Iirs lecturers & gis for regional planning

REMOTE SENSING AND GIS FOR REGIONAL PLANNING

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Regional planning is a sub-national planning in which economic and social activities
are coordinated in space. In fact, it acts as a link between local planning and national
planning. The concept of regional planning in India has been in practice since the
beginning of the planning era. However, the implementation of regional plans has
mainly remained at policy formulation level for development except in case of
regional plans for city regions like Delhi, Mumbai, Calcutta, etc., that have become
operational. In a multi-tiered planning process, district at the micro level is a viable
unit of planning in which both urban and rural components are taken care of in an
integrated manner. In fact, district planning is an area based sub-state regional
planning within the framework of national/state plans in which detailed programmes
of development, suiting the needs of the district with physical and financial
implications are identified.

Further, increasing emphasis is being laid on scientific management of natural
resources in a manner that ensures its optimal utilization keeping in view
conservation, environmental and socio -economic needs at district/regional level. It is
necessary to develop land use systems that are both economically viable in the short-
run and also environmentally friendly in the long run. Besides, the need for increasing
food production to feed the increasing population, the urgency of meeting fuel, fodder
and timber cannot be under estimated. High population growth put heavy demands on
natural resources and the production system. There is land, which is not suitable for
cultivation, brought under cultivation resulting in further degradation.

During recent years few attempts have been made for assessment and management of
natural resources by integrated approach using soil, land, water and socio-economic
conditions of the area by the multi-disciplinary research and extension teams. A team
of specialists aiming at a task to be transacted into project work is conducting
integrated surveys. The integration of resource data gathered by various specialists in
the areas of geology, geomorphology, soil, forests, wastelands, land use, groundwater,
etc. can lead to identification of homogeneous land units having unique combinations
of characteristics and hence specific suitability in terms of scientific land utilization to
increase the productivity without resulting in degradation of the environment and
resources.

As a consequence of this, a new awareness about the man-environment relationships
has come into existence. On the other hand, one is able to realize that in planning
programs at various levels, especially in developing countries, more emphasis is now
laid on ‘Sustainable Resource Development Planning’ with integrated multi-
disciplinary approach at regional scale. In order to effect priority to plan integrated
sustainable and effective utilization of natural resources, watershed approach
compared to district / region has assumed special significance in recent years for
formulation of regional plans. Watershed is a natural entity having homogeneity in
geomorphic process. Thus, regional planning on watershed basis needs detail

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information on land and water resources as well as socio -economic conditions
prevailing in the region.

2.0 NEED FOR STUDY OF RESOURCES AT REGIONAL LEVEL

Aerial variations are very common in the distribution of resources, their development,
and consumption pattern. This is being further intensified by the spatial variation in
the utilization of resources found both at macro as well micro levels. Therefore, it is
essential for planners to perceive the spatial pattern of resource distribution,
utilization and conservation to have a rational approach on res ource planning and
appraisal. No doubt, the ultimate aim of such study is to know about the nature and
causes of poverty, backwardness or under-development and to formulate policy
guidelines along which development might logically be pursued. In the process of
analysis, the foremost aim is to identify the practical problems that arise from the
existence in a specific area setting of a unique combination of natural and human
resources. All these arguments clearly indicate the urgent need for more knowledge
about the natural resources in developing countries. Without such information all
development schemes can be undertaken only with a risk of failure. It is a fact that
resources are considered important factor in planning and decision-making.

3.0 DATA NEEDS FOR REGIONAL PLANNING

For effective planning and development exercises at regional level, variety of data on
physical, demography, economic and social aspects are required and integrated.
Keeping in view of the scope and content of plan and from overall development needs
of the region, data needs for the regional planning can broadly be grouped into
following data sets:

A) Resource data in terms of area, land use, cropping area, water bodies &
drainage, soil, mineral resources, etc.,
B) Demographic data relating to population, sex ratio, age structure, urban &
rural population, scheduled castes & scheduled tribe population, occupational
structure, migration, etc.,
C) Agro-economic data comprising information about cropped & irrigated area,
agricultural production, land holdings, livestock population, etc.,
D) Socio-economic activities relating to industrial, fishing activities, tourism
development as well as beneficiary of various schemes and programmes of
development,
E) Infrastructure data relating to availability and level of various facilities,
utilities & services such as education, health, power, transport network,
drinking water supply, drainage, etc.

