Impact of Social Infrastructure: Urban Education & Health Study Area of Lucknow

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 09 | Sep 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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Impact of Social Infrastructure: Urban Education & Health Study Area
of Lucknow
Abhishek Chack1, Ankit Kumar2
1 PG Student, MUP, Dept. of Architecture, M.I.T.S, Gwalior (M.P)
2Assistant Professor, Dept. of Architecture, M.I.T.S, Gwalior (M.P)
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Abstract - Understanding human settlement patterns is the focus of urban planning, an interdisciplinary field. Planning is a
highly specialized and small discipline that draws on design (for example, architecture), policy (for example, public
administration), and social science (e.g., geography). With urban planning interests spanning several disciplines, we suspect a
shifting topic hierarchy over time. Among these are, but are not limited to, shifting perspectives on infrastructure policy,
architecture, social conditions, environmental conditions, economic activity, andgovernance, allofwhichareimportantaspectsof
urban systems. Not all of these receive equal attention over time, as certain concerns orinterestsaremorevisibleatdifferenttimes
than others. These interests, according to the public, are driven by changing policies or politics, as well as the flow of information
from sources such as the news media.
Key Words: Lucknow, Social Infrastructure, Health System, Education Facility. Urban Linkages.
1. INTRODUCTION
Lucknow is the capital of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, as well as the district headquarters of the Lucknow district and a
politically well-known constituency in India [1]. There are 609 slums in the city, with 148117 households. There are 502
notified slums and 107 unnotified slums out of the total of 502 slums. Slums house around27%ofthecity'spopulation.77%of
the slum population belongs to the OBC and SC socioeconomic categories, while 69% live below the poverty level (BPL) [2].
2. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LUCKNOW
The physical characteristics of Lucknow city are described as follows.
2.1 Location
Lucknow is located on the banks of the Gomti River, a tributary of the Ganges River that runs through the central city. The
city's coordinates are 26°30' and 27°10'North Latitude and 80°30' and 81°13'East Longitude.
Fig-1: Location of Lucknow city in Uttar Pradesh State

2.2 Topography
Lucknow is located in the Gangetic plains on a reasonably compact area of gently sloping ground. The largest geological
formation is the Alluvium soils. The climate in the area is Composite Tropical. The elevation of the city is 123.45 metres above
sea level. The Gomti River and its tributaries drain the city. The city is located in Seismic Zone-III 1, which is classified as a
moderate damage risk zone [3].
Fig-2: (a) River Gomti at Shaheed Smarak, Lucknow (b) Kudia Ghat on River Gomti, Lucknow
2.3 Climate
Lucknow has an intense tropical climate, with chilly and dry winters from December to mid-Februaryandhot,drysummers
from April to mid-June. The rainy season lasts from mid-June to mid-September, with an average rainfall of 1000 mm, caused
primarily by the south-west monsoon winds. During the intense winter, the highest temperature is approximately 25 degrees
Celsius, while the lowest temperature is from 3 to 4 degrees Celsius. From late December to late January, fog is extremely
prevalent. Summers may be fairly hot, with temperatures reaching 40 to 45 degrees Celsius [4].
2.4 Regional Setting & Connectivity
The Lucknow district is surrounded on the eastern side by District Barabanki, on the western side by district Unnao, on the
southern side by Raebareli and on the northern side by Sitapur and Hardoi districts. Lucknow is well connected to the other
parts of state and country through air, rail and road. Four National Highways pass through the city, the National Highway (NH)
24 linking Lucknow to Delhi, NH 25 to Shivpuri, Jhansi (Madhya Pradesh Border), NH 56 linking to Varanasi and NH 28 to
Mokama (Bihar) connecting different regions within and outside the state are passing through the city. In terms of rail
connectivity, Lucknow Railway station is a major junction havingtworailwayterminalswhereonebelongstoNorthernRailway
division andanother belongsto North Eastern Railway division connecting all the major cities of the stateand the countrysuch
as New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Chennai, Ahmadabad, Jaipur Pune etc. A part from the main railway
stations, the city has thirteen railway stations at different parts of the city which arewellconnectedtothesuburbanareasofthe
city [5]. The Chaudary Charan Singh International Airport is situated at Amausi, 10 km from Lucknow Railway Station. It is the
second busiest airport in North India after the Indira Gandhi International Airport, Delhi. Lucknow is directly connected by air
with Sharjah, Dubai, Muscat, Riyadh and major cities in country such as Delhi, Mumbai, Dehradun, Hyderabad, Chennai,
Bengaluru, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Bhubaneswar, Bhopal, Patna etc. Along with Lucknow the airport serves as primary aviation
hub for Kanpur city.

