Download as PDF, PPTX
![2013: Work-up in Om Phalong village to confirm
high prevalence via ANTIGEN TESTING
• 26% (CI 18-35) taeniasis (30/115) –copro-Ag ELISA
• 30% (CI 9-61) cysticercosis (4/13) – serum-Ag ELISA
→ Hyper-endemic status and active human cysticercosis
Questionnaire data: Significant (p<0.05) findings (univariate
analysis only)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Age [t.test p>0.0001]
Male [OR = 3.16]
No. times raw blood consumed per month [t.test p=0.03]
No. pigs kept [t.test p=0.0009]
Pigs kept confined in dry season , confinement = protective [OR = 0.27]
Contact with dogs (play) = protective [OR = 0.27]
Knowledge of tapeworm from raw pork = protective [OR = 0.22]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ilriaciaronehealth-131013081842-phpapp01/75/ILRI-and-ACIAR-One-Health-related-research-activities-in-Lao-PDR-35-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byILRI
ILRI and ACIAR One Health related research activities in Lao PDR
The document discusses One Health and EcoHealth approaches in relation to research conducted in Lao PDR, examining the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. It highlights projects aimed at assessing zoonotic disease prevalence in smallholder pig systems and emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration for effective public health strategies. Key findings reveal significant exposure to diseases such as hepatitis E and trichinella in both humans and pigs, proposing interventions to reduce risks associated with these zoonoses.
More Related Content
Similar to ILRI and ACIAR One Health related research activities in Lao PDR
ILRI and ACIAR One Health related research activities in Lao PDR
- 1. ILRI and ACIAROne Health Related: Research Activities in Lao PDR P.Inthavong1, B.Khamlome2, B.Somoulay2, K.Blaszak3, A.Okello3, H.Holt4, K.Graham3, J.Allen3, P.Durr3 & J. Gilbert4 One Health Symposium Conference Luang Prabang, 5-6 September 2013
- 2.
- 3.
- 4.
- 5. Broader thinking -OneHealth Eco Health – One Health • One Health is the collaborative effort of multiple disciplines working locally, nationally, and globally, to address critical challenges and attain optimal health for people, domestic animals, wildlife, and our environment One Health Commission (http://www.onehealthcommission.org/ ) • The One Health concept is a worldwide strategy for expanding interdisciplinary collaborations and communications in all aspects of health care for humans and animals. One Health Initiative (http://onehealthinitiative.com/)
- 6. Broader thinking EcoHealth EcoHealth – -One Health • Ecosystem approaches to public health issues acknowledge the complex, systemic nature of public health and environmental issues, and the inadequacy of conventional methodologies for dealing with them. David Walter-Toews, University of Guelph • The Ecohealth approach focuses above all on the place of human beings within their environment. It recognizes that there are inextricable links between humans and their biophysical, social, and economic environments, and that these links are reflected in a population's state of health. International Development Research Centre (IDRC) • EcoHealth is an emerging field of study researching how changes in the earth’s ecoszstems affect human health. It has many prospects. EcoHealth examines changes in the biological, physical, social and economic environments and relates these changes to human health. Wikipedia.
