
 Design phase. An example of a design phase output is the design document, which
contains or refers to the application architecture and flows, database and user interface
designs, and the workflow diagram.
 Construction phase. An example of a construction phase output is a programming
work unit. Programming work units lay the base for the development of project codes
for testing aids and application and conversion programs. Other nonprocedural codes
are also included when applicable.
 Testing phase. An example of a testing phase output is the operating instructions,
which can be in the form of manuals, installation procedures, or instructions for using
the new system. These instructions would be accessible to all end users.
 Rollout phase. An example of a rollout phase output is the post-conversion review
document, which can contain specifics on the scope of the conversion process and
details about any problems that have occurred during conversion.
It is important to be aware of the outputs for each phase of your project. As you move through
each phase, you will begin to understand the relevance of the role of each output for the
particular phase to which it belongs.
Outputs can help your team tremendously by providing direction and valuable methods of
recording the processes followed throughout your project.

F. Components of an IT Project Plan
A project plan is an essential part of any IT project. The project plan should be sensible,
current, and receive frequent reviews. It can help you organize your documents while
providing guidance on how the project is to be executed and controlled.
By breaking a project into manageable sections or components, an IT manager can maintain
constant control over the project. Before embarking on a project, you must ensure that your
project plan clearly does the following.
1. The plan must define the objective.
Your project must have a clearly defined objective. This is the first thing you must do as an IT
project manager. It is important to note that the project's objective must correspond to your
company's overall objectives.
There are three points to consider when developing the objective for your project. First, you
need to define what the finished product will do. Second, all parties must agree with the
wording of the objective. Finally, the objective has to be documented.
2. The plan must estimate scope, time, and cost.
Scope, time, and cost are prime components in any project. Each of these factors can work
against the others, and it is the manager's job to ensure that these competing goals work
cooperatively together. This limitation is known as the triple constraint.

The scope describes the tasks that must be completed to reach the objective. The time factor
identifies the length of time estimated to complete the project. The cost includes all
expenditures necessary to complete the project.
3. The plan must include details on project standards.
You and your team should always develop an agreed-upon set of standards for your project.
Standards will help you deliver steady, high-quality products to your sponsors or customers.
4. The plan must identify agreed-upon deliverables.
Deliverables can help your team determine whether all tasks within a phase have been
completed effectively. Developing a schedule for the completion of deliverables also can help
you monitor your project and keep it on track.
5. The plan must establish change procedures.
Change in an IT project is inevitable, and you need to plan for it. Change procedures are
project-defining components that enable you to set guidelines on how and when changes will
be made.
As a manager, you want to ensure that your project processes run smoothly. By understanding
the components of your project, you will be able to plan and manage your IT projects more
effectively.

G. Incorporating IT Project Deliverables
Your promise to complete a project by a particular date has fallen through. As you think back,
you realize that you had no way of knowing whether or not things were progressing smoothly.
How can you ensure that you have a check process in place for your next IT project? One
suggestion is to incorporate project deliverables.
Project deliverables are the final product or result of a particular phase of a project.
Deliverables are ultimately passed on to another party, either professionals who will use the
deliverable to begin the next phase of the project, or the customer if it is part of the final
product.
When planning a project, IT professionals establish specific types of project deliverables to
help determine when a stage in the process is complete. These deliverables also can help you
identify whether a problem exists early in the process.
There is no limit to the number of deliverables you can incorporate into each phase of your
project. The following are a few examples of the most common deliverables.

1. Organization charts
Organization charts show the breakdown of the responsibilities or duties of the individuals in
each unit. These charts can include information about the sponsoring company, the customer's
company if external, and the authority, responsibilities, and communication breakdown for a
project.
An example of an organization chart is the organizational breakdown structure. Your
company's OBS chart may include the name of the employee performing each of the roles
identified on the chart.
2. Work packages
Work packages are comprised of a number of precise working documents that provide details
on specific business tasks of the project. An example of this deliverable is the Statement of
Work (SOW).
3. Planning documents
Planning documents are used to develop and maintain a feasible method for addressing the
business needs of the project. The amount and detail of the information contained in these
documents depend on the size of the project.

Work schedules and cost estimates are examples of this deliverable. Work schedules can help
you determine the staff numbers and skill sets needed for the project. Cost estimates give you
an approximation of the total project cost.
Remember, by incorporating deliverables into the project phases, you and you team can more
effectively plan and manage your next IT project.

