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Immune System slides
This document provides an overview of the immune system, including both innate and acquired immunity. The innate immune system provides immediate response through physical barriers like skin and mucus as well as internal defenses like phagocytes and inflammation. If pathogens breach these defenses, the acquired immune system activates an antigen-specific response using B and T cells. The document also discusses active and passive immunity, humoral versus cell-mediated immunity, and how vaccines work to stimulate immune response.
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Immune System slides
- 1. UNIT 2: IMMUNESYSTEMS
- 2. INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNITY •An immune system is a system of • biological structures and • processes within an organism • that protects against disease. • In order to function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue.
- 3. COUNTER ACTION OFTHESE AGENTS These agents are referred to as pathogens – an organism or substance that could cause a disease. Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt to avoid detection and destruction by the immune system. As a result, multiple defence mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens.
- 4. Physical barriers preventpathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non- specific response. Innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals.
- 5. INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEMS Consistof cells and proteins that are always present and ready to mobilize and fight microbes at the site of infection. The main components of the innate immune system are: 1) physical epithelial barriers, 2) phagocytic leukocytes, 3) dendritic cells, 4) a special type of lymphocyte called a natural killer (NK) cell, and 5) circulating plasma proteins.
- 6. If pathogens successfullyevade the innate response, vertebrates possess a second layer of protection, the acquired immune system, which is activated by the innate response. Here, the immune system adapts its response during an infection to improve its recognition of the pathogen. This improved response is then retained after the pathogen has been eliminated, in the form of an immunological memory, and allows the acquired immune system to mount faster and stronger attacks each time this pathogen is encountered.
- 7. Differences in thecomponents of the immune system Innate immune system Acquired immune system Response is non- specific Pathogen and antigen specific response Exposure leads to immediate maximal response Lag time between exposure and maximal response Cell-mediated and humoral components Cell-mediated and humoral components No immunological memory Exposure leads to immunological memory Found in nearly all forms of life Found only in jawed vertebrates
- 8. 2. INNATE IMMUNITY Innateimmune responses are active immediately upon infection and are the same whether or not the pathogen has been encountered previously. It includes barrier defenses and internal defenses
- 9. BARRIER DEFENSE SYSTEM Includes: the skin Mucus membranes of digestive-, respiratory- urinary and reproductive tract oBody secretions: mucus, saliva (lysozymes), tears, oil gland secretions, acid in stomach, sweat.
- 10. Mucus membranes Some cellsin mucus membrane produce mucus. Mucus is a viscous (thickness) fluid that enhances defences – trapping microbes and other foreign particles
- 11. In thetrachea, ciliated epithelial cells sweep mucus and the trapped microbes upwards, helping to prevent infection of the lungs. mucus
- 12. Body secretions createan environment that in unfavourable for microbes. Lysozymes in saliva, mucous secretions, and tears destroy susceptible bacteria as they enter the respiratory tract or openings around eyes. Acid in stomach kill bacteria Oils and sweat give human skin a pH between 3-5, which is acidic enough to prevent the growth of microorganisms.
- 13. INTERNAL DEFENSE If thebarrier defences are damaged and pathogens do enter the body of an organism, a second line of defence will be activated. This defence system is the internal defence system and is more sensitive and includes: phagocytosis and inflammation.
- 14. PHAGOCYTOSIS Process by whichcertain living cells called phagocytes ingest or engulf other cells or particles. The phagocyte may be a one- celled organism, such as an amoeba, or one of the body cells, such as a leukocyte (white blood cell). In higher animals phagocytosis is chiefly a defensive reaction against infection and invasion of the body
- 15. Different types ofphagocytic cells: Neutrophils engulf and destroy microbes Macrophages are part of the lymphatic system and are found throughout the body Eosinophils discharge destructive enzymes Dendritic cells stimulate development of acquired immunity
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- 19. INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES When injuredor infected by pathogens, signalling molecules are released, One example of a signalling molecules is histamine – stored in mast cells. These molecules trigger the blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable
- 20. This increase localblood supply and allow more phagocytes and antimicrobial proteins to enter tissues Pus, a fluid rich in white blood cells, dead microbes, and cell debris, accumulates at the site of inflammation Fever is a systemic inflammatory response triggered by pyrogens released by macrophages, and toxins from pathogens
- 21. MAJOR EVENTS INA LOCAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE Activated macrophages and mast cells at the injury site release signalling molecules that act on nearby capillaries.
- 22. The capillaries dilateand become more permeable, allowing fluid containing antimibrobial peptides to enter the tissue. Signaling molecules released by immune cells attract additional phagocytic cells.
