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India pakistan partition
- The document discusses the independence of India and Pakistan from British rule in 1947. It summarizes the key leaders and events that led to the partition, including Gandhi's nonviolent resistance movement and Jinnah's call for a separate Muslim state of Pakistan. The partition resulted in mass violence and migration between the two newly formed countries. Kashmir remains a disputed territory between India and Pakistan.
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Introduction to presentation on 'All Quiet on the Western Front' and note on extra credit.
Overview of the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947; British India comprised India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar.
The British Empire's presence in India; growing demands for independence after years of colonization.
Discussion on the living conditions in India; majority were poor, with diversity in religions among Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs.
Unrest leading to independence; Amritsar Massacre 1919 resulted in the death of 400 unarmed civilians.
Mohandas Gandhi's role as a leader advocating for Indian independence through non-violent measures.
Gandhi's tactics: boycott of British goods, Salt March, and fasting to promote non-violence.
Conflict between the Congress Party and the Muslim League led to calls for partition; Mountbatten's timeline for independence.
Transfer of power in India on August 15, 1947; Nehru’s speech marking independence.
Nehru and Jinnah became chief leaders of India and Pakistan; mass migrations ensued due to partition.
Violence and hatred led to the deaths of ~500,000 people; Gandhi's assassination occurred due to communal tensions.
Origins of Kashmir conflict; invasion by Pakistan after partition, leading to ongoing disputes between India and Pakistan.
1971 Civil War led to Bangladesh's independence; India intervened after a refugee crisis.
Overview of political leaders after independence; India's stable democracy contrasted with Pakistan’s political instability.
Gandhi's legacy of non-violence; contemporary caste system issues and discrimination against Dalits.
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India pakistan partition
- 1. MARCH 17, 2017 •“All Quiet on the Western Front” • Propaganda Extra Credit Due Monday 3/21
- 2.
- 3. British India consistedof the modern countries of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Myanamar.
- 4. India was knownas the “Jewel in the Crown” of the British Empire. It was also referred to as the British Raj.
- 5. The British Empire1919 Some colonies of the British Empire had received independence and were called the Dominions. Canada 1867 Newfoundland 1907 Australia 1901 South Africa 1910 New Zealand 1907
- 6. The British Empire1919 During the first half of the twentieth century there was a growing demand within India for independence from Britain.
- 7. Much of Indiahad been ruled by Britain since 1612.
- 9. While the maharajahsand many British colonial officials lived luxurious lives, the vast majority of people in India were very poor.
- 10. Hindu (majority) Muslim(minority)
- 11. There were alsoa number of Sikh people in India who tended to side more with the Hindus rather than the Muslims.
- 12. Religions in BritishIndia Pink – Hindu Green – Muslim Yellow – Buddhist
- 13. • Slow progresstowards independence between the two world wars • Caused unrest among the Indian people. • The British sometimes reacted with force which resulted in death and the arrest of thousands. Unrest
- 14. Amritsar Massacre inApril 1919 •Army soldiers fired upon unarmed men, women and children. •400 people were killed.
- 15. Mohandas Gandhi One ofthe great leaders of the 20th Century. Father of modern India Goal: Get Great Britain to leave India
- 16. He worked between1894 and 1914 in South Africa and was active in the struggle against racism there. He moved back to India in 1914. Gandhi was a lawyer born in India and educated in Britain.
- 17. Stressed the ideaof non-violent resistance and non-cooperation.
- 18. “When I despair,I remember that all through history the way of truth and love has always won. There have been tyrants and murderers and for a time they seem invincible, but in the end, they always fall — think of it, always." "An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind." “There are many causes that I am prepared to die for, but no causes that I am prepared to kill for." Quotes by Gandhi
- 19. Gandhi became aleader of the Congress Party, a Hindu-dominated group which believed Hindus and Muslims could share power in an independent India. Most Sikhs supported Congress. Millions of Indian people were followers of Gandhi and the Congress Party. Some Hindu extremists had no desire to share power with Muslims.
- 20. Jawaharlal Nehru. Both Nehruand Gandhi were jailed many times by British authorities for disobedience.
- 21. Tactics Used ByGandhi 1. Boycott of British products. He encouraged millions to wear traditional Indian home-spun cloth rather than paying for imported British clothing.