- 7. Compare / Contrast vOneHealth • Definitions open to debate: range from quite rigid to very flexible; issues of branding • One-Health – biomedical focus: human + animal + wildlife; • One-Health: focus on communicable diseases • One-Health: operational / strategy • EcoHealth: environment & socio-economic aspects – pioneered outside ‘traditional’ health • EcoHealth: communicable & non-communicable diseases (dioxin; heavy metal toxicity) • Eco-Health: academic / research / complexity
- 8. Compare / Contrast EcoHealth – One Health One Health Eco Health Complexity focus System thinking Pioneered by IDRC One Health Schwabe‘s One Medicine One world/One Medicine More quantitative Integrated approach ‘Bottom Up’ Vets, Medics, Eco health epidemiologists, ecologists, social scientists, Adapted from indigenous philosophers,Karen Morison, University of Guelph Veterinarians, medics, some ecologists Currently institutionalized Rather ‘Top down’
- 9. EcoZD: Location ofProject Activities Increased risk of brucellosis and toxoplasmosis EcoHealth Resource Centre at Chiang Mai University Prevalence of priority pig zoonoses Hygiene in small-scale poultry slaughterhouses (2 countries) Leptospirosis in community and abattoirs Zoonotic causes of acute diarrhoea Rabies control and prevention EcoHealth Resource Centre at Gadjah Mada University
- 10. Challenges & Solutions Challenges •Accepting novel ‘EcoHealth’ paradigm and fostering transdisciplinary collaboration (some countries rigid mechanism including financial mechanisms) Solutions 5 year project cycle assisted, learning by doing approach gives first-hand experience using country priorities not donor ones Plans for all countries to disseminate approach and findings to research community, policy makers and communities • Limited capacity within disciplines eg proposal writing, epidemiology, dissemination (journal articles, policy, IEC) Mentoring by ILRI researchers & technical experts provided real-time support according to needs; EcoHealth(One Health) Resource Centres for regional training and advocacy • Competition with other projects/initiatives/’paradigm (One Health) Teams/members were encouraged to be part of other initiatives; some team members drafted & submitted multi-country proposal to APEIR • Sustainability of EcoHealth (One Health) approach Ownership by teams: they chose the priority and conducted the research Further funding cycle(s) essential: 10+ years to institutionalise
- 11. ILRI/ACIAR supported -Lao Projects 1. ILRI EcoZD project: A participatory EcoHealth study of smallholder pig system in lowland and upland of Lao PDR 2. ACIAR project: (funded by Australian Gov.) Smallholder Pig System Project Purpose: To conduct baseline seroprevalence surveys of key pig diseases and pig related zoonoses and evaluate public health risks of pig-raising & pork consumption in one upland and one lowland province in Lao PDR
- 12. ILRI/ACIAR supported -Lao Projects Background/ rationale: - Smallholder pigs owned by 5070% of village HH. - No prior epidemiological prevalence surveys and risk analysis. - Regional increase in zoonoses and increasing disease outbreaks - Health and production risks.
- 13. Research methodology A cross-sectionaldata collection including blood sampling from HUMAN and PIGS with questionnaire survey for risk factors. 3 sets of Questionnaires Village head to get general village information Human Pig owners
- 14. Training and fielddata collection: Introduction of the principle on EcoHealth with participatory sessions in teams that included Introduction of the project, diseases and known zoonoses risks Conducting practice random sampling, questionnaire interviews How to collect pig and human blood samples under ethical conditions.
- 15. Study designs: Select 2provinces Each province: 30 Villages -sampled each 15 Persons per village 15 Pigs per village
- 16. Study designs: Multistage randomsampling random selection of village: PPP:Villages are randomly sampled weighted by human population random selection of HH random selection of individuals
- 17. Humans: JEV, Hep E, Taenia /Cysticercosis Trichinella Pigs: JEV, Hep E, Trichinella, CSF, PRRS, Erysipelas, FMD (Types O, A and Asia 1)
- 18. • Structuring samplingframes for humans and pigs • Sampling based primarily on human population (not pig population) • Ethical issues informed and signed consent forms for human participants individual results within each village not identified by household names Appropriate modest health practical gifts to participating households Village level feedback of overall results
- 19. Group meeting with villagersfor Introduction • Interview of selected HH before blood sampling
- 20.