- 23. Phagocytic cells digest pathogensand cell debris at the site, and the tissue heals
- 24. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY Acquired immunityis a specific immune response system through which the body specifically detects and destroys particular substances. This immunity protects us against infectious diseases as the body has learnt to recognize foreign substances. It produces a specific reaction to each infectious agent, eradicating that agent from the body.
- 25. This ability torecognize a pathogen that has previously elicited an immune response is the basis for acquiring immunity to specific diseases. Hence, we suffer from many diseases, such as chicken pox, measles etc. only once. Thus we can summarize: Acquired immunity involves 2 main activities: Destruction of the invaders Memory of this response
- 26. WHICH CELLS AREINVOLVED IN ACQUIRED IMMUNITY RESPONSE? Special leucocytes, called the lymphocytes are released from the bone marrow. Some reach the Thymus gland and mature to form T-lymphocytes (T- cells) Some become B-lymphocytes (B- cells) and is present in the bone marrow and lymph nodes)
- 27. HOW B-LYMPHOCYTES WORK antibody B-lymphocytes oTheB-lymphocyte form antibodies o One type of B-lymphocyte is activated by a specific antigen on the surface of a foreign body
- 28. The antibodies bondto the antigens and destroy the foreign body.
- 29. ACTIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY Activeimmunity occurs when a person has already been exposed to antigens (from pathogens) And develops a secondary response against specific pathogens. People receive vaccinations to develop a primary response, and then if they get the pathogens later, active immunity helps to fight them off.
- 30. Antigens are foreignmolecules, found on the surface of pathogens, each pathogen has a specific antigen. The immunity system has countless amounts of B-Lymphocytes. Each B-lymphocyte is able to recognize a specific antigen. The B-lymphocytes then produce antibodies that will bond to the antigens. This will neutralize or destroy the pathogen.
- 31. PASSIVE IMMUNITY In naturalpassive immunity, antibodies are passed from a mother to a child. Antibodies can be transferred through the placenta, or transmitted through the colostrum. The antibodies transmitted through the colostrum and placenta generally only last for several weeks, which is long enough to allow the baby to start to build up its own immune system and to make its own antibodies. Artificial passive immunity involves the introduction of antibodies through means such as injection - VACCINATIONS.
- 32. HUMORAL VS. CELLMEDIATED IMMUNITY Humoral immunity - deals with infectious agents in the blood and body tissues Cell-mediated immunity - deals with body cells that have been infected. In general, the humoral system is managed by B-cells (with help from T-cells). The cell-mediated system is managed by T- cells.
- 33. VACCINATIONS All vaccinations workby presenting a foreign antigen to the immune system in order to evoke an immune response, but there are several ways to do this. We will look at 4 methods:
- 34. 1. Using aninactivated vaccine An inactivated vaccine consists of virus or bacteria that are grown in culture and then killed . Although the virus or bacteria particles are destroyed and cannot replicate, the virus capsid proteins or bacterial wall are intact enough to be recognized and remembered by the immune system. This evokes an immune response.
- 35. 2. Using anattenuated vaccine In an attenuated vaccine, live virus or bacteria with very low virulence are administered. They will replicate, but locally or very slowly. Which causes an immune response to produce antibodies.
- 36. 3. Virus-like particlevaccines Virus-like particle vaccines consist of viral protein(s) derived from the structural proteins of a virus. These proteins can self-assemble into particles that resemble the virus from which they were derived but lack viral nucleic acid, meaning that they are not infectious. The human papillomavirus and Hepatitis B virus vaccines are two virus-like particle-based vaccines currently in clinical use.
- 37. 4. A subunitvaccine A subunit vaccine presents an antigen to the immune system without introducing viral particles. One method of production involves isolation of a specific protein from a virus or bacterium and administering this by itself.
- 38. ANTIBIOTICS Antibiotics are alsoknown as anti- bacterials. They are drugs used to treat infections caused by bacteria. The first antibiotic was penicillin.
- 39. How do antibioticswork? Although there are a number of different types of antibiotic they all work in one of two ways: A bactericidal antibiotic kills the bacteria. Penicillin is a bactericidal. A bactericidal usually either interferes with the formation of the bacterium's cell wall or its cell contents. A bacteriostatic stops bacteria from multiplying.
- 40. If antibiotics areoverused or used incorrectly there is a chance that the bacteria will become resistant - the antibiotic becomes less effective against that type of bacterium. http://www.yout ube.com/watch?f eature=player_d etailpage&v=Non 4MkYQpYA