H. Monitoring IT Project Quality
Theodore Rubin once said, "The problem is not that there are problems. The problem is
expecting otherwise, and thinking that having problems is a problem."
In IT project management, you need to prepare for possible problems and implement
processes that will help you determine whether your project is producing quality results. The
purpose of quality in project management is to ensure that the project accomplishes what it set
out to do, despite any problems that may occur.
There are a number of international organizations that provide valuable information on the
use of quality standards in project management. The International Organization for
Standardization (ISO), one of these organizations, defines quality as "the totality of
characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs."
There are three main processes that can help you monitor your project for quality and
potential problem areas. The processes are quality planning, quality assurance, and quality
control. Although these processes overlap, they each have their own particular role to fulfill in
IT project management.
1. Quality planning
Quality planning is useful for identifying which quality standards are needed for the project,
and ensuring those standards are achieved. In an IT project, quality planning could involve
considerations for system growth, or making sure that consistent and concise information is
being created.

The design of experiments is an instrument used in quality planning to determine which
variables will have the most effect on the outcome of a process. You can use this instrument for
determining cost and schedule trade-offs.
2. Quality assurance
The quality assurance process is used for evaluating the quality standards that have been
previously identified during the quality planning process, and also at various stages
throughout the project. Quality assurance will help to ensure that these standards will meet the
needs of the project.
Benchmarking, an example of quality assurance, is used to determine the best ways to improve
quality by doing comparisons to other projects in an attempt to meet or beat that level of
quality.
3. Quality control
The quality control process is useful for observing project results to ensure they meet the
standards you've set. You use the observations to improve the overall quality of the project.
The quality control process helps you determine whether products or services will be rejected
or accepted. If rejected, it will be necessary to rework the product or service to meet
requirements or specifications. If rejection occurs and rework is necessary, the team should
make adjustments to the process to prevent future quality problems.
The Pareto Analysis/Diagram is a tool implemented during the quality control process to
analyze and graphically display historical data for specific problems in a project.
Remember, by carefully implementing the quality management processes described above,
your team can ensure quality in all of its IT projects.

I. Retaining IT Project Professionals
Did you know that the average employee turnover rate in the IT sector is approximately 12.5
percent, and that it can run as high as 40 percent in the most severe cases? This high turnover
rate can have an impact on the success of your IT project.
There are three main reasons why your company should implement plans to retain its IT
professionals—in particular, those who work on your IT project. These three reasons are
explored below.
1. IT professional selection
Today's organizations are depending more and more on the qualified employees of their IT
departments to help sustain growth and develop new products or services. Managers need to
know how to acquire and retain these qualified IT employees.
Within a mature qualified IT professionals market, for recruiters and project managers
pursuing these individuals, it is becoming more and more important to develop good
recruitment and employee retention plans.
2. Project delay prevention
The loss of an IT project team member can cause serious project delays. It may take the
organization months to replace the skilled employee, and then another several months to bring
the new IT professional up to speed on the core aspects of the project he or she will be working
on.

The loss of knowledge and experience that the IT professional brought to the organization can
be especially relevant in the middle of a project. Time needed to train a replacement will put
the project behind schedule, and products or services may not get delivered to customers as
promised.
The time delay caused by employee loss also will negatively affect project plans, cost estimates,
and deliverables. This could result in poor relations with the customer, something an
organization needs to avoid.
3. Staff replacement cost
Staff replacement cost is another major factor in the quest for employee retention. The
financial and psychological costs related to staff turnover can include:
 costs such as advertising, sign-on incentives, relocation, training, and recruitment fees
 daily cost of production losses for training that may take three to six months
 decreased morale and productivity of project team members due to excessive work
hours while a new employee is trained.
In today's global economy, the possibility of project delays, and the high cost of replacing
employees, a plan to retain IT professionals and reduce attrition is essential to ensuring the
success of your project.