Fig-3: Connectivity of Lucknow with other states
2.5 City Population
The population of Lucknow city (NagarNigam)as per 2011 census is 28,15,601 out of whichmaleandfemaleare14,70,133
and 13,45,468 respectively.Considering the population statistics from thelastcentury,thecityfacedadecreaseinpopulationin
the decade1911-1921 and thereafterthedecadalpopulationincreasedsuccessively.Thedecade1981-1991showedanincrease
in the decadal rate of 70.79 due to the reasons of expansion of city area limit. The decal population growth rate in 2001-11 is
28.81 percent (as shown in table 1). The population of children (0-6 yrs) as on 2011in Lucknow is 2,80,817 which constitutes
about 9.97 percent of total population [6].
Table-1: Decadal growth trend of Lucknow city population
S.No. Census Year Population Decadal Population
Increase (In No.)
Decadal Population
Growth Rate (%)
1. 1901 256239 --- ---
2. 1911 252114 -4125 -1.61
3. 1921 240566 -11548 -4.58
4. 1931 251057 10491 4.36
5. 1941 361294 110237 43.91
6. 1951 459484 98190 27.18
7. 1961 615523 156039 33.96
8. 1971 774644 159121 25.85
9. 1981 947990 173346 22.38
10. 1991 1619116 671126 70.79
11. 2001 2185927 566811 35.01
12. 2011 2815601 629674 28.81

3. SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE: URBAN HEALTH & EDUCATION
Economic literature is rich with studies on the education and health sector in India identifying problem areas providing
solutions estimating investment requirement investment requirements, making recommendations for policyand institutional
changes [6].
3.1 Urban Education
3.1.1 Role of the Indian state in Primary Education
Governments at the national and state levels have been training, maybe more so in the last two decades, to connect the
objective of universal primary education to their agendas. The federal government's recent all-India activities are mostly
discussed. The 73rd and 74thconstitutional amendmentsemphasizedtheroleoflocalgovernments,bothruralandurban,inthe
supply and regulation of education, as well as the development of cultural, educational, and aesthetic elements [7].
3.1.2 District Primary education Programme (DPEP)
The Indian government initiated an initiative in 1994 to achieve the aim of universal primary education. The programmed
was undertaken with a completely new strategy of district-specific planning, decentralized management, and community
engagement, empowerment, and capacity building at all levels. In 2001, the central government began the Sarva Shiksha
Abhiyan. The 93rd Amendment to the Constitution of 2002 mandated free and compulsory education forall students aged 6 to
14. It is undoubtedly inferiorin rural regions, but even in metropolitanareas, infrastructurefalls wellshortofacceptablelevels.
The deterioration of school buildings is the most visible example of this. According to the Seventh All India School Education
Survey 2002 (NCERT, 2002),around 84% of primary schools in metropolitanareasoperatedfromapuccabuildingwithenough
class rooms forinstruction and approximately2%inopenspace.Economicvariablesplayalessroleindeterminingderivationin
urban regions, but social classes are more important in rural places [8].
In the case of both male and female populations in secondary school attendance age, no more than 50% of them progress
from the middle to secondary level of education. The problem is exacerbated when just 38.55% of rural girls progress from
middle to secondary school. The transition rate is directly related to a group's economic well-being. The higher the economic
standing, the faster children transfer from middletosecondaryschool.Whilethetransitionrateforthelowestquintileis31.66,it
is 13.08 for the highest quintile, implying that a household's economic well-being appears to have a significant influence in
continuing studies to a higher level.
The transitional grade inequalities have severe implications for future equality levels. According to the World Bank Study
(2002), impoverished parents not only appreciate the need of education for their children, but they are also ready to invest
limited resources in their children's education. However,a complicated collectionofcircumstancesworkagainstthem.Thefear
is that enrolment, attendance, completion, and learning outcomes are becoming larger difficulties. There is mounting evidence
that privateschools are proliferating throughout the country, and that children are being sent to privateschoolsiftheirparents
can afford them. Some parents choose to send their children to private schools even though they cannot afford it.
3.2 Health care structure
According to the UNDP's HumanDevelopmentReport2001,Indiaranksamongthebottomfortycountriesintermsofgeneral
human development indicators. Of the many measures that contributed to India's poor performance, health indicators were
among the lowest, which is not surprising given thecountry'shighpovertylevelsandclimateconducivetodiseasevictimization.
Life expectancy, malnutrition, the incidence of dangerous illnesses, and vaccination levels are all important markers of a
country's health. These metrics differ significantly among states in India. There are significant distinctions between rural and
urban locations. It has been discovered that the impoverished are more prone to sickness and death, and so have a shorter life
expectancy. Nutritional inadequacies, as well as a lack of access to essential utilities such as safe drinking water, sanitation,
health, and education services, can all contribute to illness and death. However, thegendergapinlifeexpectancyremainsbelow
the international average (Indicus Analytics, 2004) [9].
3.2.1 Structure of Health care Delivery
Due to the obvious federal aspect of the Indian System, health care services are separated into two categories: state list and
concurrent list. While certain items, such as public health, hospitals, and sanitation, are on the state list, others, such as
population control and family welfare, medical education, food adulteration prevention, and quality control in medication