The above information for each sector may be categorized into 3 types as follows:

i) Information related to the present state of development / resources for each
sector, that would be derived as resource availability themes – indicators of
development
ii) Information related to projected needs of the plan period
iii) Information related to the ‘gaps’ in each sector

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Based on these three aspects, the plan for future development can be decided upon in
the overall context of the national/state/regional plan guidelines.

4.0 BASIC SPATIAL UNIT FOR REGIONAL PLANNING

Conventionally, the regional planning process at various levels of planning employed
standard areal/spatial units mainly due to convenience of data availability and to
facilitate computation and management of data for inference. The planning unit i.e.
the basic spatial unit (BSU) to be selected at various levels in regional planning
exercise is shown below. The total canvas of the sectoral approach for the regional
planning involves many sectors and is a major continuous activity. The constraints of
data availability have also been a major aspect in the project formulation.

LEVEL OF PLANNING REGION BASIC SPATIAL
PLANNING UNIT
Macro National/Sub-National State/District
Meso State/Intra-State/Region District/Taluk/Block
Micro District/Taluk/Block/Waters Panchayat/Village
hed

5.0 INTEGRATION OF VILLAGE BOUNDARIES

One of the important aspects of integrated regional and area-level planning for
districts/regions/watershed is the combined analysis of the tabular socio-economic
data with the thematic natural resources data. These two discrete datasets have
different characteristics. The socio-economic and developmental data is mainly
collected by the Census, available on a village basis. This dataset is arranged on a
village-taluk-district hierarchy and is mainly tabular. As against this, the thematic data
on natural resources is based on a spatial framework that follows the SOI
topographical mapping system. An integrated planning exercise would require
integrating these data sets to derive meaningful plan inputs. The integration would be
to:

a) Merge the attributes of the village and the natural resources for generating
plan scenarios
b) Spatial representation of the non-spatial tabular attributes of the village
c) Generate village/taluk/district level information of natural resources for
tabular updation

6.0 SPATIAL DATA ELEMENTS

In order to obtain the information sets, different types of input data sets have been
identified. These input data would be mainly thematic maps. The primary elements of
the spatial thematic database are given below:

a) Administrative map showing the boundaries of district/taluk/village for the
study area

231

b) Drainage Map showing details of drainage
c) Transport Network map showing the details of railways, road/highway, etc.
d) Slope map
e) Land use / land cover Map
f) Soil Map
g) Ground water potential map
h) Hydrogeomorphologica l map

7.0 ROLE OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS FOR INTEGRATED
REGIONAL PLANNING

Remote sensing and GIS as tools have got very significant role to play in the
integrated regional planning. Remote sensing data products both aerial photos and
satellite imageries give information about different resources depending upon level,
extent and accuracy of information required for the region. Having the capability of
giving repetitive coverage, it is also helpful to record the extent of resources, their
levels of utiliza tion, environmental impact, etc. Geographical Information System
(GIS) has become a versatile tool for mapping these resources and linking one
information with others for integrated planning purposes. A common geographical
unit, a common scales provided by GIS and Remote Sensing has necessitated for
integrated planning and development. Remote Sensing and GIS can play important
role in.

i) Identification and mapping and estimation of resources
ii) Conservation development and management of resources
iii) Monitoring environmental problems due to unscientific exploitation of
resources
iv) Integration of resources for balanced regional development.

8.0 CASE STUDY: UPPER BETWA WATERSHED, OBAIDULLAH GANJ
BLOCK, RAISEN DISTRICT (M.P)

To study the integrated resource planning for regional sustainable development, the
upper Betwa watershed in Obaidullahganj block of Raisen district, Madhya Pradesh,
India has been selected. The Raisen district is situated in the central part of Madhya
Pradesh and falls under central plateau and hill region. The district lies mostly on the
plateau and partly in the Narmada valley. The study area lies between 22o 52` to 23o 7`
North latitude and between 77o 20` to 77o 47` East longitude covering an area of 68400
ha., which is 45% of the total g eographical area of the Obaidullahganj block. The
watershed forming the upper part of river of Betwa hence it is named as upper Betwa
watershed (2G2C7). The northern boundary of the watershed cuts at confluence of
river Kaliasot near Mandideep town of Oba dullahganj block. The area bounded in the
Northwest by Sehore and Bhopal district, in the south by Sehore, in the east by
Goharganj tehsil of Raisen district. The area is well connected by rail and road
transport. The upper Betwa watershed comprises of 126 villages. Majority of the
population is engaged in agriculture sector. The land holding varies in size. The area
is ecologically fragile and prone to unstable productivity levels. Crop production is
carried out in an unbalanced manner that accelerates the run-off, soil erosion and
other degradation process causing damage to the natural ecosystem. The watershed
approach aims to optimize the use of land, water and vegetation in an integrated

232

manner for curtailing soil erosion, improving water availability and increasing
vegetative cover on a sustained basis. A development strategy based on integrated
management of land and water for sustainable development in context to resource
management to achieve economic and sustained agricultural production and to meet a
diverse requirement of farm household while preserving the resource base.