J. Evaluating an IT Project
To ensure your IT project is on track, and to prevent serious performance issues, you should
evaluate the project at the end of each of the six project stages. Usually, the end of a stage is
identified by the completion of a project deliverable. An evaluation process can help your team
determine whether changes need to be made to the process or plan before moving to the next
stage.
After working diligently to reach the end of each stage of the project, it is important for all team
members to meet to discuss the negative and positive aspects encountered up to this point. The
focus of this meeting is to evaluate the activities and variables for each particular stage in the
current project's development.
For example, during the evaluation, the team may determine that the project scope has
changed, the team has not been as productive as planned, or necessary tasks have been left out.
These are all variables that can lead to missed deadlines.
During the evaluation of an IT project's development, it is essential to consider two main
business activities. The two business activities that should be the focus of the project
evaluation are described below.
1. Estimate schedule performance.
Processes that should work harmoniously together sometimes do not. Your team may find that
these unforeseen circumstances can dramatically slow down development. You then have to
stop and reevaluate the process. This can sometimes be very time consuming.
Your team can estimate schedule performance by comparing the schedule estimates with the
actual work completed. A formula for measuring schedule efficiency is the schedule
performance index (SPI).
SPI is the schedule efficiency ratio of earned value (EV) accomplished against planned value
(PV). The formula is SPI = EV ÷ PV x 100. In this formula, EV answers the question, "How much
work has actually been completed at this point?" PV answers the question, "How much work

was scheduled to be completed by now?" To round the SPI, look at the digit to the right of the
place to which you are rounding. If that digit is less than 5, round down (6.45 = 6). If that digit
is equal to or more than 5, round up (6.51 = 7).
When analyzing SPI for a project, you must consider the results from the calculation. A result
equal to 100 indicates that the project is performing as estimated. A result that is greater than
100 indicates that the project is performing ahead of estimates. A result of less than 100
indicates the project is behind estimates.
Managers prefer to see the schedule hit within an acceptable range, where 85 or 90 out of 100
is considered acceptable. When the result varies significantly below 100, risk analysis will be
necessary.
2. Evaluate team member performance.
Another business activity to evaluate is team member performance. The wrap-up at each stage
of the project is an ideal time to evaluate whether the team has met the goals of the project
plan.
It's important to evaluate the performance of team members to ensure they meet completion
dates for each task, as documented in the project plan. Valuable time can be lost when even one
member of the team does not meet individual goals. With each task set up to flow smoothly
into another, a deviance from the established plan can cause major problems.

How can you determine whether team members have met project goals? You can establish a
performance expectation for each task prior to beginning the project. The completion time for
each task is normally estimated using an average work week of an eight-hour day and 40
hours. The equation you can use to determine completion time for a task is: number of
estimated hours for completion ÷ 8-hour day = time allowance in days.
For example, if the task is estimated at 20 hours, then it should be completed in 2.5 days (20 ÷
8 = 2.5) to be on schedule. If a task is estimated to take 2.5 days and it actually takes three days
to complete, then the task has missed the deadline. If the task is completed in less than 2.5
days, it is ahead of schedule.
Do not underestimate the importance of evaluating your project's development. An evaluation
at the end of each stage of your project can prevent serious performance issues as the project
progresses.

K. Planning for Future Project Development
What lessons did you learn from your last project? Whether the project was a success or not, it
can teach you valuable lessons you can incorporate into your future projects.
However, applying lessons learned from past projects to future projects usually does not
happen automatically. You must plan for future project development. By following the two
strategies described below, you can ensure that you have an appropriate plan in place, so you
can learn from past projects and manage future projects more effectively.
1. Gather project data.
You should begin by examining your data. If you have been documenting the progress of your
project from the start, you can use the data you have collected to identify the most effective
techniques to incorporate into your future projects. You also can implement the following
three strategies to gather project data.
 Postmortem meeting. You can hold a project postmortem meeting, where all members
can openly discuss the positive and negative aspects of the project. A postmortem
meeting gives all team members an opportunity to discuss issues and brainstorm ways

to eliminate similar problems in future projects. This strategy is useful only when
participants have had a chance to review the project.
 E-mail summary. An e-mail summary from each participant is also a great strategy for
gathering information on the good and bad aspects of the project. This strategy is useful
when time is of the essence or when team members do not have time available to meet.
 Written reports. Written reports that describe the team members' experiences
throughout the life of the project are useful when written documentation is required.
For example, use this strategy when senior managers request a report.
2. Document the information.
Once the project information is gathered, it is imperative to document this data for future
project development. There are three strategies you can use to document the information
you've gathered.