- 22. Tactics Used ByGandhi 2. Salt March in 1930. Gandhi led millions to defy the British salt tax laws. Thousands of Indians were arrested by British police. This was widely reported by the world’s press.
- 23. Tactics Used ByGandhi 3. Fasting. Several times when violence broke out between Hindus and Muslims, Gandhi would not eat until the violence stopped.
- 24. The Muslim Leagueopposed the plans of the Congress Party. It called for India to be divided with a separate Muslim country called Pakistan. The Muslim League was lead by Muhammad Ali Jinnah
- 25. During World WarII, one million Indian soldiers fought for Britain and they returned home with dreams of independence.
- 26. Britain was nearlybankrupt after the war and wanted to focus on rebuilding its own country.
- 27. Lord Mountbatten wasappointed Viceroy of India in 1947 with instructions to prepare India for independence.
- 28. After failing tosolve Hindu / Muslim disagreements, Mountbatten and Nehru reluctantly agreed to Jinnah’s demands to partition India into two countries. Ghandi was very upset by the division of India.
- 30. Religions in BritishIndia Pink – Hindu Green – Muslim Yellow – Buddhist
- 31. “11 days leftto prepare for the transfer of power” To force decisions to be made, Lord Mountbatten set a very ambitious timeline for independence. Committees had 73 days to draw the new borders, form new governments, and divide up all government assets.
- 32. Transfer of powerin India. Midnight, August 15, 1947 “At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awaken to life and freedom.” - Jawaharlal Nehru
- 34. Nehru became thefirst Prime Minister of India. Mountbatten became the first Governor General of India. Jinnah became the first Governor General of Pakistan.
- 35. Mass Migrations Fearing fortheir safety, fourteen million people started treks from one country to the other. None of the governments was prepared for this mass migration. Millions of Hindus lived in Muslim Pakistan. Millions of Muslims lived in Hindu India.
- 38. Jealousy and hatredflared into violence and an estimated 500,000 people were murdered by gangs of extremists on both sides.
- 41. Gandhi was appalledat the violence and worked hard to get Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan to live peacefully together. He was assassinated in 1948 by a Hindu fanatic who opposed the message of tolerance towards Muslims.
- 42. Kashmir The Maharajah ofKashmir was Hindu. Most of his subjects were Muslim. The Maharajah wanted Kashmir to remain independent. Shortly after Pakistan was created in 1947, it invaded Kashmir to force it to join Pakistan. The Maharajah appealed to India for help. India agreed provided that Kashmir join India. The Maharajah accepted this demand and Indian troops entered Kashmir.
- 43. War broke outbetween India and Pakistan. There have been three wars between India and Pakistan over Kashmir: 1947, 1965, and 1999. In addition, there was a small war in 1962 between India and China over the same area.
- 44. Kashmir remains a disputedterritory and is a source of tension between India and Pakistan to this day.
- 45. Pakistan Civil War1971 Civil war between East and West Pakistan broke out in 1971. Millions of refugees flooded into India. India invaded East Pakistan and helped to secure its independence as Bangladesh.
- 46.
- 47. Nehru was PrimeMinister of India from 1947 until his death in 1964. His daughter, Indira Gandhi, was prime minister from 1966 to 1977 and again from 1980 until she was assassinated in 1984. Her son, Rajiv Gandhi, was prime minister from 1984 until he was assassinated in 1989.
- 48. Many former Europeancolonies in Africa and Asia had great difficulty after gaining their independence. India has surprised many people by remaining the world’s largest democracy after 60 years.
- 49. Pakistan has hadsome democratic governments and some periods of military rule. Tensions are still very high between Pakistan and India. Both countries developed nuclear weapons in the 1990’s which is a concern for the rest of the world.
- 50. Gandhi has becomea symbol of non-violence throughout the world and his legacy inspired other great leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela.
- 51. Caste System Today –Brahmin (priests) – Kshatriyas (rulers/warriors) – Vaisyas (farmers/merchants) – Sudras (artisans/laborers) • Subdivided into smaller groups over time • Dalits- outside the caste system (untouchables) • Can only move into another caste system through reincarnation • Increased discrimination • Having the Dalits is illegal (but not enforced)