8.1 METHODOLOGY

A detail database on natural resources, terrain condition, socio-economic status and
demography is generated to facilitate integrated spatial analysis. Various theme based
aspect maps prepared for the study are drainage, watershed and surface water bodies,
hydrogeomorphological, slope, soil, land use/land cover, transport network,
settlement location, etc. The sequence of activities adopted for this study is described
in methodology chart (Fig. 1). In the present study, Integrated Land and Water
Information System version 1.4 (ILWIS) has been used, which is a raster based GIS
package for creation, organization, storage, retrieval, analysis, display, and query and
for making cartographic outputs in the form of maps and generation of statistical
tabular report.

233

OBJECTIVES
Economic Growth, Basic Needs, Ecological Balance

INFORMATION NEED

NATURAL / PHYSICAL CONTEMPORARY SOCIO -ECONOMIC &
RESOURCES TECHNOLGY D EMOGRAPHIC DATA
• Soil • Agriculture
• Geology • Water Management SPATIAL ANALYSIS
• Geomorphology • Water Harvesting OF
• Groundwater • Groundwater SOCIO -ECONOMIC
• Land use/Land cover Exploration DATA
• Rainfall & Climate • Animal Husbandary
• Drainage • Fisheries • Social Profile
• Watershed • Mineral Exploration • Demographic Profile
• Slope map • Housing & Construction • Cultural Profile
• Transportation Network • Energy & Power Engg. • Economic Status
& Settlements • Health & Sanitation

THEMATIC MAP INFORMATION PEOPLES/ PROGRAMMES
NEEDS REGION
IDENTIFICATION
INFORMATION OF MULTI- • Socially Backward Areas/People
THEMATIC INFORMATION • Economically Backward Areas
(Composite Land Development Unit) • Areas lacking basic amenities

NATURAL/PHYSICAL RESOURCE BASED DEVELOPMENT PLAN
POSSIBILITY RESOURCE REGIONS

RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SITE ACTION PLANS

IMPLEMENTATION

EVALUATION

Fig. 1 Methodology Flow Chart

234

8.2 DATA SOURCE
The primary source of data used in the present study includes IRS-1B LISS II
geocoded data of the year 1994 and Landsat TM data of Path 145-44 for the year
1988, Survey of India (SOI) topographical map on 1:50,000 scale and other collateral
data in the form of report.

8.3 DATA BASE CREATION

Various thematic maps were prepared by visual interpretation of the satellite images
& after data collected from ground survey. These thematic maps were digitized &
converted into digital form using ILWIS 1.41 software. Various attribute data were
also attached to these maps (like village wise census information etc.). ILWIS GIS
package provides a combination of the different parameters of criterion-based analysis
by weighted index method and Binary method for change detection between sets of
two different map attributes. The most significant disadvantage of the system is that it
would not provide symbols for cartographic representation of maps. Maps can be
presented

i) Location map of study area (Fig. 2)
j) Drainage Map showing details of drainage (Fig. 3)
k) Transport Network map showing the details of railways, road/highway, etc.
(Fig. 4)
l) Slope map (Fig. 5)
m) Land use / land cover Map (Fig. 6 & 7)
n) Soil Map (Fig. 8)
o) Ground water potential map; (Fig. 9)
p) Hydrogeomorphological map. (Fig. 10)

Various information generated in the form of thematic maps and during field
observation has been integrated in a GIS environment using ILWIS s/w. Following
sectoral development plans are prepared for the region.

• Agriculture resource development
• Water resource development

8.4 AGRICULTURE RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

The databases generated earlier are used for preparation of integrated resource
development plan. The objective of this study is to develop an alternative system
based on cropping pattern, which fulfill the aspiration of farmer besides producing
enough to feed the burgeon population. The system aims at enhancing the
productivity per unit of land and water without endangering ecological balance. The
following themes were integrated for the above purpose.