manufacturing, are on the concurrent list. The united Ministry ofHealthandFamilyWelfareistheprimaryauthorityinchargeof
implementing numerousprogrammesandplansinthefieldsoffamilywelfare,illnessprevention,andcontrol.Municipalitiesand
districtadministrations are responsible for infrastructureand services in metropolitanareas. The majorityofhighereducation
institutions in the nation are already operating in the private sector. However, the vast majority of them are private aided
schools, which are equivalent to government institutions in terms of wages, rules, and processes. Other classifications suggest
that the significance of private aided schools is progressively fading over time. Private and independent schools are becoming
increasingly significant at all levels of education [2].
Private schools in elementary schools were mostly concentrated in metropolitan areas. In 1993-4, more than a third of all
elementaryschools in metropolitan areas wereprivate.Becauseaidedschoolsarerareattheelementarylevel,itislikelythatthe
majority of these were private unassisted primary schools. However, around 5% were also present in rural regions. As we
progress through the educational levels, the proportion of private schools in rural regions grows. Private schools, for example,
make for the bulk of upper secondary schools in remote regions.
 The growth mate of private unaided schools is higher than the private aided and the public ones.
 The growth of private schools is predominant at the higher levels; however, privateunaided schools havewitnessedrapid
growth at all levels.
 Private schools tend to be lesser in number in the rural areas. However, the share of private schools (aided & unaided)
increases steeply with rising levels in rural areas as compared to the urban areas.
Lucknow is also an important research and development (R&D) and educational centre. In terms of the number of
institutions, the city is among the top in India, with seven universities, one technical university, and a huge number of
polytechnics, engineering colleges, and industrial training institutes. Some of the well-known educational institutions are the
Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, King George Medical College, Indian Institute of Management, Dr.
Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University, and Lucknow University [2,4].
However apart from the National Milk Grid of the National Dairy Development Board, prominent R&D centres inthecity
include the Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Central Institute of Medical and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Industrial
Toxicology Research Centre (ITRC), National BotanicalResearchCentreInstitute(NBRI),NationalHandloomDevelopmentLNN
(NHDC) Ltd., Pradeshik Cooperative Dairy Federation Ltd (PCDF), and Research Design and Standards Organization (RDSO).
Since the city servesas both the state's capitalandthedistrict'sadministrativeheadquarters.Manyhospitalsandinstitutes,both
public and private, are located in the city. The King George, Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Rani Laxmibai State
Hospital,Ram ManoharLohia Hospital, State Ayurvedic, and StateHomeopathy hospitals are well-knownstate-runinstitutions
in the city [3, 6].
4. ANALYSIS
The outcome of this work are as follows:-
4.1 Strength
 Lucknow has developed as a key site for the state's educational institutions. Lucknow is well-connected to most of
India's main metropolitan cities, including Mumbai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Delhi, Kolkata, and Chennai, as well as all
significant cities and towns in Uttar Pradesh.
 Despite increased tourism, the city boasts a rich past and natural landscape. Lucknow's core city area has a strong
traditional character that has the potential to be preserved and restored.
 To avoid traffic concerns, new development areas includebroadroadwaysandwell-definedintersections.Therelevant
authorities are actively striving to improve the city's public transportation.
4.2 Weakness
 Rapid urbanization, population growth, growing economy of the region has placed an enormous strain on the city's
infrastructure.
 Green areas in the city are not increasing as compared to residential area.

