Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy

• 1.
  IMMUNOTHERAPY
• 2.
  Immunotherapy – •Passive immunization •specificand non specific immunostimulation •Immunotargetting for cancer therapy •Immunosuppression • Immunomodulation
• 3.
  IMMUNOTHERAPY Immunotherapy is amedical term defined as the "treatment of disease by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an immune response". Tow types of immunotherapy:  Activation immunotherapies  Suppression immunotherapies Activation immunotherapies: Immunotherapies designed to elicit or amplify an immune response Suppression immunotherapies: Immunotherapies that reduce or suppress are classified as suppression immunotherapies.
• 4.
  • Cell basedImmunotherapies are proven to be effective for some cancers. Immune effector cells such as lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells (NK Cell), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), etc., work together to defend the body against cancer by targeting abnormal antigens expressed on the surface of the tumor due to mutation.
• 5.
  Passive immunity isthe transfer of active humoral immunity in the form of ready-made antibodies, from one individual to another. Passive immunity can occur naturally, when maternal antibodies are transferred to the fetus through the placenta, and can also be induced artificially, when high levels of human (or horse) antibodies specific for apathogen or toxin are transferred to non-immune individuals. Passive immunization is used when there is a high risk of infection and insufficient time for the body to develop its own immune response, or to reduce the symptoms of ongoing or immunosuppressive diseases. • Naturally acquired passive immunity • Artificially acquired passive immunity
• 6.
  IMMUNOSTIMULANTS • Immunostimulants, alsoknown as immunostimulators, are substances (drugs and nutrients) that stimulate the immune system by inducing activation or increasing activity of any of its components. Example: granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
• 7.
  SPECIFIC AND NONSPECIFIC IMMUNOSTIMULATION There are two main categories of immunostimulants: • Specific immunostimulants provide antigenic specificity in immune response, such as vaccines or any antigen. • Non-specific immunostimulants Act irrespective of antigenic specificity to augment immune response of other antigen or stimulate components of the immune system without antigenic specificity, such as adjuvants and non-specific immunostimulators.
• 8.
  Non-specific • Many endogenoussubstances are non-specific immunostimulators. For example, female sex hormones are known to stimulate both adaptive and innate immune responses. Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus strike women preferentially, and their onset often coincides with puberty. Other hormones appear to regulate the immune system as well, most notably prolactin,growth hormone and vitamin D. • Some publications point towards the effect of deoxycholic acid (DCA) as an immunostimulant of the unspecific immune system, activating its main actors, the macrophages. According to these publications, a sufficient amount of DCA in the human body corresponds to a good immune reaction of the unspecific immune system.
• 9.
  • Immunotherapy isalso sometimes called biologic therapy or biotherapy. It is treatment that uses certain parts of the immune system to fight diseases such as cancer • Stimulating your own immune system • Giving you immune system components • Cancer immunotherapy is the use of the immune system to reject cancer. The main premise is stimulating the patient's immune system to attack the malignant tumor cells that are responsible for the disease.
• 10.
  TYPES OF IMMUNOTHERAPY •Monoclonal antibodies a) Naked mAbs b) Conjugated mAbs i. Radiolabelled ii. Chemolabeled iii. immunotoxin • Cancer vaccines • Non-specific immune therapies a) Cytokines b) interleukin
• 11.
  DIFFERENT MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIESMETHODS
• 12.
  ALEMTUZUMAB + CD52 AGAINST MELANOMA Before After
• 13.
  Cancer immunotherapy:Monoclonal antibodies[2] Antibody Brand name mabtype Type Target Approved treatment(s) Alemtuzum ab Campath Naked mAB humanized CD52 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia denileukin diftitox Chemolabeled mAB humanized CD25 colorectal cancer chimeric CD30ss Hodgkin lymphoma,Anaplastic largecell lymphoma CD20 non-Hodgkin lymphoma(with yttrium90 or indium-111 Brentuximab vedotin Ibritumomab tiuxetan (Ontak®) Chemolabeled Adcetris mAB Radiolabel led Zevalin murine mAB
• 14.
  Antibiotic based drugs
• 15.
  CANCER VACCINES • Tumorcell vaccines • Antigen vaccines • Dendritic cell vaccines • DNA vaccines • Vector-based vaccines
• 16.
  VACATION STRATEGIES
• 18.
  • Substances thatcontrol the level of immune response. They are a diverse array of recombinant, synthetic and natural preparations. IMMUNOMODULATORS • Cellular membrane from bacteria fractions IL-2, IL-7, IL-12 Cytokines Interferons, G-CSF, Imiquimod Chemokines colony-stimulating Example Interleukins • Examples: • Granulocyte factor (G-CSF) • Interferons Agent CCL3, CCL26, CXCL7 Other cytosine phosphate-guanosine, oligodeoxynucleotides, glucans