• Land use/land cover
• Hydro-geomorphology
• Soil
• Drainage density
• Groundwater potential
• Water resources development

235

The thematic factor for measuring agriculture development is mainly dependent upon
the factors, which directly related to agriculture. These factors are termed as
indicators for agricultural development. There are number of inter-related parameters
considered for preparation of agriculture resource development. These indicators are
termed as composite land development unit (CLDU). The method is a composite
function of its indicators like soil suitability, groundwater potential, existing cropping
pattern and proposed water harvesting structure, etc. GIS integration was carried out
for each of the value associated with the type of activity to be taken up on a parcel of
land for sustainable agriculture activity. The integration of these parameters with land
use, groundwater, and soil capability would provide a total picture of the aspect
related to land development planning based on following criteria:

1. Categorization of agriculture development into different gr oup
2. Area requiring different conservation measures
3. Land having high capability, very good to good groundwater potential mainly
in agriculture land
4. The land that are not suited for agriculture development and have some limited
parameters. The development is based towards arresting the further
degradation to get better economic return.

8.4.1 AGRICULTURE SENARIO

The agriculture is the main occupation of the people in the region. Due to variability
in the fertility of soil, irrigation practices, and depth of water table disparities are
noticeable in the cropping pattern. The variations every year largely depend upon
rainfall. Net area sown is 28291.16, which is 41.36% of the total geographic area.
The gross cropped area is much higher accounting 69.74%. The area under fallow is
about 1.45%. The category wise distribution of agricultural land is present in Table
No.1. The irrigation facility has been greatly developed in NW and NE of the
watershed. Dahod and Ratapani are the two -measure reservoir from where the canal is
distributed. The area around Imaliya Gondi, Norganj, Dhaod, Goharganj and Tamot
are well developed in terms of irrigation facility. Taking Rural and Urban area as a
whole higher participation rate with respect to cultivation is observed in
Obaidullahganj, Tamot and nearby Dhaod settlement. These areas are falling in VIth
class having cultivator more than 300 persons (Fig. 11). A large number of villages
have cultivators between less than 50 – 100 persons. However in the case of
agriculture labour Obaidullahganj and Tamot are falling in highest category having
labourer more than 400 persons. These trends indicates that Obaidullahganj and
nearby settlement are the core areas from where the agricultural activity are being
governed. The main workers are those who have worked during major part of the
year. An agriculture labour has no risk in the cultivation and he doesn’t have any right
to land on which he works. Nearly 50% of the cropped area is under wheat. The next
most important crop is soyabean and gram covering 30% and 15% of the cropped area
respectively. Other crops are Til, Tur pulse and paddy. Good fertile soil cover and
good to moderate ground water potential characterize the area. The rainfall is erratic
and rainy days are very few res ulting into crops failure and low crop yield. The
agriculture is not economically viable to sustain economically. An integrated farming
system based on livestock and appropriate combination on different land holding
support a variety of non-farm activities. Such farming system provides food and

236

economic security to the rural work force. The following activities are recommended
for agriculture resource development (Fig. 12):

• In-situ soil and moisture conservation
• Double cropping with water management
• Soil moisture conservation with vegetative barriers
• Agro-horticulture
• Agro-forestry
• Horticulture plantation
• Horticulture/Agro-horticulture
• Vegetable cultivation
• Farm forestry
• Plantation for farmbund

Table No. 1: CATEGORIWISE DISTRIBUTION OF CROPLAND

Sl.no. Category Area in Ha. Percentage to
total area

CROPLAND (27602.75) (96.13)

1.1 Kharif 3230.75 11.25

1.2 Rabi 4613.50 16.06

1.3 Rabi + Kharif 19416.75 67.65

1.4 Fallow 3415.75 1.19

CROPLAND IN (1109.50) (3.86)
FOREST
2.1 Kharif in Forest 443.25 1.54

2.2 Rabi in Forest 587.00 2.00

2.3 Fallow land 79.25 0.27

28712.25 100.00

237

8.5 WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

The purpose of this study is to generate the site-specific action plan by integrating
natural resource information with other collateral and socio-economic information for
water resources development and soil conservation activities. This action plan would
indicate the suggestive measures for optimal utilization of present water resources for
sustainable development in the watershed. In the present analysis, the following
thematic information were integrated for groundwater prospective zone demarcation:

• Hydro-geomorphological map showing different landforms and lineaments
influencing groundwater movement and occurrences.
• Land use/land cover map (since land use/land cover types will be influenced
by the groundwater availability of the region).
• Hydrological data obtained from field (like pre -monsoon and post-monsoon
water level, fluctuation, yield of the tube well (gph).

