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Incomplete Streets 2
- 1. Incomplete Streets Processes, Practices,and Possibilities
- 2. Purpose • Definition ofComplete Streets: “A Complete Streets policy ensures that the entire right of way is routinely designed and operated to enable safe access for all users. Pedestrians, bicyclists, motorists and transit riders of all ages and abilities must be able to move along and across a complete street.” (McCann and Rynne 2010, p. 3) • Answer the question: “For whom?” • Part 1 – Processes • Part 2 – Practices • Part 3 –Possibilities
- 3. National Complete StreetsCoalition
- 4. Part 1 –Processes Of love affairs and other stories Vs.Jane Jacobs Groucho Marx What/Who are streets for? • Not for cars (1925) = many causalities • Car sells decline, manufactures create new “stories”. (pedestrians to blame) • By 1930, streets are back to cars. • “The automobile was an expression of American ideals, in particular of personal freedom against official restraint, of economic freedom against regulation … of individual against collectivism” (page 26). • Are we trying to get back to more communal living? • Is this economic freedom against regulation what got our country and cities into this mess our local governments are trying to fix?
- 5. Moving Beyond Fordism •The car - suburban complex was reinforced by: public investment, consumer identity, and public policy. • Themes: • Urbanization vs. Suburbanization • Integration vs. Segregation • Is Fordism discriminatory? Page 44 – The price of new vehicles increases without median income increasing. Can Americans continue to make financial sense of the car-suburban complex? Geographer William Bunge created this map of Detroit in 1960s depicting “Where commuters run over black children”. The commuters were white elites coming to and from their high-paying jobs in downtown and then back out to their suburban life.
- 6. Urban Spatial Mobility Congestionpricing and the people London • Initial success • Buses faster and cheaper • Change in mayor = • Change in political support • Increase in bus costs • System collapses New York • Never happened • Why? • Lack of local political power to change the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA)? Stockholm • People of higher incomes paid more congestion tax. • Permanent implementation of tax may not equal success. • Other problems: • Unsafe for cyclists • Social inclusion in mass transit • Lack of suburban public transportation
- 7. Urban Spatial Mobility Congestionpricing and the people Do we expect the political leaders to “practice what they preach” and use public transportation? Examples: mayor of New York, city planner of Hutto, ourselves? Thoughts on this quote: “Environmental justice is based on the myth that environmental measures benefit everyone equally and harm no one excessively.” -Julian Agyeman, Robert Bullard, and Bob Evans (2003)
- 8. 0 1500 3000 4500 6000 1988 1995 20032010 2018 Numberoffatalities Year National Nonmotorists Street Deaths 1994-2013 Pedestrians Cyclists http://www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov/Main/index.aspx Cumulative irresponsibility in streetscapes Ghost Bikes
- 9. Cumulative irresponsibility instreetscapes Children and streets “Forgotten remembering” Who is responsible?
- 10. Disconnect from driverand road: Death, injury, & fear of public streets. Is this more common today with texting and driving?
- 11. The street asecology • Problems with the Complete Street concept: • Further fragmenting space • Reinforcing hierarchies • Issues of pedestrians and bicyclists in shared space • Views streets as path and not as a place • Street as Ecology: • India- order in the chaos, diversity of use • Cambridge, MA - space of participation, socialization, business, political activities • Is the Street as Ecology concept better than the Complete Street? Paris goes car free September 27, 2015.
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- 13. 13 Lowriding and thedomestication of Denver’s Northside Who are streets for? • Not Latinos • Issues of gentrification: • ethnic groups displacing other ethnic groups • mainstream middle class versus working class Latino “Yesterday’s neighborhood plans shape today’s neighborhoods” (page 123). • What are some examples in which the above statement applies? • Is gentrification a good or bad thing in this specific case? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hILM__78MVg
- 14. 14 Socioeconomic sustainability inMinneapolis’s bicycle infrastructure • Urban spaces compete for being “green” and attracting the creative class • “The new urban politics is as much about sustainability as it is about urban competition” (page 141). • Sustainable development = usually an economic ploy, can further segregate people • Do you agree that Austin displays this environmental gentrification? • How does climate effect the desire for these bike- only roads? • Would you ride on them? Why/why not?
- 15. 15 Gentrification through Oaklandfarmers market • Eco-gentrification • Super-gentrification • The (possible) irony of Phat Beets Can affordable housing lessen the effects of gentrification? How does the process of building community occur without some gentrification? (if it’s “hip,” it will attract outsiders)
- 16. 16 Reversing Complete Streetsdisparities Case study of Portland, Oregon • Using Community Watershed Stewardship Program (CWSP) to create a win-win-win • economic development - environmental improvement - social equity • “the city and the city” problem • white, well off, eco-conscious and the lower- income, minorities Does Austin have the two cities issue as well? What about San Marcos? Does population play a role in the social inequity?
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- 18. 18 Compl(eat)ing the streets Sidewalkfood vending: history, laws, vendors as space shapers, and legalization • Reemerged in the 1970-1980s • Mainly immigrants (again, who are the streets for?) • Transforms path to place through attracting people and creating culture • “Layers of microspatial organization” • Legalization with permits • Number of permits, location of vendors, health regulations/requirements, undocumented workers • Incentives for healthier food options
- 19. 19 Institutionalized DIY throughCFSE Car-free streets events such as Critical Mass, and Park(ing) Day foster: • Sense of community and empowerment • Camaraderie, connection, openness • Reclaiming the space and the city for the people Concept of oeuvre - building the city as a work of art The majority of San Francisco bicyclists are white males (26- 35). Now there is a push to make the streets more bike- friendly. Does this reinforce the idea of the streets being mainly for white commuters or does it disband it?
- 20. 20 The most CompleteStreet in the world Claiborne Avenue 1966 & 2014
- 21. 21 The most CompleteStreet in the world Claiborne Avenue study looks at removing ramps but leaving elevated expressway (2013) http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2013/04/claiborne _avenue_study_looks_a_1.html
- 22. 22 The politics ofsustainability in Portland Infrastructure is only noticed when it is in flux - creation, transformation, or destruction • North Williams Traffic and Safety Operations Project • Community inclusion/exclusion - Who is participating in the process? • City planners role in politics - Are they proactive or reactive? • Project’s main focus is safe streets - For Whom?
- 23. 23 Incomplete Streets, CompleteRegions Low-income workers’ transportation, industrial zoning, and complete communities • Low-income workers (increasly) dependent on cars. • Location of jobs, public transportation doesn’t serve their needs • Industrial districts • Major contributors to local economy • Factor in sustainability (products to market) • Complete Communities • quality education, affordable housing, jobs, healthy food, recreation, affordable transportation What about the environmental impacts of an increased dependency on cars for low-income people? (they are probably not buying hybrids) Are Complete Streets and Complete Communities different? If so, which one would allow for more social equity?
- 24. 24 Towards an understandingof Complete Streets Overview of contributing authors insights • Streets are complex spaces with multiple functions • Complete streets = “Creative Class” • Thus attracting the creative class, gentrification is going to follow. Can cities implement environmental amenities into a space without causing gentrification? Does bicycle infrastructure lead to gentrification? (Who rides bikes?) http://austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/files/Transportation/Complete_Streets/Austin_CompleteStreetsGuideToCityPrograms_10-22-15.pdf