- 21. Data Managenent • Dataentry and manipulation using new web based program: SurVet • Data analysis on Stata program
- 22. Results Number of pigand Human sampled Study location ILRI Luangprabang (north) ILRI Savannakhet (South) ACIAR/ SPSP (North) Total Human Pig 447 310 435 365 140 91 1022 766 Sample test All tests carried out in Laos using commercial kits Human samples were tested NCLE Pig sample NAHC
- 23. Results: Crude Sero-prevalence Disease Humans Pigs JEVIgM 4.4% 8.5% JEV IgG 75.2% Hep E IgG 64% 61.4% Trichinella 47.3% 13.7% Taenia solium IgG 2.9% Cysticercosis IgG 4.7% Erysipelas 47.5% CSF 10.3% PRRS 8.2% FMD (ABC non-structural ELISA) 2.1% * Prevalence data reported above has not been adjusted for population weighting factors
- 24. Results: Human Seroprevalence Antibody test Nth(n= 447) Sth (n = 435) Crude Seroprev Crude Seroprev JEV IgM* 4.9% 6.0% HEV IgG 50.0% 77.9% Trich IgG 55.9% 37.5%
- 25. Results Pig Seroprevalence Antibodytest Nth (n= 310) Crude Sth (n= 365) Crude Seroprev Seroprev JEV IgG 75.4% 81.8% JEV IgM 12.2% 6.7% HEV 81.9% 50.0% Trich 13.5% 9.0% CSF 7.4% 14.7% PRRS 11.3% 9.6% Erysipelas 63.5% 30.2% 2.0% 2.8% FMD
- 26. Human and PigHepatitis E Sero-prevalence Results Combined Human Prev 61.4% Combined Pig Prev 64.0% North – Upland 50.00% 81.9% South- Lowland 77.9% 50.00%
- 27. Discussion and recommendation Significant level of exposure of tested diseases were found in this study Detailed risk related analysis have been done just only for HEV Similar data analysis and interpretation for other diseases to be done Using collected serums to test for other diseases Risk reduction PA Validation of test
- 28. Further use ofILRI-EcoZD serum bank • • • Serum stored from both pigs and people (NAHL/NCLE) Other zoonoses of potential interest • • Coxiella (Q fever) Brucella Joint laboratory activities to process samples and gain further insight into both these pathogens – though anticipate low prevalance/detection in pigs
- 29. Taenia solium: Baseline SurveyResults and Intervention Options Subtitile Anna Okello BVSc PhD Smallholder Pig Systems In-country Project Co-ordinator
- 30. Life Cycle T.solium
- 31. Taenia/Cysticercosis Complex: The VillagePerspective • Free-range pigs • Poor latrine provision • Informal slaughter (especially for ceremonies) • Raw pork consumption • Low animal/human health inputs • Unknown cattle status • Unknown dog status
- 32. Human Health Implicationsof T. solium • Neurocysticercosis = leading cause of acquired epilepsy in the developing world • Responsible for approximately 53,000 DALYs lost/year globally • Epilepsy highly stigmatised • MDA Interventions to control taeniasis also has impact on other NTDs (e.g shistosomiasis, STH) CONTROL OF T. solium = opportunity to address several NTDs at the same time PACKAGED INTERVENTIONS Image from; http://www.cmaj.ca/content/180/6/639.full
- 33. 2011 EcoZD (ILRI/ACIAR)Human Taeniasis Prevalence 2.9% (some hot-spots)
- 34. 2011 EcoZD (ILRI/ACIARI)Human Cysticercosis Prevalence 4.7% (some hot-spots)
- 35. 2013: Work-up inOm Phalong village to confirm high prevalence via ANTIGEN TESTING • 26% (CI 18-35) taeniasis (30/115) –copro-Ag ELISA • 30% (CI 9-61) cysticercosis (4/13) – serum-Ag ELISA → Hyper-endemic status and active human cysticercosis Questionnaire data: Significant (p<0.05) findings (univariate analysis only) • • • • • • • Age [t.test p>0.0001] Male [OR = 3.16] No. times raw blood consumed per month [t.test p=0.03] No. pigs kept [t.test p=0.0009] Pigs kept confined in dry season , confinement = protective [OR = 0.27] Contact with dogs (play) = protective [OR = 0.27] Knowledge of tapeworm from raw pork = protective [OR = 0.22]
- 36. Plan: One HealthApproach • Treat Humans: Mass Drug Administration (Niclosamide + Albendazole) – MOH/WHO – Month 0, 12 • Treat Pigs in 1st year of life: Vaccination (TSOL18) + oxfendazole – ACIAR - every 4 months for 3 treatments • Human Behaviour Change – KAP analysis important • Policy – Economic analysis plus Proof of Scientific concept CHALLENGES OPPORTUNITIES Sustained political commitment required Timing good – WHO 2102 NTD Roadmap, WHA Resolution 66.12 on NTDs May 2013 Isolation - logistics increase difficulty Isolation – As good as “closed” system for purposes of testing models Incoming slaughtered animals – not entirely “closed” situation Best chance at real impact in this village Bringing all actors together in a One Health space – transdisciplinary and multi-sectoral 2020 and beyond – Lao to be a regional leader in cysticercosis control
- 37. Intervention Monitoring Porcine cysticercosis •Humansentinels – repeat MDA at 12 months – Oct 2014 •Buy & post-mortem pigs – high # required Human cysticercosis •Serum Antigen ELISA – fingerprick sampling development, however focus is to decrease human taeniasis Human taeniasis •Faecal monitoring – post MDA treatment as must be combined with safe disposal
- 38.