 Develop a checklist. A checklist is effective as a reference tool for similar projects in
the future. A checklist normally contains the positive points from the present project
that your team can apply during specific stages of future projects.
 Create a top-10 risk list. A top-10 risk list contains negative points from your current
project. It is an effective way to help your project team develop strategies for the
elimination of similar risks in future projects.
 Prepare a formal report. You would prepare a formal report when documentation of
both the positive and negative aspects of a project is required. For example, this
strategy might be useful when the data requires a more thorough evaluation by senior
managers.
Each project you manage will require the use of different strategies for gathering data and
preparing this data for future project development. With a bit of foresight, you can easily
determine the appropriate strategies for gathering and documenting data, and ensuring that
lessons learned are applied to your future projects.

L. Annexes:
Glossary

1. Glossary
Benchmarking
Used to determine the best ways to improve quality by doing comparisons to other projects in an attempt to meet
or beat that level of quality.
Business case
Provides validation for any project decisions made.
Business process prototype
Shows how the product or system will work.
Change procedures
The process established to manage change in an IT project.
Conceptual design
The process where a concept is contrived for turning an idea into a project.
Construction phase
The phase of an IT project where the actual development of the project commences.
Conversion plan
Illustrates the process the system will follow during the conversion or upgrade.
Cost
Includes all expenditures necessary to complete the project.
Design document
The document containing the specifications for the entire project.
Design of experiments
An instrument used in quality planning to determine which variables will have the most effect on the outcome of a
process.
Design phase
The phase of an IT project where the concept for the project is contrived.
Information plan
Contains an extensive description of the company's present systems and the objective of the project.

Inputs
Documents or documentable items that will be acted upon.
Milestone
A point in a project that denotes the conclusion of a predetermined sequence of events or tasks.
Organization chart
Shows the breakdown of the responsibilities or duties of the individuals in each unit.
Outputs
Documents or documentable items that are a result of the process.
Phases of an IT project
A sequence of events during a project that includes a planning phase, an analysis and design phase, a construction
phase, a test planning phase, and a rollout phase.
Planning phase
The phase of an IT project where it is determined what resources are required.
Postmortem meeting
A meeting of all team members held at the end of a project to discuss the lessons learned.
Presentation tools
Methods used for giving progress reports, producing manuals, and preparing final reports in all phases of an IT
project.
Programming work units
Lay the base for the development of project code for testing aids as well as application and conversion programs.
Project
A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.
Project deliverable
The final product or result of a particular phase of a project that is ultimately passed on to another party.
Project log
A valuable method of documenting information about a project.
Project management

Project management is "the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities in order to
meet or exceed stakeholder needs and expectations from a project." (PMI*, PM Body of Knowledge (PMBOK),
1996, p. 6)
Project management software
Software designed specifically for the management of projects.
Project plan
The document used to organize project planning documents and provide guidance on how the project is to be
executed and controlled.
Project planning software
Software used during all phases of an IT project for defining and managing the scope of the project, creating and
managing schedules, managing resources and cost, and facilitating communications.
Project standards
Guidelines that are used in project management to provide direction for the effective delivery of a project.
Quality
According to The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), quality is, "the totality of characteristics of
an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs."
Requirements specification
Contains or refers to the definition and details about the data, event, and process models as well as the project
quality requirements.
Resources
All materials, funding, and manpower necessary for the effective completion of a project.
Rollout phase
The phase of an IT project where the product is released to customers, internal users, or product testers.
Schedule performance index (SPI)
Compares the ratio of performed work with the ratio of work that has been scheduled, showing whether a project
is behind, ahead, or on schedule.
Scope
Describes what the project will accomplish or what the customer expects.
Sponsors
Support from others in the company in the form of personnel, funding, or resources.

Spreadsheets
Software used during an IT project for compiling data, producing charts, and performing analyses.
Statement of work (SOW)
The description of the work that is used to procure a project.
Testing phase
The phase of an IT project where the product is tested for defects.
Test plan
A description of the processes that will be used to verify the effectiveness of a completed product.
Time factor
Identifies the length of time estimated to complete the project.
Tools
Methods used by project managers and teams in the administration of a project.

IT Project Management - Study Notes

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IT Project Management - Study Notes