The problem related to water resources development and conservation activities are:

i) Scarcity of water for domestic and irrigation purpose.
ii) Degradation of vegetative cover due to biotic presence.
iii) Lake of awareness among the farmers regarding availability of water
resources, mode of exploitation and adverse effects of over exploitations, etc.
iv) The capacity of existing tanks has reduced due to siltation.

The ground water potential zone map for the watershed has been made based on
lithology, lineament, geomorphology, regional hydrology, and field parameters such
as water table, seasonal fluctuation, etc. The area has been divided into four potential
zones, such as good to very good, good to moderate, moderate to poor and poor.
Construction of water harvesting structures such as Nala bunds, check dams, stop
dams, trenches/pits, percolation tanks, boulder bund, sub-surface dyke, desiltation of
tanks are proposed in action plan to provide water to agricultural field, horticulture,
forest plantation and also for drinking water supply. The proposed water harvesting
structures (fig. 13) will lead to:

• Increase in soil moisture
• To reduce the run-off and soil erosion
• Increase in groundwater level
• Desiltification of existing tanks would increase the stor age capacity of the
tanks.

After identification of problem of ground water development in the study area, site-
specific action plan should be evolved. The groundwater availability occurs in
shallow aquifers and is mostly tapped by open dug wells. The existing dug well can
also be converted to dug cum bore wells to enhance the exploitation of groundwater.
The areas suitable for shallow tube well and dug cum bore well have been proposed in
the water resources development map.

238

9.0 CONCLUSION

To sustain and enhance productivity of land management technique related to
conservation and utilization of rainwater and soil resource are most important. It is
desirable to use the land as per its inherent capability to optimize potential with
minimum cost and damage. Adaptation of improved practices will reduce the risk of
total crop failure and to bring greater stability to production. Depending upon the land
use capability class and other resource combination, the land should put under arable
crop, agro forestry, agro-horticulture, farm forestry and horticultural activity. The
following observation we made from the study:

a) Present land system and the constraints under which farmer are operating can
be diagnosed to improve the existing land use pattern rather than
transformation of land use.
b) Appropriate soil conservation and management practices play a key roll to
maintain over all productivity in a watershed.
c) Suitable crop and their varieties matching with rain fall distribution and soil
moisture condition could be selected for agro-horticulture practices.
d) Bunding of fields is required to improve conservation of surface run-off
during rainy season.
e) Inter-cropping, mixed cropping and agriculture live stock practice should be
adopted to sustain crop production.
f) Motivation of people is required to switch over to intensive farming system.
g) Specific studies should be taken up to demonstrate the various activities on
Govt. lands and later to transfer the knowledge to local farmer.
h) Nala bunds, check dams, stop dams and other water harvesting structures
should be constructed to stop further soil erosion to conserve soil moisture and
to raise the water table of the area.

Based on the assessment and integration of resources, action plans for sustainable
development of land and water resources are drawn. District authorities under the
guidance of the State Government should undertake implementation of the action
plan. Expert committees can be constituted for the purpose to review the day-to-day
implementation of action plans.

REFERENCES:

Katare, K.V., Khare, K.A., Tanwar, B., Bharadwaj, P.S. (1997), Integrated Resource
Development for Sustainable report in Upper Betwa Watershed Obaidullahganj Block
Raisen Distt., Unpublished Report submitted for P.G. Diploma Course in HUSAG
Div., of IIRS.
ILWIS 1.41 User mannual, ILWIS Deptt. ITC, The Netherlands
Lillesand, T.M. and Kiefar, R.W., 1994. Remote Sensing & image interpretation.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
IMSD – Technical Guidelines 1988, All India Soil & Land use Survey, New Delhi.
Manual of Nation wide Land use / Land cover Mapping, 1989, Vol. Part. I, NRSA,
Hyderabad.