 Haphazard development pattern and encroachments are seen in the new developed areas of the city.
 Highly congested roads in the core of the city.
 High volume capacity ratio in all the major roads.
 Lack of pedestrian facilities in all the roads.
 Lack of traffic sense among the public.
4.3 Opportunity
 Lucknow city has potential to be developed as key tourist destination.
 Due to continuous growth of the city the opportunity for more investment is increasing in Lucknow
 According to the Master Plan2021,variousparcelsoflandareavailablefornewdevelopmentandconstruction.Reliable
and effective public transportation can help to reduce the number of individualised vehicles on the roads. The
development of metro rail and local rail systems can help to tackle the public transportation issue.
4.4 Threat
 Due to fast pace of the city growth a lot of pressurebeing created on existing physical infrastructureand transportation
system.
 The only city in the state to provide better education, health and employment opportunities to the people resulting in
huge in migration and continuous growth of slums.
 If counter magnets will not develop in the near future the city will face overcrowding. High growth rate of personalize
vehicles is threat for the city traffic system. Lack of off-street parking spaces can lead to more traffic congestion in the
future.
5. CONCLUSION
The World Health Organization (WHO) summarizes why urban health matters in a rapidly urbanizing world, with itsattendant
opportunities and difficulties. While urbanization and its influence on health have been discussed periodically since the 1980s,
worldwidemomentum on advocacy, research, and programmes focusing explicitly on the health of the urban poor in Low- and
Middle-Income Countries has just recently begun. There could be a variety of reasons for the lack of political support for an
urban health agenda. These include a predominantly rural-oriented development agenda,little data explicitly disaggregatedto
assess the scale and severity of urban health concerns, and a paucity of evidence on how best to address these challenges aside
from a limited shared understanding of the problem itself.India is no exception,and it isonly recently that it has begun to catch
up with global trends in recognizing the challenge of urban health and the need to prioritise it.
The study outlined the current state of educational infrastructure in secondary schools and health facilities in Lucknow.
According to the findings, there is stilla need to improve education infrastructurein terms of quantity andquality.Accordingto
the responders, several infrastructuresareinpoorshape.Studentsandinstructorsareinvolvedinthemonitoringandevaluation
of school infrastructure. The school's administration has no well-defined financialbudgetplanningforregularpreventativeand
maintenance, and the survey found some furniture strewn about uncontrolled in school grounds.
REFERENCES
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknow
[2] https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/prepare-development-plan-for-lucknow-on-lines-of-
metropolitan-board-cm-101657045522327.html
[3] https://lmc.up.nic.in/pdf/Final%20CDP%20-%20Volume%20I.pdf
[4] https://lmc.up.nic.in/CDP.aspx

[5] https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/logistics-plan-to-develop-city-and-lucknow-as-twin-
cities/articleshow/90831720.cms
[6] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264943381_Assessment_of_Land_Use_around_highly_populous_business_centr
e_of_Lucknow_City_using_GIS_techniques_and_high_resolution_Google_Earth%27s_Quickbird_satellite_data/figures?lo=1
[7] https://uptownplanning.gov.in/post/en/introduction-of-development-area-lucknow
[8] https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-master-plan-ready-to-make-lucknow-shine-lucknow-development-
authority-will-spend-rs-500-crore-22643217.html
[9] https://www.masterplansindia.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/
BIOGRAPHIES
Author1
Author2
Abhishek Chack born in Gwalior, India. He received the B.Arch. Degree of Architecture in 2011
from Madhav Institute of Technology and science, Gwalior, India.HeiscurrentlypursingMUP from
Madhav Institute of Technology and science, Gwalior, India. He is approachable at
chackabhishek@gmail.com
Ankit kumar is currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Architecture at
MITS, Gwalior (M.P.) India.He has publishedvarious papersinInternational journal ofArchitecture.
He is approachable at kumarankeet@gmail.com

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