239

MADHYA PRADESH

RAIS EN DISTRICT

OBAIDULLAH GANJ BLOCK
UPPER BETWA WATERSHED
(OBAIDULLAH GANJ BLOCK)

Fig.2 Location map

DRAINAGE AND SURFACE WATERBODIES MAP
UPPER BETWA WATERSHED, OBAIDULLAHGANJ BLOCK, RAISEN DISTRICT

N

LEGEND
RIVER

STREAMS
WATERBODY
0 8
Fig.3 Kms

240

TRANSPORT NETWORK MAP

N

LEGEND

METTALED ROAD

UNMETALLED ROAD

FOOTPATH
RAILWAY LINE

0 8 Kms

Fig.4

SLOPE MAP

LEGEND N
<1

1-3

3-5

5-10

10-15

15-35

35-50
0 8
>50 Kms
Fig.5

241

LANDUSE LANDCOVER MAP (1988)
UPPER BETWA WATERSHED, OBAIDULLAHGANJ BLOCK, RAISEN
DISTRICT

N
LEGEND
TOWN
VILLAGE
IND. WITH PLANTATION
IND. WITHOUT PLANTATION
AGRICULTURE
DENSE FOREST
OPEN/ DEGRADED FOREST
SCRUB FOREST
FOREST PLANTATION
CROP LAND IN FOREST
LAND WITH SCRUB
LAND WITHOUT SCRUB 0 8 Kms
STONY WASTE
WATERBODY Fig.6

LANDUSE/LANDCOVER MAP (1994)
DISTRICT
LEGEND
KHARIF CROP
RABI CROP
DOUBLE CROP
FALLOW LAND N
KHARIF IN FOREST
RABI IN FOREST
DOUBLE CROP IN FOREST
FALLOW IN FOREST
DENSE FOREST
OPEN/ DEGRADED FOREST
SCRUB FOREST
FOREST PLANTATION
LAND WITH SCRUB
LAND WITHOUT SCRUB
WATERLOGGED LAND
STONY WASTE
BRICK KILN
TANK/RESERVOIR
TOWN / CITY 0 8 Kms
VILLAGE
IND. WITH DENSE PLANTATION Fig.7
IND. WITH SPARSE PLANTATION

242

SOIL MAP
DISTRICT

N

LEG END
VALLEY FILL
TYPIC HAPLUSTERTS
FINE VERTIC USTOCHREPTS
FINE TYPIC HAPLUSTALFS
LOAMY SKELTAL HAPLUSTOLL
TYPIC HAPLUSTALFS
TYPIC USTOCHREPTS
LITHIC USTORTHANTS 0 8
WATER BODY Kms
Fig.8

GROUND WATER POTENTIAL MAP

N

LEGEND
VERY GOOD TO GOOD
GOOD TO MODERATE

MODERATE TO POOR
POOR

WATERBODY
GOOD AT LINEAMENT INTERSECTION 0 8
Kms
Fig.9

243

HYDROGEOMORPHOLOGICAL MAP
DISTRICT

N

LEGEND
GOOD -GOOD
GOOD -MODERATE
MODERATE-POOR
MODERATE-POOR
POOR
VERY POOR
WATERBODY 0 8
LINEAMENT Kms
ESCARPMENT Fig.10
DIP SLOPE

VILLAGEWISE DISTRIBUTION OF AGRI. LABOURERS
(1991)
UPPER BETWA WATERSHED OBAIDULLAHGANJ BLOCK, RAISEN
DISTRICT

N

LEGEND
< 50
50-100
100-150

150-200
200-400 0 8 Kms
>400
Fig.11

244

AGRICULTURE RESOURCE DAVELOPMENT MAP
DISTRICT
LEGEND
HORTICULTURE
AGROFORESTRY
PLANTATION N
AGROHORTICULTURE
VEGETABLE CULTIVATION

FARM FORESTRY
PLANTATION ON FARM BUNDS
NO ACTION NEEDED
WASTELAND
FOREST LAND
SOIL/MOISTURE CONSR- PRESENT SYSTEM
DOUBLE CROP PING WITH WATER MANAGEMENT
SOIL/MOISTURE CONSR-VEGETATIVE BARRIER
0 8
Fig.12 Kms

WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT MAP
DISTRICT

N

LEGEND
NALA BUND
CHECK DAM
BOULDER BUND
SUB-SURFACE DYKE
STOP DAM
PERCOLATION TANK
TANKS FOR DESILTIFICATION
SUITABLE FOR PITTING
0 8 Kms
SUITABLE FOR DUG / BORE WELL
SUITABLE FOR SHALLOW TUBE WELL
Fig.13

245

Iirs lecturers & gis for regional planning

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Iirs lecturers & gis for regional planning